NAWS 107 General Aviation

.13 Describe and explain the landing gear component Wheel Brake Assembly.

Used to slow and stop the aircraft. Also used to prevent the aircraft from rolling while parked.

.24: State the purpose of the armament Torpedoes.

Self-propelled underwater missiles used against surface and underwater targets. Torpedoes are the primary weapons employed in antisubmarine warfare. They are designed to search, detect, attack and destroy submarines and surface ships.

.23: State the purpose of Turn and Bank Indicator.

Shows the correct execution of a turn and bank. It also shows the lateral attitude of the aircraft in straight flight. It consists of a turn indicator and a bank indicator. The turn indicator is a gyro mounted in a frame that is pivoted to turn on a longitudinal axis. The direction of the turn is shown on the dial by a pointer. The gyro consists of a glass ball that moves in a curved glass tube filled with a liquid. When the pilot is executing a properly banked turn, the ball stays in the center position. If the ball moves from the center, it shows the aircraft is slipping to the inside or outside of the turn.

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Spoiler.

Used to decrease wing lift. On some aircraft, the spoilers are long narrow surfaces, hinged at their leading edge to the upper surfaces of the wings. Retracted, they are flush with wing skin. Raised, they greatly reduce lift by destroying the smooth flow of air over the wing surfaces.

.24: State the purpose of the armament Crew Served Weapons.

Weapons manned by a crew to protect the vessel (i.e. machine-gun emplacements).

.3 Define Bernoulli's Principle.

When a fluid flowing through a tube reaches a constriction, the speed of the fluid passing through the constriction is increased and its pressure decreased. So, air passing under the wing is going along at relatively normal pressure. Because of the curve on the top of the wing, air is constricted and moves faster, lowering pressure, providing lift as the airfoil will want to move from the higher pressure below the wings, to the lower pressure above it. (This is only how Bernoulli's applies to lift; Newton's and conservation of mass also play roles which together explain why lift happens.)

.22 Discuss the weather warning Winter storm advisory and its effect on naval aviation.

When a significant winter storm or hazardous winter weather is occurring, imminent, and is an inconvenience.

.17: Describe the 3 hazards associated with jet fuel.

Eye irritant, skin irritant, inhalation hazard.

.22 Discuss the weather warning Thunderstorm Watch/Warning and its effect on naval aviation.

-Warning: Thunderstorms are within 3 miles of the airfield, or in the immediate area. Severe thunderstorm warning: Thunderstorms with wind gusts to 50 knots or greater and/or hail of 3/4 inch in diameter or greater is forecast to impact the area. -Watch: conditions are conducive to the development of severe thunderstorms in and close to the watch area.

.22 Discuss the weather warning Winter storm watch/warning and its effect on naval aviation.

-Watch: A significant winter weather (i.e., heavy snow, heavy sleet, significant freezing rain, or a combination of events) is expected, but not imminent, for the watch area; provides 12 to 36 hours notice of the possibility of severe winter weather. -Warning: A significant winter storm or hazardous winter weather is occurring, imminent, or likely, and is a threat to life and property.

.22 Discuss the weather warning Tornado Watch/Warning and its effect on naval aviation.

-Watch: Tornadoes have been sited or detected by RADAR in or adjacent to the warning area, or have a strong potential to develop in the area. -Warning: a tornado has actually been sighted by spotters or indicated on radar and is occurring or imminent in the warning area.

.12 State the components of a basic hydraulic system.

A Reservoir to hold a supply of hydraulic. A Pump to provide a flow of fluid. A Selector Valve to direct the flow of fluid. An Actuating Unit to convert the fluid pressure into useful work. Tubing to transmit the fluid.

.23: State the purpose of Magnetic (standby) Compass.

A direct-reading magnetic compass is mounted on the instrument panel.

.22 Discuss the weather warning Micro burst and its effect on naval aviation.

A downburst that covers an area less than 4 km along a side with peak winds that last 2-5 minutes. The strong wind shears associated with a microburst can result in aircraft accidents.

.2 Describe Velocity as it pertains to motion.

A measure of the rate of motion of a body expressed as the rate of change of its position in a particular direction with time.

.11 Explain the term Autorotation.

A method of allowing a helicopter to land safely from altitude without using engine power by making use of the reversed airflow up through the rotor system to reduce the rate of descent. Uses interial force of falling to reduce rate of descent and cushion the landing.

.23: State the purpose of Attitude Indicator.

A pilot determines aircraft attitude by referring to the horizon. Often, the horizon is not visible. When it is dark, overcast, smoky, or dusty, the earth's horizon may not be visible. When one or more of these conditions exists, the pilot refers to the attitude indicator. It is also called the vertical gyro indicator or VGI. The instrument shows the pilot the relative position of the aircraft compared to the earth's horizon.

.25: Explain the purpose of a Fuse.

A protective device inserted in-line with a circuit. It contains a metal that will melt or break when current is increased beyond a specified value, thus disconnecting the circuit from its power source to prevent damage.

.25: Explain the purpose of a Circuit breaker.

A protective device that opens a circuit when the current exceeds a predetermined value. Circuit breakers can be reset.

.4 Define an airfoil.

Any surface, as a wing, aileron, or stabilizer, designed to aid in lifting or controlling an aircraft by making use of the air currents through which it moves.

.23: State the purpose of Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR).

A radio device used to detect objects at distances much greater than is visually possible. Detectable objects include aircraft, ships, land, clouds, and storms. Radar also shows their range and relative position. Radar works on an echo principle. Sound waves travel out and by knowing the speeds and the time it takes for them to return as an echo, the distance can be measures. One radar range mile is 12.36 microseconds. That is the time it takes for a radio wave to travel out and return back for one mile.

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Trim Tabs.

A small control surface attached to the trailing edge of a main control surface to enable the pilot to trim an aircraft. (So the pilot doesn't have to hold the steering wheel slightly cocked to keep the plane straight, the trim tabs are used)

.24: State the purpose of the armament Missiles.

A vehicle containing an explosive section, propulsion section, and guidance section. A missile is able to change direction or movement after being fired. Missiles are classified according to their range, speed, launch environment, mission and vehicle type.

.24: State the purpose of the armament Rockets.

A weapon containing an explosive section and propulsion section. A rocket is unable to change its direction of movement once fired. It can be launched from an aircraft without the need of heavy or complex gun platforms and without violent recoil. Since rockets are usually launched at close range, it's accuracy as a propelled projectile is higher than that of a free-falling bomb dropped from high altitude.

.13 Describe and explain the landing gear component Shock Strut Assembly.

Absorbs the shock that otherwise would be sustained by the airframe.

.1 Define Newton's Third Law of motion.

Action and Reaction. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

.13 Describe and explain the landing gear component Retracting and Extending Mechanism.

All the necessary hardware to electrically or hydraulically extend and retract the landing gear.

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Stabilator.

All-moving tail, fully moveable stabilizer. Provides longitudinal stability. Higher efficiency at high Mach number.

.13 Describe and explain the landing gear component Tires.

Allows the aircraft to roll easily and provides traction during takeoff and landing.

.5 Define the aerodynamic term longitudinal axis.

An imaginary reference line running down the center of the aircraft between the nose and the tail. The axis about which roll occurs.

.5 Define the aerodynamic term vertical axis.

An imaginary reference line running from the top to the bottom of the aircraft and about which yaw occurs.

.5 Define the aerodynamic term lateral axis.

An imaginary reference line running parallel to the wings and about which pitch occurs.

.2 Describe Force as it pertains to motion.

An influence on a body or system, producing or tending to produce a change in movement or in shape or other effects.

.24: State the purpose of the armament Mines.

An underwater explosive put into position by surface ships, submarines, or aircraft. A mine explodes only when a target comes near or in contact with it. Their primary objective is to effectively defend or control vital straits, port approaches, convoy anchorage and seaward coastal barriers.

.24: State the purpose of the armament Bombs.

Any weapon other than a torpedo, rocket, missile, or mine that is dropped from an aircraft. Bombs are free falling explosive weapons and may be unguided or ("smart") guided. Designed for release over enemy targets to reduce and neutralize the enemy's war potential by destructive explosion, fire, nuclear reaction, etc.

.15 Describe the Turbofan Engine system.

Basically the same as a turboprop, except that the propeller is replaced by a duct-enclosed axial-flow fan. The fan can be part of the first stage compressor or mounted as a separate set of fan blades driven by an independent turbine.

.24: State the purpose of the armament Chaff/Flares.

Chaff/Flares are shreds of metal to confuse rockets and missiles and make them explode away from the aircraft/ship.

.22 Discuss the weather warning Hurricane/Typhoon Condition I, II, III, IV and its effect on naval aviation.

Condition IV - The path of the hurricane has been reasonably well established, and its trend indicates a possible threat of winds of destructive force* within 72 hours. Condition III - The hurricane continues to advance and destructive force winds are possible within 48 hours. Condition II - Winds of destructive force are anticipated within 24 hours. Condition I - Winds of destructive force are imminent or expected within 12 hours (also applies when storm is in progress). Destructive force means 40 miles per hour or more Condition V - Secure from previous destructive weather condition. Threat has passed, return to normal operations.

.9 Identify and explain the primary flight controls for Rotary-wing aircraft.

Cyclic pitch, collective pitch, and rotary rudder.

.15 Describe the Turboshaft Engine system.

Delivers power through a shaft to drive something other than the propeller. The power take off may be coupled directly to the engine, nut in most cases it is driven by its own free turbine located in the exhaust stream that operates independently on the engine. They have a high power-to-weight ratio and are currently used in helicopters.

.18: Discuss safety precautions and procedures associated with aircraft fueling.

Due to relative low combustion rates utmost caution should be maintained when refueling. Aircraft will be properly grounded to the flight line. The fuel truck will also be grounded to the flight line and the aircraft. This is to prevent static discharge. Fuel handlers will take measures to protect skin and eyes. RF will be avoided during refueling. There will also be no open flames within 50 feet of the fuel truck or any fueling procedures.

.1 Define Newton's Second Law of motion.

Force. If an object moving at uniform speed is acted upon by an external force, the change in motion, or acceleration, will be directly proportional to the amount of force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object being moved.

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Flap.

Gives the aircraft extra lift. Reduces landing speed, shortening the length of the landing rollout. During takeoff, reduce the length of takeoff run.

.9 Identify and explain the primary flight controls for Fixed-wing aircraft.

Lateral control, longitudinal control, and directional control

.19 Explain HERO conditions.

HAZARDS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION TO ORDNANCE (HERO): A danger of RF radiation is the risk of premature firing of ordnance or explosion of their warheads during loading and offloading operations. The hazard to electronic explosive devices (EEDs) occurs because of the heat generated by a current passing through the sensitive wires surrounding a temperature-sensitive explosive. If energy is dissipated into the wires, current will flow, the explosive will become hot, and an explosion can result. When ordnance or their warheads are loaded, unloaded, or transferred, shipboard HERO conditions may sometimes prohibit the transmission of RF frequency energy below 30 MHz. To maintain communication when HERO conditions are in effect, you will be required to use other frequencies or communication methods.

.16: State the NATO symbols for the fuel JP-8 and briefly explain the characteristics and reasons for the use.

Has a flamespread rate of 100 feet per minute, and a flashpoint of 100 degrees F or 40 degrees C. Currently used in most overseas locations.

.16: State the NATO symbols for the fuel JP-5 and briefly explain the characteristics and reasons for the use.

Has a flamespread rate of 100 feet per minute, and a flashpoint of 140 degrees F or 60 degrees C. JP-5 is the only approved fuel for use aboard naval vessels. The lowest flashpoint considered safe for use aboard naval vessels is 140 degrees F. This is the Navy's primary jet fuel.

.16: State the NATO symbols for the fuel JP-4 and briefly explain the characteristics and reasons for the use.

Has a flamespread rate of 700-800 feet per minute and a low flashpoint of -10 degrees F or -23 degrees C. Never used on ships. Use of JP-4 will normally cause an engine to operate with a lower exhaust gas temperature (EGT), slower acceleration, and lower engine RPM.

.7 State the difference between a fixed-wing airfoil and a helicopter's airfoil.

Helicopter airfoils, rotor blades, are perfectly symmetrical (upper and lower surfaces are shaped the same). Fixed-wing airfoils has a greater camber (curve) on the upper surface than the lower, which causes the center of pressure to move fore and aft as the angle of attack changes. On a rotary-wing aircraft this would cause the rotor blades to jump around. Symmetrical airfoils' center of pressure remains fixed. (And this s*** right here is exactly why you can't rely solely on Bernoulli's principle to explain lift. I have no idea why the f*** helicopters can fly. Conservation of mass for a gas apparently works perpendicular because gas is loosey goosey, so instead of the balls on the strings hitting each other back and forth, that s*** flies up and down depending on how it hits the airfoil. I don't know. Go to college.)

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Speed Brakes.

Hinged or moveable control surfaces used for reducing the speed of the aircraft. Used to keep the speed from building too high during dives. Also used to slow the speed of the aircraft during landing.

.23: State the purpose of Identification Friend or Foe (IFF/SIF).

IFF is an electronic system that allows a friendly craft to identify itself automatically before approaching near enough to threaten the security of other naval units. A transponder in the friendly aircraft receives a radio-wave challenge. The transponder transmits a response to a proper challenge. All operational aircraft and ships of the armed forces carry transponders to give their identity when challenged.

.21: Discuss icing and its effects on the performance of naval aircraft.

Ice on the airframe decreases lift and increases drag, weight, and stalling speed. The accumulation of ice in exterior movable surfaces affects the control of the aircraft. If ice begins to form on the blades of a propeller, the propeller's efficiency is decreased or further power is demanded of the engine to maintain flight. Most aircraft have sufficient reserve power to fly with a heavy load of ice, but airframe icing is a serious problem because it results in increased fuel consumption and decreased range. The possibility always exists that engine system icing may result in loss of power. Icing can cause loss of engine power, aerodynamic efficiency, proper operation of control surfaces, brakes and landing gear, loss of outside vision, false instrument indications, and loss of radio.

.1 Define Newton's First Law of motion.

Inertia. An object as rest will remain at rest, or an object in motion will continue in motion at the same speed and direction, until acted upon by an outside force.

.14 State the safety procedures used when servicing aircraft tires on aircraft.

Modern aircraft wheels and tires are among the most highly stressed parts of the aircraft. High tire pressure, cyclic loads, corrosion and physical damage contribute to failure of aircraft wheels. The wheel fragments can be propelled several hundred feet. Always approach the tires from fore and aft. When inflating, stand off to the side. Deflate when removing from aircraft, and ensure deflator tag is installed.

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Tail Rotor.

Mounted vertically on the outer portion of the helicopter's tail section. Counteracts the torque action of the main rotor by producing thrust in the opposite direction. Also controls yawing action of the helicopter.

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Slats.

Moveable control surfaces attached to the leading edge of the wing. Retracted, it forms the leading edge of the wing. Open, a slot is created between the slat and the wing leading edge. High-energy air is introduced into the boundary layer over the top of the wing. At low airspeeds, this improves the lateral control, allowing the the aircraft to be controlled at airspeeds below the normal landing speed. Boundary layer control is primarily used for catapult takeoffs and arrested landings, like on carriers.

.23: State the purpose of Navigation Systems.

Navigation systems and instruments direct, plot, and control the course or position of the aircraft. These may include the radios, transmitters, TACAN, LORAN, etc.

.22 Discuss the weather warning Wind Warning and its effect on naval aviation.

One knot equals approximately 1.1 mile-per-hour. Destructive weather poses a significant threat to personnel, aircraft, ships, installations, and other resources. Adequate and timely weather warnings, coupled with prompt and effective action by commanders concerned, will minimize loss and damage from destructive weather. 1. Small craft - Harbor and inland waters warning for winds, 33 knots or less, of concern to small craft. 2. Gale - Warning for harbor, inland waters, and ocean areas for winds of 34 to 47 knots. 3. Storm - Warning for harbor, inland waters, and ocean areas for winds of 48 knots or greater.

.6 State the three primary movements of the aircraft about the axes.

Pitch. Up and down motion of the nose of the aircraft. Yaw. The drift, or right or left motion, of the nose of the aircraft. Roll. The movement of the wingtips, one up and the other down.

.15 Describe the Turbojet Engine system.

Projects a column of air to the rear at an extreme high velocity. The resulting effect is to propel the aircraft in the opposite direction or forward direction.

.15 Describe the Turboprop Engine system.

Propulsion is accomplished by the conversion of the majority of the gas-energy into mechanical power to drive a propeller. This is done by the addition of more turbine stages. Only a small amount of jet thrust is obtained in a turbo prop engine.

.13 Describe and explain the landing gear component Side Struts and Supports.

Provides lateral strength/support for the landing gear.

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Vertical Stabilizer.

Provides stability of the aircraft about it vertical axis. This is directional stability. Usually base to which rudder is attached.

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Horizontal Stabilizer.

Provides stability of the aircraft about its lateral axis. This is longitudinal stability. Usually base to which elevators are attached.

.23: State the purpose of Communication Systems

Radio equipment does not require interconnecting wires between the sending and receiving stations. It is the only practical means of communication with moving vehicles, such as ships or aircraft. Modern aircraft use navigation aids such as simple radio direction finders to complex navigational systems.

.22 Discuss the weather warning SIGMET and its effect on naval aviation.

Significant meteorological information. Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of en route phenomena that may affect the safety of aircraft operations, such as convection, turbulence, and icing.

.23: State the purpose of Airspeed Indicator.

The airspeed indicator displays the speed of the aircraft in relation to the air in which it is flying. In some instances, the speed of the aircraft is shown in Mach numbers. The Mach number gives the speed compared to the speed of sound in the surrounding medium (local speed). For example, if an aircraft is flying at a speed equal to one-half the local speed of sound, it is flying at Mach 0.5. If it moves at twice the speed of sound, its speed is Mach 2.

.23: State the purpose of Altimeters.

The altimeter shows the height of the aircraft above sea level. The face of the instrument is calibrated so the counter or pointer displays the correct altitude of the aircraft.

.8 Explain the term angle of attack.

The angle at which a body, such as an airfoil or fuselage, meets a flow of air.

.10 State the purpose of the flight control surface Main Rotor.

The assembly of large rotating airfoils (blades) on a helicopter that produce the lift to support the helicopter in the air.

.5 Define the aerodynamic term thrust.

The force developed by the aircraft's engine, and it acts in the forward direction. Must be greater than or equal to the effects of drag in order for flight to begin or be sustained.

.5 Define the aerodynamic term weight.

The force of gravity acting downward on the aircraft.

.5 Define the aerodynamic term lift.

The force that acts in an upward direction to support the aircraft in flight. It counteracts the effects of weight. Lift must be greater than or equal to weight if flight is to be sustained.

.5 Define the aerodynamic term drag.

The force that tends to hold an aircraft back. Caused by the disruption of the air about the wings, fuselage, or body, and all protruding objects on the aircraft. Drag resists motion.

.23: State the purpose of Pitot-Static.

The pitot-static system in an aircraft includes some of the instruments that operate on the principle of the barometer. It consists of a pitot-static tube and 3 indicators, all connected with tubing that carries air. The three indicators are the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and the rate-of-climb indicator. Each operates on air taken from outside the aircraft during flight. The tube or line from the pitot tube to the airspeed indicator applies the pressure of the outside air to the indicator. The indicator is calibrated so various air pressures cause different readings. The pitot tube is mounted on the outside of the aircraft at a point where air is least likely to be turbulent. It points in a forward direction parallel to the aircraft's line of flight. Static means stationary or not changing. The static port introduces outside air, at its normal outside atmospheric pressure, as though the aircraft were standing still in the air. The static line applies this outside air to the airspeed indicator, altimeter, and rate-of-climb indicator.

.2 Describe Acceleration as it pertains to motion.

The rate of change of the speed and/or velocity of a body in respect to time. Zero to sixty in 3.5 seconds would be accelerating at a rate of about 17mph per second.

.23: State the purpose of Rate-of-Climb.

The rate-of-climb indicator shows the rate at which an aircraft is climbing or descending.

.2 Describe Speed as it pertains to motion.

The scalar measure of the rate of movement of a body expressed as the distance traveled divided by time taken (average speed) or the rate of change of position with respect to time at a particular point.

.2 Describe Inertia as it pertains to motion.

The tendency of an object to remain at rest or to continue its motion unless acted upon by an outside force.

107.20: Explain the purpose of the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU).

These power units furnish electrical power when engine-driven generators are not operating or when external power is not available. Most units use a gas turbine to drive the generator. The gas turbine provides compressed air for air conditioning and pneumatic engine starting. This makes the aircraft independent of the need for ground power units to carry out its mission.

.22 Discuss the weather warning Thunderstorm/Tornado Condition I, II and its effect on naval aviation.

Thunderstorms are small-scale storms, invariably produced by a cumulonimbus cloud and always accompanied by lightening and thunder. A tornado is a violently rotating column of air, usually in the form of a funnel, extending from a thunderstorm cloud to the ground. A tornado is one of the most violent and destructive storms known. Its winds can reach from 100 to 250 knots, although their winds have never been measured directly. Condition II: Destructive winds accompanying the phenomenon indicated are reported or expected in the general area within 6 hours. Lightning and thunder are also anticipated. Condition I: Destructive winds accompanying the phenomenon are imminent. Lightning and thunder are also anticipated.

.22 Discuss the weather warning Wind shear and its effect on naval aviation.

Wind shear is the change in wind speed or direction with height in the atmosphere. Wind shear is important for the formation of tornadoes and hail. Some amount of wind shear is common in the atmosphere. Larger values of wind shear exist near fronts, cyclones, and the jet stream. Wind shear in an atmospheric layer that is unstable can result in clear air turbulence. In the context of aviation, wind shear refers to the change in wind with distance along a plane's flight path. If an aircraft experiences a sudden decrease in wind speed, it can reduce the lift on its wings to dangerously low values.