NCLEX Pediatrics superset

A nurse is preparing to administer I.V. methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol) to a child who weighs 44 lb. The order is for 0.03 mg/kg I.V. daily. How many milligrams should the nurse prepare? Record your answer using one decimal place. Answer: milligrams

0.6 milligrams RATIONALE: To perform this dosage calculation, the nurse should first convert the child's weight to kilograms: 44 lb ÷ 2.2 kg/lb = 20 kg Then she should use this formula to determine the dose: 20 kg × 0.03 mg/kg = X mg X = 0.6 mg

A nurse is obtaining the history of a child, age 4. Which question best evaluates the child's developmental status? 1. "Can you ride a tricycle?" 2. "Can you draw your school?" 3. "Do you like your brother?" 4. "What's your mommy's first name?"

1. "Can you ride a tricycle?" RATIONALE: Asking the child if he can ride a tricycle best helps evaluate the child's developmental status because a 4-year-old child should be able to perform such an action. A child may draw stick-like figures, but wouldn't be able to draw complicated pictures such as a school. A 4-year-old child may not be aware of his feelings, so asking whether he likes his brother wouldn't be appropriate. A 4-year-old child may not know his mother's first name, so asking it wouldn't evaluate developmental status.

A nurse assessing the heart rate and rhythm of an 8-year-old child hears a murmur that's barely audible even in a quiet room. The child's heart rate is 80 beats/minute. The nurse should document her assessment findings as: 1. "Heart rate regular, grade I murmur auscultated." 2. "Heart rate bradycardic, grade I murmur auscultated." 3. "Heart rate regular, grade II murmur auscultated" 4. "Heart rate bradycardic, grade II murmur auscultated."

1. "Heart rate regular, grade I murmur auscultated." RATIONALE: A heart rate of 80 beats/minute is considered normal for an 8-year-old child. In this age-group, bradycardia is typically associated with a heart rate of less than 70 beats/minute. A grade I murmur is barely audible in a quiet room; a grade II murmur is faint but clearly audible.

A small child is admitted to the facility with a fever. Which statement made by the child's mother indicates understanding of the nurse's teaching? 1. "I will keep the child in light clothing." 2. "I will starve a fever and feed a cold." 3. "I should bring the child back to the emergency department (ED) if his temperature reaches 103° F (39.4° C)." 4. "If acetaminophen doesn't reduce the fever, I can give Motrin in 2 hours."

1. "I will keep the child in light clothing." RATIONALE: Evidence-based practice recommends keeping a child with a fever in cool clothing and a comfortable environment. Therefore, the mother exhibits understanding by saying she will keep the child in light clothing. A child with a fever needs increased fluids and a proper diet. It isn't necessary to take the child with a temperature of 103° F to the ED. The current recommendation is to call the child's physician and then go to the ED if the child has a temperature greater than 105° F (40.5° C). Acetaminophen should be given every 4 hours and ibuprofen every 6 to 8 hours to prevent hepatotoxicity. Giving the child ibuprofen 2 hours after acetaminophen would be too soon according to these guidelines.

A mother of a hospitalized 3-year-old girl expresses concern because her daughter is wetting the bed. What should the nurse tell her? 1. "It's common for a child to exhibit regressive behavior when anxious or stressed." 2. "Your child is probably angry about being hospitalized. This is her way of acting out." 3. "Don't worry. It's common for a 3-year-old child to not be fully toilet-trained." 4. "The nurses probably haven't been answering the call button soon enough. They will try to respond more quickly."

1. "It's common for a child to exhibit regressive behavior when anxious or stressed." RATIONALE: The nurse should tell the mother that young children commonly demonstrate regressive behavior when anxious, under stress, or in a strange environment. Although the child could be deliberately wetting the bed out of anger, her behavior most likely isn't under voluntary control. It's appropriate to expect a 3-year-old child to be toilet-trained, but it isn't appropriate to expect the child to be able to use a call button to summon the nurse.

Which statement indicates that a family of a dying 4-year-old may be ready to consider organ donation? 1. "My wife and I feel that our real daughter has moved on even though her body is still functioning." 2. "Those physicians aren't doing everything they can for our daughter. I know she's still in there." 3. "When will our daughter wake up and be with us?" 4. "How can some parents allow their children to be cut up like a piece of meat and given away?"

1. "My wife and I feel that our real daughter has moved on even though her body is still functioning." RATIONALE: Statements indicating that the family has accepted the grave condition of their child is a green light for approaching them about organ donation. Statements that represent the family's nonacceptance of the child's prognosis, the lack of understanding of treatments that are being given, or the misunderstanding of organ and tissue donation are indications that the family isn't ready to be approached or to make a decision.

A boy, age 2, is diagnosed with hemophilia, an X-linked recessive disorder. His parents and newborn sister are healthy. The nurse explains how the gene for hemophilia is transmitted. Which statement by the father indicates an understanding of X-linked recessive disorders? 1. "Our newborn daughter may be a carrier of the trait." 2. "If we have more sons, all of them will have hemophilia." 3. "All of our offspring will carry the trait for hemophilia." 4. "Our daughter will develop hemophilia when she gets older."

1. "Our newborn daughter may be a carrier of the trait." RATIONALE: The father stating that his newborn daughter may be a carrier of the trait demonstrates understanding of X-linked recessive disorders. X-linked recessive genes behave like other recessive genes. A normal dominant gene hides the effects of an abnormal recessive gene. However, the gene is expressed primarily in male offspring because it's located on the X chromosome. Male offspring of a carrier mother and an unaffected father have a 50% chance of expressing the trait whereas female offspring are more likely to carry the trait than express it. These parents may produce offspring who neither express nor carry the trait for hemophilia.

Parents of a child with cystic fibrosis ask the nurse why their child must receive supplemental pancreatic enzymes. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "Pancreatic enzymes promote absorption of nutrients and fat." 2. "Pancreatic enzymes promote adequate rest." 3. "Pancreatic enzymes prevent intestinal mucus accumulation." 4. "Pancreatic enzymes help prevent meconium ileus."

1. "Pancreatic enzymes promote absorption of nutrients and fat." RATIONALE: Pancreatic enzymes are given to a child with cystic fibrosis to aid fat and protein digestion. They don't promote rest or prevent mucus accumulation or meconium ileus.

A mother asks the nurse why her 12-month-old baby gets otitis media more frequently than her 10-year-old son. What should the nurse tell her? 1. "The baby's eustachian tubes are shorter and lie more horizontally." 2. "The baby is too young to blow his nose when he has a cold." 3. "The baby spends more time lying down than his older brother; therefore, more dirt gets in the baby's ear." 4. "The baby puts dirty toys in his mouth."

1. "The baby's eustachian tubes are shorter and lie more horizontally." RATIONALE: Infants and young children are more prone to otitis media because their eustachian tubes are shorter and lie more horizontally. Pathogens from the nasopharynx can more readily enter the eustachian tube of the middle ear. The inability to clear nasal passages by blowing the nose, lying down on the floor, and putting dirty toys in the mouth don't increase the tendency toward otitis media.

A nurse is assessing a 10-year-old girl. The girl's mother informs the nurse that she's concerned about her daughter's breasts. The nurse assesses the breasts and notes the areola and nipple protrude slightly. Which statement by the nurse is an appropriate response? 1. "The changes in your daughter's breasts are the first signs of puberty." 2. "This is abnormal and should be assessed by her physician." 3. "I see nothing wrong with her breasts." 4. "The change is a result of increased adipose tissue. Has your daughter gained weight recently?"

1. "The changes in your daughter's breasts are the first signs of puberty." RATIONALE: Stating that such changes are the first signs of puberty is correct because breast bud development — elevation of the nipple and areola to form a breast bud — is the first sign of sexual maturity in girls. It's a normal finding in a girl this age and doesn't require physician assessment. Telling the mother that nothing is wrong doesn't give the mother concrete information to help alleviate her concern. The change isn't a result of weight gain. Sexual maturation continues with the appearance of pubic hair, axillary hair, and menarche, consecutively.

A child, age 10, is hospitalized for treatment of acute osteomyelitis. After assessing swelling and tenderness of the left tibia, the nurse initiates antibiotic therapy as ordered. The child's left leg is immobilized in a splint. What is an appropriate expected outcome for this child? 1. "The child will change position with minimal discomfort." 2. "The child will bear weight on the affected limb." 3. "The child will ambulate with crutches." 4. "The child will participate in age-appropriate activities."

1. "The child will change position with minimal discomfort." RATIONALE: To prevent pressure ulcers, the child must turn and change positions periodically. However, during the acute phase of osteomyelitis, moving the affected leg may cause extreme pain and discomfort. Therefore, the nurse must support and handle the leg gently during turning and repositioning. Weight bearing is contraindicated because it may cause pathologic fractures. Ambulating with crutches is an inappropriate outcome because the child is restricted to bed rest and the affected leg is immobilized to limit the spread of infection. Participation in age-appropriate activities isn't a realistic outcome because an acutely ill child isn't likely to be interested in activities; this outcome would be suitable after the acute disease phase ends.

A nurse is teaching parents about the nutritional needs of their full-term infant, age 2 months, who's breast-feeding. Which response shows that the parents understand their infant's dietary needs? 1. "We won't start any new foods now." 2. "We'll start the baby on skim milk." 3. "We'll introduce cereal into the diet now." 4. "We should add new fruits to the diet one at a time."

1. "We won't start any new foods now." RATIONALE: The parents show understanding of their infant's dietary needs by stating they won't start any new foods. Breast milk provides all the nutrients a full-term infant needs for the first 6 months. They shouldn't provide skim milk because it doesn't have sufficient fat for infant growth. The parents also shouldn't provide solid foods, such as cereal and fruit, before age 6 months because an infant's GI tract doesn't tolerate them well.

A mother brings her 8-month-old son to the pediatrician's office. When the nurse approaches to measure the child's vital signs, he clings to his mother tightly and starts to cry. The mother says, "He used to smile at everyone. I don't know why he's acting this way." How should the nurse respond to the mother's statement? 1. "Your baby's behavior indicates stranger anxiety, which is common at his age." 2. "Children who behave that way are developing shy personalities." 3. "Children at his age begin to fear pain." 4. "Your baby's having a temper tantrum, which is common at his age."

1. "Your baby's behavior indicates stranger anxiety, which is common at his age." RATIONALE: Stranger anxiety, common in infants ages 6 to 8 months, may cause the child to cry, cling to the caregiver, and turn away from strangers. Typically, it occurs when the child starts to differentiate familiar and unfamiliar people. The child's behavior doesn't necessarily indicate shyness. According to Piaget, fear of pain characterizes the operational stage of development in school-age children, not infants. Temper tantrums are typical in toddlers who are trying to assert their independence. During a temper tantrum, children may kick, scream, hold their breath, or throw themselves onto the floor rather than cling to a parent.

The charge nurse on the adolescent unit must decide which nurse should admit a new client. Based on the present client care assignments, who is the best candidate to admit the client? 1. A nurse who just discharged two clients with newly diagnosed diabetes 2. A nurse whose patient with asthma has decreasing oxygen saturation levels 3. A nurse caring for a client who is paralyzed and has no visiting family 4. A nurse who is about to start a complicated wet-to-damp dressing change

1. A nurse who just discharged two clients with newly diagnosed diabetes RATIONALE: Having just discharged two clients, this nurse has a low client load and she's able to accept a new assignment. The client with asthma requires constant monitoring by the nurse until his situation is resolved. Simple tasks and procedures are commonly more time-consuming when clients with paralysis are involved because these clients can't directly aid in their own care. Additional time must also be allotted for the nurse about to undertake a complicated procedure, such as a wet-to-damp dressing change.

A charge nurse is making client care assignments. Which client is most appropriate for a licensed practical nurse? 1. A stable 6-month-old infant with pneumonia 2. A newly admitted 1-month-old infant with bronchiolitis 3. A newly admitted 15-year-old child with diabetic ketoacidosis 4. A 12-year-old child admitted for chemotherapy

1. A stable 6-month-old infant with pneumonia RATIONALE: Of the clients listed, the most appropriate assignment for a licensed practical nurse is the stable 6-month-old infant admitted with pneumonia. Because they require close assessment, a newly admitted infant with bronchiolitis, a 15-year-old with diabetic ketoacidosis, and a 12-year-old who requires chemotherapy should be cared for by a registered nurse.

A 4-year-old, 40-lb (18.1-kg) child is brought to the pediatrician's office. He has upper respiratory symptoms and has had a fever for 2 days. He's diagnosed with a viral illness, and the mother is instructed to treat him with rest, fluids, and antipyretics. Which medication dosage schedule is the most appropriate? 1. Acetaminophen 225 mg (10 to 15 mg/kg/dose) q4h with intermittent doses of ibuprofen 180 mg (10 mg/kg/dose) q6h for temperature higher than 102.5° F (39.2° C) 2. Aspirin 290 mg (65 mg/kg/24 hours) q6h with intermittent doses of acetaminophen 225 mg q4h 3. Acetaminophen 140 mg (5 to 10 mg/kg/dose) q4h for a temperature lower than 102.5° F 4. Acetaminophen 225 mg (10 to 15 mg/kg/dose) q4h with intermittent doses of ibuprofen 90 mg (5 mg/kg/dose) q6h for a temperature higher than 102.5° F

1. Acetaminophen 225 mg (10 to 15 mg/kg/dose) q4h with intermittent doses of ibuprofen 180 mg (10 mg/kg/dose) q6h for temperature higher than 102.5° F (39.2° C) RATIONALE: The correct dosage schedule for acetaminophen is 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose every 4 hours, and for ibuprofen it's 10 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours for a temperature higher than 102.5° F. Aspirin shouldn't be given to children because of the association between aspirin use in children with influenza virus or chickenpox and Reye's syndrome (a life-threatening condition characterized by vomiting and lethargy that may progress to delirium and coma). Ibuprofen 5 mg/kg/dose is the correct dosage for a child with a temperature lower than 102.5° F.

A mother tells the nurse that her 4-year-old child is a very poor eater. What is the nurse's best recommendation for helping the mother increase her child's nutritional intake? 1. Allow the child to feed herself. 2. Use specially designed dishes for children — for example, a plate with the child's favorite cartoon character. 3. Only serve the child's favorite foods. 4. Allow the child to eat at a small table and chair by herself.

1. Allow the child to feed herself. RATIONALE: The best recommendation is to allow the child to feed herself because the child's stage of development is the preschool period of initiative. Special dishes would enhance the primary recommendation but wouldn't be an effective approach on their own. It's important to offer new foods and choices, not just serve her favorite foods. Using a small table and chair would also enhance the primary recommendation of allowing the child to feed herself.

Which action should a nurse include in the care plan for a 2-month-old infant with heart failure? 1. Allow the infant to rest before feeding. 2. Bathe the infant and administer medications before feeding. 3. Weigh and bathe the infant before feeding. 4. Feed the infant when he cries.

1. Allow the infant to rest before feeding. RATIONALE: Because feeding requires so much energy, an infant with heart failure should rest before feeding. Bathing and weighing the infant and administering medications should be scheduled around feedings. An infant expends energy when crying; therefore, it's best if the infant doesn't cry.

After a car accident, a child, age 10, is treated in the emergency department for a fractured clavicle and evaluated for a possible head injury. Alert and oriented, she keeps asking what will happen to her. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate? 1. Anxiety related to separation from parents and an unfamiliar environment 2. Hypothermia related to head injury 3. Interrupted family processes related to maturational crisis 4. Risk for infection related to sepsis

1. Anxiety related to separation from parents and an unfamiliar environment RATIONALE: The nature of the accident, the child's pain, and the unfamiliar facility environment support a nursing diagnosis of Anxiety related to separation from parents and an unfamiliar environment. A diagnosis of Hypothermia related to head injury isn't appropriate because the child is alert and oriented, indicating that a head injury, if present, isn't severe and is unlikely to cause hypothermia. Unlike the homecoming of a new baby or riding a bicycle for the first time, a car accident isn't a maturational crisis. Risk for infection related to sepsis isn't a plausible nursing diagnosis at this time.

A nurse is taking a history from the parents of a 11-year-old girl admitted with Reye's syndrome. Which illness should the nurse expect the parents to report their child having the previous week? 1. Chickenpox 2. Bacterial meningitis 3. Strep throat 4. Lyme disease

1. Chickenpox RATIONALE: Reye's syndrome commonly occurs about 1 week after a child has had a viral infection, such as chickenpox (varicella) or influenza. Children with flulike symptoms or chickenpox who receive aspirin are at increased risk for Reye's syndrome. Bacterial meningitis and strep throat are caused by bacteria and don't lead to Reye's syndrome. Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete and isn't implicated in Reye's syndrome.

A toddler with a ventricular septal defect is receiving digoxin (Lanoxin) to treat heart failure. Which assessment finding should be the nurse's priority concern? 1. Bradycardia 2. Tachycardia 3. Hypertension 4. Hyperactivity

1. Bradycardia RATIONALE: Digoxin enhances cardiac efficiency by increasing the force of contraction and decreasing the heart rate. An early sign of digoxin toxicity is bradycardia (an abnormally slow heart rate). To help detect digoxin toxicity, the nurse always should measure the apical heart rate before administering each digoxin dose. Other signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity include arrhythmias, vomiting, hypotension, fatigue, drowsiness, and visual halos around objects. Tachycardia, hypertension, and hyperactivity aren't associated with digoxin toxicity.

Which sign is likely to indicate abuse in a 4-year-old child? 1. Conflicting stories about the accident or injury from the parents 2. History consistent with the child's injuries 3. Disheveled parental appearance and low socioeconomic status 4. Appropriate emotional response by the caregiver

1. Conflicting stories about the accident or injury from the parents RATIONALE: Conflicting stories about the accident or injury from the parents is a warning sign of abuse. A history consistent with the child's injuries, a disheveled appearance and low socioeconomic status, and an appropriate emotional response by the caregiver aren't indicators of expected or potential abuse.

A 14-month-old child weighing 26 lb (11.8 kg) is admitted for traction to treat congenital hip dislocation. When preparing the child's room, the nurse anticipates using which traction system? 1. Bryant's traction 2. Buck's extension traction 3. Overhead suspension traction 4. 90-90 traction

1. Bryant's traction RATIONALE: Anticipating Bryant's traction is correct because this type of traction is used to treat femoral fractures or congenital hip dislocation in children younger than age 2 who weigh less than 30 lb (13.6 kg). Buck's extension traction is skin traction used for short-term immobilization or to correct bone deformities or contractures. Overhead suspension traction is used to treat fractures of the humerus; and 90-90 traction is used to treat femoral fractures in children older than age 2.

When developing a postoperative care plan for an infant scheduled for cleft lip repair, the nurse should assign highest priority to which intervention? 1. Comforting the child as quickly as possible 2. Maintaining the child in a prone position 3. Restraining the child's arms at all times, using elbow restraints 4. Avoiding disturbing any crusts that form on the suture line

1. Comforting the child as quickly as possible RATIONALE: After surgery to repair a cleft lip, the primary goal of nursing care is to maintain integrity of the operative site. Crying causes tension on the suture line, so comforting the child as quickly as possible is the highest nursing priority. Parents may help by cuddling and comforting the child. The prone position is contraindicated after surgery because rubbing on the sheet may disturb the suture line. Elbow restraints may cause agitation; if used to prevent the child from disturbing the suture line, they must be removed, one at a time, every 2 hours so that the child can exercise and the nurse can assess for skin irritation. Crusts forming on the suture line contribute to scarring and must be cleaned carefully.

A child with diabetes insipidus receives desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). When evaluating for therapeutic effectiveness, the nurse should interpret which finding as a positive response to this drug? 1. Decreased urine output 2. Increased urine glucose level 3. Decreased blood pressure 4. Relief of nausea

1. Decreased urine output RATIONALE: The primary action of DDAVP is to stimulate water reabsorption by the kidneys, thereby decreasing the urine output. DDAVP has no effect on glucose levels, blood pressure, or nausea.

A child, age 4, with a recent history of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea is admitted to the pediatric unit with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis. During the physical examination, the nurse detects tenting. This finding supports a nursing diagnosis of: 1. Deficient fluid volume related to dehydration. 2. Risk for injury related to capillary fragility. 3. Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion related to peripheral cyanosis. 4. Activity intolerance related to hypoxia

1. Deficient fluid volume related to dehydration. RATIONALE: Tenting, which indicates decreased skin turgor, is normal only in elderly clients and results from decreased elastin content. However, in other adults and in children, tenting more commonly results from dehydration. This finding supports a nursing diagnosis of Deficient fluid volume related to dehydration. The other diagnoses are inappropriate because capillary fragility, altered tissue perfusion, and hypoxia rarely are associated with gastroenteritis.

A disabled school-age child whose parents are overprotective may display which characteristics? 1. Dependency, fearfulness, and lack of outside interests 2. Extreme independence, defiance, and a high level of risk taking 3. Shyness and loneliness 4. Pride and confidence in one's ability to cope

1. Dependency, fearfulness, and lack of outside interests RATIONALE: Disabled children whose parents are overprotective tend to have marked dependency, fearfulness, inactivity, and lack of outside interests. Children who are raised by oversolicitous and guilt-ridden parents are often overly independent, defiant, and high-risk takers. Children who are reared by parents who emphasize the child's deficits and tend to isolate the child may appear shy and lonely. Children who are reared by parents who establish reasonable limits have pride and confidence in their ability to cope successfully.

A nurse is teaching a group of parents about otitis media. When discussing why children are predisposed to this disorder, the nurse should mention the significance of which anatomical feature? 1. Eustachian tubes 2. Nasopharynx 3. Tympanic membrane 4. External ear canal

1. Eustachian tubes RATIONALE: The nurse should mention the importance of the eustachian tubes because they're short in a child and lie in a horizontal plane, promoting entry of nasopharyngeal secretions into the tubes and thus setting the stage for otitis media. The nasopharynx, tympanic membrane, and external ear canal have no unusual features that would predispose a child to otitis media.

A 6-year-old child with a history of varicella and aspirin intake is brought to the emergency department. The nurse suspects Reye's syndrome. Which assessment findings are consistent with this syndrome? 1. Fever, decreased level of consciousness (LOC), and impaired liver function 2. Joint inflammation, red macular rash with a clear center, and low-grade fever 3. Peripheral edema, fever for 5 or more days, and "strawberry tongue" 4. Red, raised "bull's eye" rash, malaise, and joint pain

1. Fever, decreased level of consciousness (LOC), and impaired liver function RATIONALE: Reye's syndrome occurs in children with a history of a viral infection, varicella, or influenza. It's commonly associated with the administration of aspirin. The child presents with fever and decreased LOC, which can lead to coma and death. As the disease progresses, the child also develops impaired liver function. A child with joint pain, a red macular rash with a clear center, and a low-grade fever probably has rheumatic fever. A child presenting with peripheral edema, fever for more than 5 days, and a "strawberry tongue" probably has Kawasaki disease. A child with a red, raised "bull's eye" rash, malaise, and joint pain should be tested for Lyme disease.

When teaching parents about fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and its transmission, the nurse should provide which information? 1. Fifth disease is transmitted by respiratory secretions. 2. Fifth disease has an unknown transmission mode. 3. Fifth disease is transmitted by respiratory secretions, stool, and urine. 4. Fifth disease is transmitted by stool.

1. Fifth disease is transmitted by respiratory secretions. RATIONALE: Fifth disease is transmitted by respiratory secretions. The transmission mode for roseola is unknown. Rubella is transmitted by respiratory secretions, stool, and urine. Intestinal parasitic conditions, such as giardiasis and pinworm infection, are transmitted by stool.

A 29-month-old child who is dehydrated as a result of vomiting requires oral rehydration. Which concept regarding oral rehydration therapy should the nurse consider? 1. Give 1 to 3 teaspoons of fluid every 10 to 15 minutes to set up a baseline for the child's tolerance. 2. Sugar is a good source of nutrition when rehydrating a child. 3. If symptoms persist for more than 72 hours, contact the physician. 4. A child who has three wet diapers each day isn't considered dehydrated.

1. Give 1 to 3 teaspoons of fluid every 10 to 15 minutes to set up a baseline for the child's tolerance. RATIONALE: Giving small amounts of fluid at frequent intervals is the first action a nurse should take when a child is vomiting. Doing so allows the nurse to observe the child's tolerance level. Simple sugars aren't a good source of hydration because of their osmotic affects. The nurse shouldn't wait 72 hours before taking action if a child is vomiting or has diarrhea. Toddlers can become dehydrated in a short time. A physician should see a child whose vomiting or diarrhea persists for 24 to 36 hours. Wet diapers are a good source of determining hydration; however, three wet diapers each day isn't a normal finding for toddler-age children. A hydrated toddler should have six to eight wet diapers per day.

An adolescent in the terminal stage of leukemia cries out for more pain medicine. What is the best action for a nurse to take in caring for this dying adolescent? 1. Give him more pain medication to control his pain and suffering. 2. Withhold pain medication because he may become addicted to it. 3. Maintain a strict medication administration schedule. 4. Withhold medication because the adolescent has a low pain threshold.

1. Give him more pain medication to control his pain and suffering. RATIONALE: The adolescent is in severe pain and requires more pain medication. The goal of treatment at this stage of terminal cancer is to make the adolescent as comfortable as possible. Increased tolerance and addiction potential aren't concerns. Strict timing of medication administration doesn't always coincide with an individual's fluctuating pain. The nurse should give the medication even if the adolescent's need for it doesn't match the administration schedule. Pain is what a client says it is; a nurse shouldn't withhold medication or make judgments about a client's pain threshold.

When examining school-age and adolescent children, the nurse routinely screens for scoliosis. Which statement accurately summarizes how to perform this screening? 1. Have the child stand firmly on both feet and bend forward at the hips, with the trunk exposed. 2. Listen for a clicking sound as the child abducts the hips. 3. Have the child run the heel of one foot down the shin of the other leg while standing. 4. Have the child shrug the shoulders as the nurse applies mild pressure to the shoulders.

1. Have the child stand firmly on both feet and bend forward at the hips, with the trunk exposed. RATIONALE: To screen for scoliosis, a lateral curvature of the spine, the nurse has the child stand firmly on both feet with the trunk exposed and examines the child from behind, checking for asymmetry of the shoulders, scapulae, or hips. The nurse then asks the child to bend forward at the hips and inspects for a rib hump, a sign of scoliosis. Listening for a clicking sound while the child abducts the hips is appropriate when screening for congenital hip dysplasia. The heel-to-shin test evaluates cerebellar function and having the child shrug the shoulders against mild resistance helps evaluate the integrity of cranial nerve XI.

A child, age 2, is brought to the emergency department after ingesting an unknown number of aspirin tablets about 30 minutes earlier. On entering the examination room, the child is crying and clinging to the mother. Which data should the nurse obtain first? 1. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure 2. Recent exposure to communicable diseases 3. Number of immunizations received 4. Height and weight

1. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure RATIONALE: The most important data to obtain on a child's arrival in the emergency department are vital sign measurements. The nurse should gather data about disease exposure, immunizations, and height and weight later.

A nurse is preparing to administer an I.V. containing dextrose 10% in ¼ normal saline solution to a 6-month-old infant. The nurse should select which tubing to safely administer the solution? 1. I.V. tubing with a volume-control chamber 2. I.V. tubing with a macrodrip chamber 3. I.V. tubing with a special filter 4. Standard I.V. tubing used for adults

1. I.V. tubing with a volume-control chamber RATIONALE: Because infants have a small circulating blood volume, inadvertent administration of extra I.V. fluid can cause fluid volume excess. To prevent this from occurring, I.V. tubing with a volume-control chamber (such as a Buretrol or Solu-set) should always be used for infants and children to closely regulate the amount of fluid infused. The volume-control chamber should be filled only with enough I.V. fluid for the next two 2 hours. A microdrip chamber that allows for 60 drops/ml (as opposed to a macrodrip chamber, which allows for 10 to 20 drops/ml, depending on the manufacturer) should be used to infuse the smaller amounts of I.V. fluids an infant needs. A filter is typically used only for the administration of total parenteral nutrition and certain blood products. Standard I.V. tubing for adults should be avoided for infants because of the inability to closely regulate the amount of fluid infused.

A nurse practicing in a nurse-managed clinic suspects that an 8-year-old child's chronic sinusitis and upper respiratory tract infections may result from allergies. She orders an immunoglobulin assay. Which immunoglobulin would the nurse expect to find elevated? 1. Immunoglobulin E 2. Immunoglobulin D 3. Immunoglobulin G 4. Immunoglobulin M

1. Immunoglobulin E RATIONALE: The nurse would expect elevated immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels because IgE is predominantly found in saliva and tears as well as intestinal and bronchial secretions and, therefore, may be found in allergic disorders. IgD's physiologic function is unknown and constitutes only 1% of the total number of circulating immunoglobulins. IgG is elevated in the presence of viral and bacterial infections. IgM is the first antibody activated after an antigen enters the body, and is especially effective against gram-negative organisms.

Which assessment finding is an early sign of heart failure in a toddler? 1. Increased respiratory rate 2. Increased urine output 3. Decreased weight 4. Decreased heart rate

1. Increased respiratory rate RATIONALE: Increased respiratory and heart rates are the earliest signs of heart failure. Decreased urine output and increased weight are later signs.

When planning care for a child with epiglottiditis, the nurse should assign highest priority to which nursing diagnosis: 1. Ineffective airway clearance 2. Fear 3. Ineffective thermoregulation 4. Risk for disproportionate growth

1. Ineffective airway clearance RATIONALE: Because airway obstruction is a life-threatening complication of epiglottiditis, Ineffective airway clearance takes highest priority. Fear, Ineffective thermoregulation, and Risk for disproportionate growth are important but don't take precedence over Ineffective airway clearance and ensuring airway patency.

What is the most common assessment finding in a child with ulcerative colitis? 1. Intense abdominal cramps 2. Profuse diarrhea 3. Anal fissures 4. Abdominal distention

2. Profuse diarrhea RATIONALE: Ulcerative colitis causes profuse diarrhea. Intense abdominal cramps, anal fissures, and abdominal distention are more common in Crohn's disease.

An infant undergoes surgery to correct an esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Which nursing diagnosis has the highest priority during the first 24 hours postoperatively? 1. Ineffective airway clearance 2. Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements 3. Interrupted breast-feeding 4. Hypothermia

1. Ineffective airway clearance RATIONALE: Ineffective airway clearance has the highest priority in the immediate postoperative period. The infant's airway must be carefully assessed and frequent suctioning may be necessary to remove mucus while taking care not to pass the catheter as far as the suture line. Assess breath sounds, respiratory rate, skin color, and ease of breathing. Because of the risk of edema and airway obstruction, keep a laryngoscope and endotracheal intubation equipment readily available. Imbalanced nutrition, Interrupted breast-feeding, and Hypothermia are also important during the postoperative period but only after a patent airway is ensured.

Which activity should a nurse recommend to prevent foreign body aspiration in a child during meals? 1. Insist that the child remain seated while eating. 2. Give the child toys to play with while eating. 3. Allow the child to watch television while eating. 4. Allow the child to eat in a separate room.

1. Insist that the child remain seated while eating. RATIONALE: A child should remain seated while eating. The risk of aspiration increases if the child is running, jumping, or talking with food in his mouth. Television and toys are a dangerous distraction to toddlers and young children and should be avoided during meals. A child needs constant supervision and should be monitored while eating snacks and meals.

A 3-month-old infant with meningococcal meningitis has just been admitted to the pediatric unit. Which nursing intervention has the highest priority? 1. Instituting droplet precautions 2. Administering acetaminophen (Tylenol) 3. Obtaining history information from the parents 4. Orienting the parents to the pediatric unit

1. Instituting droplet precautions RATIONALE: Instituting droplet precautions is the priority for a newly admitted infant with meningococcal meningitis. Acetaminophen may be ordered but administering it doesn't take priority over instituting droplet precautions. Obtaining history information and orienting the parents to the unit don't take priority.

A child, age 8, is immobilized with a hip spica cast. The nurse enters the room and notices the child is withdrawn and avoiding eye contact. The child's mother states, "He's just bored. He's tired of watching television." The nurse should perform which action? 1. Let the child visit the playroom daily. 2. Sit with the child for an hour in the room. 3. Place a telephone in the child's room. 4. Arrange a visit by a cooperative child from the same unit.

1. Let the child visit the playroom daily. RATIONALE: School-age children need peer interaction and thrive on peer approval and acceptance. Allowing the child to visit the playroom daily provides a nonthreatening atmosphere for peer interaction and helps the child feel less isolated. Sitting with the child for an hour wouldn't foster the necessary peer interaction. Placing a telephone in the child's room would allow the child to communicate with family and friends, but could reinforce feelings of isolation. Having another child visit would be appropriate only if the child is of the same age-group.

An adolescent presents with a large round ring with a swollen border on his left arm. He states that he often plays football in a field behind the school. The nurse suspects that he has: 1. Lyme disease. 2. anthrax. 3. impetigo. 4. scarlet fever.

1. Lyme disease. RATIONALE: Lyme disease, which results from a tick bite, is characterized by a large round ring with a raised swollen border at the site of the bite. Treatment at this stage can prevent systemic involvement that could lead to cardiac, neurologic, and musculoskeletal symptoms. Cutaneous anthrax is characterized by a skin lesion that originates as a papule, then develops into a depressed area of black eschar. Impetigo is a clustering of vesicles that ooze and form a crust on the skin. Adolescents rarely develop scarlet fever, which is characterized by rough, red pinpoint lesions concentrated on the trunk and in skin folds.

A preschool child is admitted to the pediatric unit with acute nephritis. Which electrolyte replacement agent is used as an adjunct to treatment for this condition? 1. Magnesium sulfate 2. Calcium glubionate 3. Potassium chloride 4. Sodium lactate

1. Magnesium sulfate RATIONALE: Magnesium sulfate is an electrolyte that's used as an adjunct to treat acute nephritis. It also is used to treat seizures and severe toxemia. Calcium glubionate, potassium chloride, and sodium lactate aren't therapeutic in acute nephritis and, in fact, may worsen the condition.

A 4-month-old infant has been carried into the emergency department after falling off his parents' bed and hitting his head on the floor. What should the nurse do next? 1. Move the family to an area where an assessment can be completed and call for a physician. 2. Notify the supervisor that an operating room is needed because the physician will want to insert a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. 3. Assess the infant's vital signs in the triage area and instruct the family to wait until their names are called. 4. Call child protective services because of suspected child endangerment.

1. Move the family to an area where an assessment can be completed and call for a physician. RATIONALE: A head injury in an infant can be extremely serious. The nurse's priority should be to move the infant and family to an area where assessment and treatment can occur. Triaging the infant and having the parents wait for evaluation by a physician is inappropriate because of the potential seriousness of the injury. Although increased intracranial pressure can result from head trauma, it's unlikely that inserting a VP shunt would be the first treatment. The fact that the child was left unattended in an unsafe location is a significant safety issue, but notifying child protective services isn't a priority at this time.

When assessing the chest of a 4-month-old infant, the nurse identifies the ratio of the anteroposterior-to-lateral diameter as 1:2. What action should the nurse take next? 1. No action is needed; this is a normal finding. 2. Inform the physician of the finding and obtain an order for a chest X-ray. 3. Instruct the parents to bring the infant back in 1 month for reevaluation. 4. Check the infant for signs of respiratory distress.

1. No action is needed; this is a normal finding. RATIONALE: No action is needed by the nurse because in an infant, the anteroposterior diameter is normally twice the lateral diameter (a ratio of 1:2).

A physician orders acetaminophen (Tylenol) elixir, 160 mg every 4 hours, for a 14-month-old child who weighs 20 lb (9.08 kg). This drug, supplied in a bottle labeled 160 mg/tsp, has a safe dosage of 10 mg/kg/dose. The nurse should administer how many milliliters? 1. None because this isn't a safe dose 2. 2.5 ml 3. 5 ml 4. 7.5 ml

1. None because this isn't a safe dose RATIONALE: For this client, the safe dose of this drug is 90.8 mg (9.08 kg × 10 mg/kg = 90.8 mg). This dose is equivalent to 2.8 ml. Therefore, the ordered dose isn't safe.

A nurse is caring for a 14-month-old infant being treated for an upper respiratory infection. The physician would like to order a series of X-rays for the infant, who has been in a foster home for 4 months. How should the nurse obtain consent? 1. Obtain consent from the foster parents. 2. Call Child Protective Services. 3. Contact the child's biological mother. 4. Contact the unit's director of nursing.

1. Obtain consent from the foster parents. RATIONALE: Foster parents have the right to consent to medical care of minors in their care. The parents of a minor in foster care don't have authority to make decisions regarding his care. The nurse should call Child Protective Services only if she has concerns about a foster parent's authenticity. The nurse needn't notify the director of nursing unless complications occur.

Which intervention should be included in the care plan for a 6-month-old infant with a nursing diagnosis of Deficient fluid volume related to excessive GI losses in stool and emesis? 1. Oral electrolyte replacement solutions, breast milk, or lactose-free formula 2. I.V. fluid replacement therapy 3. Clear fluids, such as fruit juices, carbonated soft drinks, and gelatin 4. Delayed introduction of food for several days followed by the BRAT (bananas, rice, apples, and toast or tea) diet

1. Oral electrolyte replacement solutions, breast milk, or lactose-free formula RATIONALE: Oral electrolyte replacement solutions, breast milk, or lactose-free formula may be given in small amounts to replace fluid and electrolyte losses in an infant with mild diarrhea and vomiting. I.V. fluids are usually reserved for clients experiencing severe vomiting and dehydration. Fruit juices, carbonated soft drinks, and the BRAT diet, which are high in carbohydrates and low in electrolytes, aren't recommended.

A toddler is admitted to the facility with nephrotic syndrome. The nurse carefully monitors the toddler's fluid intake and output and checks urine specimens regularly with a reagent strip (Labstix). Which finding is the nurse most likely to see? 1. Proteinuria 2. Glycosuria 3. Ketonuria 4. Polyuria

1. Proteinuria RATIONALE: In nephrotic syndrome, the glomerular membrane of the kidneys becomes permeable to proteins, resulting in massive proteinuria. Nephrotic syndrome typically doesn't cause glycosuria or ketonuria. Because the syndrome causes fluids to shift from plasma to interstitial spaces, it's more likely to decrease urine output than to cause polyuria (excessive urine output).

After gathering all necessary equipment and setting up the supplies, what should be the first step in performing endotracheal (ET) or tracheal suctioning in an infant? 1. Provide extra oxygen by using a ventilator or through manual bagging. 2. Insert a suction catheter to the appropriate measured length. 3. Insert a few drops of sterile saline solution. 4. Put on clean gloves.

1. Provide extra oxygen by using a ventilator or through manual bagging. RATIONALE: Providing extra oxygen before suctioning is the first step because it helps prevent hypoxemia. Insertion of a suction catheter is performed after preoxygenation. Instilling a few drops of sterile saline solution is no longer part of routine suctioning. ET and tracheal suctioning require sterile technique and sterile gloves, not just clean gloves.

A preschool-age child with sickle cell anemia is admitted to the health care facility in vaso-occlusive crisis after developing a fever and joint pain. What is the nurse's highest priority when caring for this child? 1. Providing fluids 2. Maintaining protective isolation 3. Applying cool compresses to affected joints 4. Administering antipyretics as ordered

1. Providing fluids RATIONALE: During a vaso-occlusive crisis, sickle-shaped red blood cells (RBCs) clump together and obstruct blood vessels, causing ischemia and tissue damage. Therefore, the highest priority is providing I.V. and oral fluids, which promotes hemodilution and aids the free flow of RBCs through blood vessels. The client must be kept away from known infection sources but doesn't require protective isolation. Warm compresses may be applied to painful joints to promote comfort; cool compresses would cause vasoconstriction, which exacerbates sickling. Antipyretics may be administered to reduce fever but don't play a crucial role in resolving the crisis.

A nurse is interviewing the mother of a 7-year-old child. Which symptom reported by the mother leads the nurse to suspect that the child has type 1 diabetes? 1. Recent bed-wetting 2. Poor appetite 3. Weight gain 4. Boundless energy

1. Recent bed-wetting RATIONALE: Polyuria, recognized by parents as bed-wetting in a child recently toilet-trained, is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Polyphagia is also a hallmark of type 1 diabetes mellitus. A parent is also likely to report weight loss despite excessive eating, not weight gain or a poor appetite. The child with type 1 diabetes mellitus may complain of fatigue rather than boundless energy.

After an infant undergoes surgical repair of a cleft lip, the physician orders elbow restraints. For this infant, the postoperative care plan should include which nursing action? 1. Removing the restraints every 2 hours 2. Removing the restraints while the infant is asleep 3. Keeping the restraints on both arms only while the child is awake 4. Using the restraints until the infant recovers fully from anesthesia

1. Removing the restraints every 2 hours RATIONALE: Removing one elbow restraint at a time every 2 hours for about 5 minutes allows exercise of the arms and inspection for skin irritation. To prevent the infant from touching and disrupting the suture line, the nurse should use the restraints when the infant is asleep and awake. The nurse should maintain the elbow restraints from the time the infant recovers from anesthesia until the suture line is healed.

A nurse should expect a 3-year-old child to be able to perform which action? 1. Ride a tricycle 2. Tie his shoelaces 3. Roller-skate 4. Jump rope

1. Ride a tricycle RATIONALE: The nurse should expect the child to ride a tricycle because, at age 3, gross motor development and refinement in eye-hand coordination enable a child to perform such an action. The fine motor skills required to tie shoelaces and the gross motor skills required for roller-skating and jumping rope develop around age 5.

In a family with a 7-year-old child with a chronic illness, which family members feel jealousy, resentment, embarrassment, shame, fear of becoming ill, and guilt at causing the illness? 1. Siblings 2. Parents 3. Child with the illness 4. Grandparents

1. Siblings RATIONALE: When a brother or sister is ill, siblings frequently experience jealousy and resentment of the increased attention given to the ill child, embarrassment and shame, fear of becoming ill, and guilt at causing the illness. Parents may experience grieving, denial, overprotectiveness, rejection, and overcompensation. The ill child may regress to a previous developmental stage and feel anxiety, depression, and anger. Both the child's and the siblings' reactions are influenced by the parents' response. Grandparents may experience ambivalence, disappointment, and grief.

A nurse is assessing an 8-month-old infant during a wellness checkup. Which action is a normal developmental task for an infant this age? 1. Sitting without support 2. Saying two words 3. Feeding himself with a spoon 4. Playing patty-cake

1. Sitting without support RATIONALE: According to the Denver Developmental Screening Test, most infants should be able to sit unsupported by age 7 months. Saying two words is expected of a 15-month-old infant. By 17 months, the toddler should be able to feed himself with a spoon. A 10-month-old infant should be able to play patty-cake.

A child is suspected of having amblyopia ("lazy eye"). To help diagnose this disorder, the child will undergo which test? 1. Snellen's test 2. Near vision test 3. Weber's test 4. Peripheral vision test

1. Snellen's test RATIONALE: To help diagnose amblyopia, the child will undergo the Snellen's test. Snellen's test assesses visual acuity and a child with amblyopia will have decreased visual acuity in the affected eye. The near vision test evaluates near vision. Weber's test is used to determine hearing loss. The peripheral vision test evaluates peripheral vision.

A 2-year-old child with a tracheostomy suddenly becomes diaphoretic and has an increased heart rate, an increased work of breath, and a decreased oxygen saturation level. What should the nurse do first? 1. Suction the tracheostomy. 2. Turn the child to a side-lying position. 3. Administer pain medication. 4. Perform chest physiotherapy.

1. Suction the tracheostomy. RATIONALE: Diaphoresis, increased heart rate, increased respiratory effort, and decreased oxygen saturation are signs that mucus is partially occluding the airway. Therefore, the nurse should suction the tracheostomy first to prevent full occlusion. Turning the child to a side-lying position won't remove mucus from the airway. The child may require pain medication after his airway has been cleared if his condition warrants it. Chest physiotherapy will help drain excess mucus from the lungs but not from a tracheostomy.

A nurse is caring for a 5-year-old boy with end-stage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The child confides that he is ready to go to heaven and see his grandpa. The nurse knows that the child's parents aren't comfortable with the idea of discontinuing treatment. What should she do? 1. Talk with the parents about the dying process and make them aware of what their child has confided. 2. Listen to the child but recognize that he's too young to make his own decisions. 3. Tell the child that she will talk with his parents and change their minds. 4. Tell the physician that the family would like to discontinue treatment.

1. Talk with the parents about the dying process and make them aware of what their child has confided. RATIONALE: Chronically ill children commonly recognize their fate, whereas their parents continue to believe they'll become well again. The nurse should talk with the parents about the child's concerns. It's possible that the parents don't know what their child is feeling. Chronically ill children tend to have a good understanding of death, and should have input into decisions about their care. The nurse shouldn't tell the child that she can change the parents' minds; she might not be able to keep that promise. It would be unethical for the nurse to call the physician and misrepresent the parents' wishes.

A registered nurse (RN) has been "care-paired" with a licensed practical nurse (LPN) during the evening shift. Whose care should the RN assign to the LPN? 1. The 2-year-old child who has started eating soft, solid foods following a tonsillectomy 2. A 12-month-old infant who has a white blood cell (WBC) count of 34/μl and a fever 3. A 17-month-old infant with a contusion as a result of a motor vehicle accident 4 hours earlier 4. A 22-month-old infant with type 1 diabetes who has a blood glucose level of 277 g/dl

1. The 2-year-old child who has started eating soft, solid foods following a tonsillectomy RATIONALE: The nurse can delegate care of the child who had the tonsillectomy to the LPN because he is stable and likely preparing for discharge to home. The infant with a WBC count of 34/μl and fever requires close monitoring for additional signs of infection. Infection could lead to sepsis or septic shock. Although the infant with contusions from the motor vehicle accident may be stable, children sometimes experience delayed reactions to injury. This infant requires close monitoring for signs or injury or shock. The RN should care for the infant with type 1 diabetes, who could become ill very quickly.

A school-age child is being discharged with a diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Which instructions should be included in the teaching plan for the family? 1. The child should stay on penicillin and return for a follow-up appointment. 2. At home, be sure to keep the child on bed rest. 3. All children with rheumatic fever need monthly blood tests. 4. The child should stay out of school until the source of the infection is determined.

1. The child should stay on penicillin and return for a follow-up appointment. RATIONALE: A child with rheumatic fever, which is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, should stay on penicillin — either oral daily or an injection monthly — to prevent a recurrence. A follow-up appointment is needed to determine how the child is responding to treatment. Neither bed rest nor monthly blood tests will be ordered for all children. Rheumatic fever is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, so the source of the infection is already known.

An infant who has been in foster care since birth requires a blood transfusion. Who is authorized to give written, informed consent for the procedure? 1. The foster mother 2. The social worker who placed the infant in the foster home 3. The registered nurse caring for the infant 4. The nurse manager

1. The foster mother RATIONALE: When children are minors and aren't emancipated, their parents or designated legal guardians are responsible for providing consent for medical procedures. Therefore, the foster mother is authorized to give consent for the blood transfusion. The social worker, the nurse, and the nurse manager have no legal rights to give consent in this scenario.

A 13-year-old adolescent may have appendicitis. Which finding is a reliable indicator of appendicitis? 1. The severity, location, and movement of pain 2. Fever 3. A history of vomiting and diarrhea, if present 4. A history of irritability and lethargy

1. The severity, location, and movement of pain RATIONALE: The pattern of pain is a reliable indicator of acute appendicitis. It begins with a severe colicky abdominal pain that gets progressively worse. The pain starts in the midabdominal (periumbilical) region and moves to the right lower quadrant after 6 to 12 hours. The degree of fever, a history of vomiting and diarrhea, and a history of irritability and lethargy are also clinical manifestations of acute appendicitis; however, these conditions can also be present in a number of other childhood illnesses so they aren't as reliable as the pattern of pain.

Which use of restraints in a school-age child should the nurse question? 1. To substitute for observation 2. To ensure the child's comfort or safety 3. To facilitate examination 4. To aid in carrying out procedures

1. To substitute for observation RATIONALE: Restraints should never be used as a punishment or as a substitute for observation because if a child is at risk for harming himself when left alone, the child requires one-on-one observation. Ensuring the child's comfort or safety (restraining him to keep an I.V., drainage tube, or orthopedic device in place), facilitating examination, and carrying out procedures are all valid reasons for restraint. Restraining devices aren't without risk and must be checked and documented every 1 to 2 hours.

A physician ordered an X-ray for an adolescent in the pediatric unit. With whom should the nurse collaborate to carry out this order? 1. Transport personnel 2. Physician 3. Pharmacist 4. Circulating nurse

1. Transport personnel RATIONALE: Transport personnel are responsible for escorting clients throughout the hospital, including to various test locations. The physician isn't required to transport any client to the radiology department. The pharmacist is responsible for anything related to medications. The circulating nurse assists with surgical procedures in the operating room; she doesn't help transport clients to the X-ray department

A toddler is brought to the emergency department with sudden onset of abdominal pain, vomiting, and stools that look like red currant jelly. To confirm intussusception, the suspected cause of these findings, the nurse expects the physician to order: 1. a barium enema. 2. suprapubic aspiration. 3. nasogastric (NG) tube insertion. 4. indwelling urinary catheter insertion.

1. a barium enema. RATIONALE: A nurse should expect the physician to order a barium enema because this test is commonly used to confirm and correct intussusception. Performing a suprapubic aspiration or inserting an NG tube or an indwelling urinary catheter wouldn't help diagnose or treat this disorder.

A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with a history of upper airway infection that has worsened over the last 2 days. The nurse suspects the child has croup. Signs of croup include a hoarse voice, inspiratory stridor, and: 1. a barking cough. 2. a high fever. 3. sudden onset. 4. dysphagia.

1. a barking cough. RATIONALE: Croup is an acute viral respiratory illness characterized by a barking cough. Fever is usually low grade. Croup has a gradual onset, and dysphagia isn't a symptom.

A nurse discussing injury prevention with a group of workers at a day-care center is focusing on toddlers. When discussing this age-group, the nurse should stress that: 1. accidents are the leading cause of death among toddlers. 2. the risk for homicide is highest among toddlers. 3. toddlers can distinguish right from wrong. 4. toddlers will always chase a ball that rolls into the street.

1. accidents are the leading cause of death among toddlers. RATIONALE: The leading cause of death in toddlers is accidents, so it's important for parents, family members, and childcare providers to understand the importance of accident prevention. Toddlers don't have the highest risk for homicide. Toddlers are just beginning to understand right from wrong, but don't understand the consequences of their actions. Although many children will chase balls or toys into the street, not all children will do so.

An infant is brought to the emergency department. The infant is limp and has central cyanosis, a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, and a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/minute. The parents state that they have an advance directive for their infant, who has a terminal illness. A nurse's initial action should be to: 1. ask to see a copy of the advance directive. 2. administer oxygen to the infant while awaiting the physician's orders. 3. provide palliative care for the infant and his family. 4. contact the nursing supervisor for assistance.

1. ask to see a copy of the advance directive. RATIONALE: In order to have information about how to proceed, the nurse must evaluate the advance directive. Until the nurse evaluates the legitimacy and content of the advance directive, it's inappropriate for her to administer oxygen or provide palliative care. The nurse should ask to see the advanced directive before proceeding with care; contacting the nursing supervisor isn't the most appropriate initial response.

A nurse caring for an adolescent in traction should: 1. assess pin sites every shift and as needed. 2. ensure that the rope knots catch on the pulley. 3. add and remove weights at the adolescent's request. 4. put all his joints through range of motion every shift.

1. assess pin sites every shift and as needed. RATIONALE: Nursing care for a client in traction includes assessing pin sites every shift and as needed and ensuring that the knots in the rope don't catch on the pulley. The nurse should add and remove weights at the physician's order, not at the adolescent's request. All joints, except those immediately proximal and distal to the fracture, should be put through range of motion every shift.

A nurse discovers a 5-year-old child who's unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. The correct sequence of events that should follow is: 1. call for help, open the airway, provide two rescue breaths, and begin compressions at a rate of 100 per minute. 2. open the airway, provide two rescue breaths, and begin compressions at a rate of 100 per minute. 3. call for help, open the airway, provide two rescue breaths, and begin compressions at a rate of 80 per minute. 4. call for help, continue to attempt to arouse, and assess for breathlessness and lack of pulse until a second rescuer arrives.

1. call for help, open the airway, provide two rescue breaths, and begin compressions at a rate of 100 per minute. RATIONALE: The nurse should call for help, open the airway, provide two rescue breaths, begin compressions at a rate of 100 per minute, give two breaths for every 30 compressions, continue for approximately 2 minutes, and reassess. This is the accepted sequence defined by the American Heart Association for one-rescuer child cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Calling for help should be the first action to ensure that assistance arrives quickly. The accepted sequence of events for one-rescuer adult CPR is to call for help, open the airway, provide two rescue breaths, begin compressions at a rate of 100 per minute, give two breaths for every 30 compressions, continue for approximately 2 minutes, and reassess. As soon as unresponsiveness, breathlessness, or lack of pulse has been established, CPR should begin immediately.

An otherwise-healthy adolescent is hospitalized for diabetic ketoacidosis and is receiving I.V. and oral fluids. The nurse should monitor his fluid intake because quick fluid replacement or fluid overload may cause: 1. cerebral edema. 2. dehydration. 3. heart failure. 4. hypovolemic shock.

1. cerebral edema. RATIONALE: Quick fluid replacement or fluid overload would make the adolescent vulnerable to developing cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure. Quick fluid replacement or fluid overload won't cause dehydration. It would be unusual for an adolescent to develop heart failure unless overhydration was extreme. Hypovolemic shock would occur with an extreme loss of fluid or blood, not a fluid overload.

A 12-month-old child fell down the stairs. A basilar skull fracture is suspected. The nurse should look for: 1. cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. 2. deafness. 3. raccoon eyes. 4. Battle sign.

1. cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. RATIONALE: Basilar skull fracture is a fracture in any bone of the base of the skull — frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, or occipital. Therefore, cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea would be observed. Deafness doesn't commonly occur as a result of skull fracture. Battle sign and raccoon eyes occur primarily in orbital, not basilar, fractures.

A physician orders corticosteroids for a child with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The nurse knows that the purpose of corticosteroid therapy for this child is to: 1. combat inflammation. 2. prevent infection. 3. prevent platelet aggregation. 4. promote diuresis.

1. combat inflammation. RATIONALE: Corticosteroids are used to combat inflammation in a child with SLE. To prevent infection, the physician would order antibiotics. Aspirin is used to prevent platelet aggregation. Diuretics, not corticosteroids, promote diuresis.

Parents of a 4-year-old child with acute leukemia ask a nurse to explain the concept of complementary therapy. The nurse should tell the parents that: 1. complementary therapy is an alternative to conventional medical therapies. 2. complementary therapy wouldn't help their child. 3. the physician should talk with them about it. 4. there's no research that indicates that complementary therapies are effective.

1. complementary therapy is an alternative to conventional medical therapies. RATIONALE: The nurse should tell the parents that complementary therapy is a form of alternative medicine. This type of therapy can include diet, exercise, herbal remedies, and prayer. Answering the parents' questions builds rapport and trust. The nurse shouldn't dismiss the parents' idea by telling them complementary therapy wouldn't help their child. The nurse doesn't need to direct the parents to the physician. She can provide the basic information and let the parents determine if they'd like to seek further assistance. Studies indicate that complementary therapies are beneficial to the child and the parents.

A 3-month-old infant is admitted to the hospital to rule out nonaccidental trauma. X-ray findings indicate a fractured right humerus, fractured ribs, and a fractured left scapula. In this situation, a nurse is responsible for: 1. ensuring that the suspected child abuse is reported to local authorities. 2. contacting the infant's next of kin to begin discharge planning. 3. reporting her suspicions to the hospital's chief of pediatric services. 4. contacting the local children's protective service office with an anonymous tip.

1. ensuring that the suspected child abuse is reported to local authorities. RATIONALE: Nurses must report suspicions of child abuse to local authorities. The contact procedure may vary among hospitals, but the nurse is responsible for making the report. Reporting suspected abuse to the hospital's chief of pediatric services isn't appropriate. Contacting the infant's next of kin to begin discharge planning is inappropriate because the infant may not be discharged to his next of kin. Providing an anonymous tip isn't appropriate behavior for a professional nurse. The hospital record is important to the legal process, and the nurse must handle it professionally.

A nurse on the pediatric floor is caring for a toddler. The nurse should keep in mind that toddlers: 1. express negativism. 2. have reliable verbal responses to pain. 3. have a good concept of danger. 4. have little fear.

1. express negativism. RATIONALE: A toddler's increasing autonomy is commonly expressed by negativism. They're unreliable in expressing pain — they respond just as strongly to painless procedures as they do to painful ones. Toddlers have little concept of danger and have common fears.

A nurse feels that a 5-year-old boy in her care is showing signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus. The nurse should: 1. gather supporting evidence and contact the physician with her concerns. 2. ask the dietitian to talk with the child and his parents about a diabetic diet. 3. ask the laboratory to perform a random glucose test. 4. monitor the child's activity for 24 hours.

1. gather supporting evidence and contact the physician with her concerns. RATIONALE: If a nurse suspects a diagnosis, she must evaluate the situation further and collect more data. Then she should present her findings to the physician. It isn't appropriate for the nurse to wait 24 hours before addressing the possible diabetes. It would be premature for the nurse to contact the dietitian about a diabetic diet, and a nurse doesn't have authority to order a random glucose test.

A nurse is caring for a family whose infant has anencephaly. The most appropriate nursing intervention is to: 1. help the family prepare for the infant's imminent death. 2. implement measures to facilitate the attachment process. 3. provide emotional support so the family can adjust to the birth of an infant with health problems. 4. prepare the family for the extensive surgical procedures the infant will require.

1. help the family prepare for the infant's imminent death. RATIONALE: Anencephaly is incompatible with life. The nurse should support family members as they prepare for the infant's imminent death. Facilitating the attachment process, helping the family to adjust to the infant's problems, and preparing the family for extensive surgical procedures are inappropriate because the infant can't survive.

A nurse is caring for a child who was involved in a bus accident on his way home from preschool. Several people were killed in the accident. When talking with the child's parents about normal reactions to a traumatic event, the nurse should tell them that: 1. it's normal for their child to want to sleep with them at night. 2. they should allow their child to eat and sleep when he wants. 3. they should allow their child to watch television programs about the accident. 4. they should immediately seek psychiatric care for their child.

1. it's normal for their child to want to sleep with them at night. RATIONALE: It's normal for children involved in traumatic events to experience regression in growth and development or ability to perform physical tasks. For example, a child who has been in an accident may wish to sleep with his parents. Children recovering from traumatic events should have a routine for school, play, meals, and sleep. The parents shouldn't let the child watch television or other media programs about the accident. Children are very resilient; there's no reason to assume this child needs immediate psychiatric counseling.

A nurse is leading a group of parents of toddlers in a discussion on home safety. The nurse should emphasize the fact that: 1. most toddler deaths are accidental. 2. medication overdose is the leading cause of death in toddlers. 3. any infant older than age 12 months can safely ride in a front-facing car seat. 4. a toddler's risk of injury is the same as that of an adult.

1. most toddler deaths are accidental. RATIONALE: Most toddler deaths are accidental. Many injuries or deaths in this age-group result from fire, drowning, motor vehicle accidents, and firearms. Toddlers don't generally overdose on medications, although this situation could happen if a toddler were given too much medication in the home or hospital setting. A child must be older than age 12 months and weigh more than 20 lb (9.1 kg) to ride in a front-facing car seat. Toddlers are at higher risk for injury than adults because of their developmental level and their limited ability to distinguish right from wrong and to recognize danger signs.

While examining a 2-year-old child, the nurse sees that the anterior fontanel is open. The nurse should: 1. notify the physician. 2. look for other signs of abuse. 3. recognize this as a normal finding. 4. ask about a family history of Tay-Sachs disease.

1. notify the physician. RATIONALE: Because the anterior fontanel normally closes between ages 12 and 18 months, the nurse should notify the physician promptly of this abnormal finding. An open fontanel doesn't indicate abuse and isn't associated with Tay-Sachs disease.

A 7-year-old boy is hospitalized with cystic fibrosis. To help him manage secretions and avoid respiratory distress, the nurse should: 1. perform chest physiotherapy every 4 hours. 2. give pancreatic enzymes as ordered. 3. place the child in an oxygen tent and have oxygen administered continuously. 4. serve a high-calorie diet.

1. perform chest physiotherapy every 4 hours. RATIONALE: The nurse should perform chest physiotherapy because it aids in loosening secretions in the entire respiratory tract. Pancreatic enzymes aid in the absorption of necessary nutrients — not in managing secretions. Oxygen therapy doesn't aid in loosening secretions and can cause carbon dioxide retention and respiratory distress in children with cystic fibrosis. A high-calorie diet is appropriate but doesn't facilitate respiratory effort.

A 9-year-old child is admitted to the pediatric unit for treatment of cystic fibrosis. A nurse assessing the child's respiratory status should expect to identify: 1. production of thick, sticky mucus 2. harsh, nonproductive cough 3. stridor 4. unilateral decrease in breath sounds

1. production of thick, sticky mucus RATIONALE: Cystic fibrosis is associated with the production of thick, sticky mucus. Cystic fibrosis isn't associated with harsh, nonproductive coughing or with stridor or unilateral decrease in breath sounds.

A parent calls the pediatric clinic to express concern over her child's eating habits. She says the child eats very little and consumes only a single type of food for weeks on end. The nurse knows that this behavior is characteristic of: 1. toddlers. 2. preschool-age children. 3. school-age children. 4. adolescents.

1. toddlers. RATIONALE: The nurse knows that erratic eating is typical of toddlers because the physiologic need for food decreases at about age 18 months as growth declines from the rapid rate of infancy. The toddler also develops strong food and taste preferences, sometimes eating just one type of food for days or weeks and then switching to another.

A 1-month-old infant in the neonatal intensive care unit is dying. His parents request that a nurse give the infant an opioid analgesic. The infant's heart rate is 68 beats/minute and his respiratory rate is 18 breaths/minute. He is on room air; oxygen saturation is 92%. The nurse's response to the parents' request should be based on the fact that: 1. providing an analgesic during the last days and hours is an ethically appropriate nursing action. 2. withholding the opioid analgesic during the last days and hours is an ethical duty; administering it would represent assisted suicide. 3. administering an analgesic during the last days and hours is the parents' ethical decision. 4. withholding the opioid analgesic is clinically appropriate because administering it would hasten the infant's death.

1. providing an analgesic during the last days and hours is an ethically appropriate nursing action. RATIONALE: The nurse's action should be based on the fact that all clients, regardless of age, have the right to die with dignity and to be free of pain. Assisted suicide requires some action on the part of the client, which isn't possible in the case a 1-month-old infant. The parent's decision doesn't eliminate the nurse's ethical obligation to the infant and to the nursing profession. Withholding the opioid analgesic isn't appropriate because it isn't known that administering the drug would hasten death in this case.

A child is admitted to the pediatric unit with a fracture of the hip. The physician orders Russell traction. This type of traction is: 1. skin traction applied to a lower extremity, with the extremity suspended above the bed. 2. skeletal traction applied to a lower extremity. 3. skin traction applied to an extended lower extremity. 4. skin traction applied bilaterally to the lower extremities.

1. skin traction applied to a lower extremity, with the extremity suspended above the bed. RATIONALE: Russell traction is skin traction applied to a lower extremity, with the extremity suspended above the bed and a sling placed under the knee. Skeletal traction applied to a lower extremity is called 90-90 traction. Skin traction applied to an extended lower extremity is called Buck's extension traction. Skin traction applied bilaterally to the lower extremities is called Bryant's traction.

The parents of a school-age child with a brain tumor have elected to have only comfort measures instituted for their dying child. The child has been experiencing significant discomfort and has been receiving pain medication. A nurse knows that the pain-management principle most effective in controlling the child's pain is: 1. striving to prevent pain by routine administration of pain medication. 2. administering pain medication promptly when the child requests it. 3. using an age-appropriate tool for effectively assessing pain. 4. alternating stronger opioid pain medications with nonopioid agents.

1. striving to prevent pain by routine administration of pain medication. RATIONALE: When providing comfort measures for a child, the nurse should strive to prevent pain by providing routine pain medication. Although the nurse should administer pain medication promptly, the goal of treatment should be to prevent pain rather than simply respond to it. Assessing pain with an age-appropriate tool is important; however, the effective assessment of pain shouldn't take precedence over the effective treatment of pain. Alternating stronger opioid medications with nonopioid medications may be effective, but the nurse should individualize the treatment to meet the child's needs.

A child is being discharged with proventil (Albuterol) nebulizer treatments. The nurse should instruct the parents to watch for: 1. tachycardia. 2. bradypnea. 3. urine retention. 4. constipation.

1. tachycardia. RATIONALE: Proventil is a beta-adrenergic blocker bronchodilator used to relieve bronchospasms associated with acute or chronic asthma or other obstructive airway diseases. Signs and symptoms of proventil toxicity that the nurse should instruct the parents to watch for include tachycardia, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Unusually slow respirations, urine retention, and constipation aren't associated with proventil toxicity.

A charge nurse is making evening-shift assignments. A unit nurse has requested that she not be assigned to care for a particular child because she has cared for him for the past four shifts and hasn't been able to leave on time. The charge nurse knows that the child and his family have bonded with the unit nurse. The charge nurse's best action would be to: 1. talk with the unit nurse about the assignment and why she doesn't want to take care of the child tonight. 2. promise the unit nurse that she will help her so she can leave on time. 3. assign the child's care to the unit nurse anyway. 4. acknowledge the unit nurse's request and assign the child's care to another nurse.

1. talk with the unit nurse about the assignment and why she doesn't want to take care of the child tonight. RATIONALE: It's the charge nurse's responsibility to make clinical assignments based on safety and client needs. Talking about her reasons for not wanting to care for the child may enable the unit nurse to recognize her duty to the child and to the unit. Continuity of care is in the child's best interest. A nurse should never promise to perform a duty or action; negative feelings will result if she can't keep her promise. Unless there's a valid reason to assign the child's care to another nurse, the charge nurse should talk with the unit nurse before making the assignment.

Several children in a kindergarten class have been treated for pinworm. To prevent the spread of pinworm, the school nurse meets with the parents and explains that they should: 1. tell the children not to bite their fingernails. 2. not let children share hairbrushes. 3. tell the children to cover their mouths and noses when they cough or sneeze. 4. have their children immunized.

1. tell the children not to bite their fingernails. RATIONALE: Pinworms come out of the intestine through the anus at night to lay eggs, causing perianal itching. The child wakes up and may begin scratching. Eggs under the fingernails are carried to the mouth if the child chews on his nails, and the life cycle of the pinworm continues. In addition to teaching children not to bite their fingernails, parents should keep the nails short and encourage hand washing before food preparation and eating. Sharing hairbrushes contributes to the spread of head lice, not pinworms. Although covering the mouth and nose are hygienic practices to reduce the spread of infections from respiratory droplets, doing so doesn't affect the spread of pinworms. There are no immunizations to protect against pinworms.

A 22-month-old infant is to have moderate sedation for an outpatient procedure. The nurse knows that: 1. the infant should respond to gentle tactile or verbal stimulation. 2. the infant's reflexes will be decreased or absent. 3. the infant will remember the procedure. 4. the infant will need a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump during sedation.

1. the infant should respond to gentle tactile or verbal stimulation. RATIONALE: An infant under moderate sedation should respond to verbal or tactile stimuli. Infants under general anesthesia have decreased or absent reflexes. Infants who undergo general or moderate sedation rarely remember the procedure. PCA pumps aren't used during sedation.

If an infant's I.V. access site is in an extremity, the nurse should: 1. use a padded board to secure the extremity. 2. restrain all four extremities. 3. restrain the extremity to the bed's side rail. 4. allow the extremity to be loose.

1. use a padded board to secure the extremity. RATIONALE: The nurse should use a padded board because it's adequate to secure the extremity. Restraining all four extremities can be harmful and uncomfortable for the child. Restraining the extremity to the bed's side rail limits the child's movement; the child may bang against the rail and cause injury. Allowing the extremity to be loose increases the risk that the I.V. will infiltrate or be dislodged by the infant

When telling a 4-year-old child about an upcoming procedure, the nurse's most important consideration is to: 1. use simple terms. 2. speak loudly and clearly. 3. offer a toy to keep the child happy. 4. include every detail.

1. use simple terms. RATIONALE: When explaining a procedure to a 4-year-old child, the nurse must use simple terms that the child can understand. Speaking loudly may provoke anxiety. Distracting the child with a toy is more appropriate during the procedure rather than before it. Because preschoolers have a limited attention span, the nurse should provide only the necessary basic facts — not every detail — to prevent anxiety.

The most appropriate site for a nurse to use to administer an I.M. injection to a 2-year-old child is the: 1. ventrogluteal muscle. 2. pectoral muscle. 3. femoral muscle. 4. deltoid muscle.

1. ventrogluteal muscle. RATIONALE: When administering an I.M. injection to a 2-year-old child, the nurse might select the ventrogluteal muscle if the muscle is well developed. However, the preferred site is the vastus lateralis. The pectoral, femoral, and deltoid muscles aren't appropriate injection sites for a child.

A school-age child experiences symptoms of excessive polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss. The physician diagnoses type 1 diabetes and admits the child to the facility for insulin regulation. The physician orders an insulin regimen of insulin (Humulin R) and isophane insulin (Humulin N) administered subcutaneously. How soon after administration can the nurse expect the regular insulin to begin to act? 1. ½ to 1 hour 2. 1 to 2 hours 3. 4 to 8 hours 4. 8 to 10 hours

1. ½ to 1 hour RATIONALE: Regular insulin, a rapid-acting insulin, begins to act in ½ to 1 hour, reaches peak concentration levels in 2 to 10 hours, and has a duration of action of 5 to 15 hours.

A nurse is instructing a school-age child with a fracture on proper use of crutches. Which statement made by the nurse is most accurate? 1. "After advancing both crutches the length of one step, move your 'good' leg forward." 2. "After advancing both crutches the length of one step, move your 'bad' leg forward." 3. "Move one crutch forward, then advance your 'good' leg." 4. "Move one crutch forward, then advance your 'bad' leg."

2. "After advancing both crutches the length of one step, move your 'bad' leg forward." RATIONALE: When walking with crutches, a child should be instructed to advance both crutches, then advance the affected leg. The unaffected leg then supports much of the weight associated with ambulation. It wouldn't be effective to move the unaffected leg forward first. It wouldn't be safe for the child to advance only one crutch.

A mother is concerned that she might be spoiling her 2-month-old daughter by picking her up each time she cries. Which suggestion should the nurse offer? 1. "If the baby's diaper is dry when she's crying, leave her alone and she'll fall asleep." 2. "Continue to pick her up when she cries because young infants need cuddling and holding to meet their needs." 3. "Leave your baby alone for 10 minutes. If she hasn't stopped crying by then, pick her up." 4. "Crying at this age indicates hunger. Try feeding her when she cries."

2. "Continue to pick her up when she cries because young infants need cuddling and holding to meet their needs." RATIONALE: The nurse should advise the mother to continue to pick the infant up when she cries because a young infant needs to be cuddled and held when crying. Because the infant's cognitive development isn't advanced enough for her to associate crying with getting attention, it would be difficult to spoil her at this age. Even if the infant's diaper is dry, a gentle touch may be necessary until she falls asleep. Crying for 10 minutes wears an infant out; ignoring crying can make the infant mistrust caregivers and the environment. Infants cry for many reasons, not just when hungry, so the mother shouldn't assume the infant is crying because she's hungry.

A toddler is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. When teaching the parents about using supplemental iron elixir, the nurse should provide which instruction? 1. "Give the iron preparation with milk." 2. "Give the elixir with water or juice." 3. "Monitor the child for episodes of diarrhea." 4. "Give the iron preparation before meals."

2. "Give the elixir with water or juice." RATIONALE: Because iron preparations may stain the teeth, the nurse should instruct the parents to give the elixir with water or juice. The iron preparation shouldn't be given with milk because milk impedes iron absorption. This preparation may darken the stools and cause constipation, not diarrhea; parental instruction regarding increased fluid intake and fiber intake can relieve constipation. To prevent GI upset, the nurse should instruct the parents to mix the iron preparation with water or fruit juice and have the child take it with, not before, meals. (Giving it with fruit juice may be preferable because vitamin C enhances iron solubility and absorption.)

A school-age child has a fever, joint inflammation, and a nonpruritic rash. Knowing that these are signs of rheumatic fever, the nurse should ask the parents: 1. "Has your child recently been exposed to other children with rheumatic fever?" 2. "Has your child had strep throat recently?" 3. "Does your child have a congenital heart defect?" 4. "Is your child's Haemophilus influenzae vaccine up to date?"

2. "Has your child had strep throat recently?" RATIONALE: Asking if the child had strep throat recently is appropriate because group A streptococcal infection typically precedes rheumatic fever — an inflammatory disease that affects the heart, joints, and central nervous system. Rheumatic fever isn't infectious and can't be transmitted from one person to another. Congenital heart defects don't play a role in the development of rheumatic fever. H. influenzae vaccine doesn't prevent streptococcal infection or rheumatic fever.

A nurse is teaching the mother of a 5-month-old infant diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Which statement by the mother indicates that teaching has been effective? 1. "I hope my baby will come home from the hospital." 2. "I know that this disease is serious and can lead to asthma." 3. "My baby needs to be cured this time so it won't happen again." 4. "My baby has been sick. A machine will help him breathe."

2. "I know that this disease is serious and can lead to asthma." RATIONALE: By saying bronchiolitis places the child at risk for developing asthma, the mother demonstrates understanding of her infant's condition. If diagnosed and treated promptly, most infants recover from the illness and return home. Infants typically don't have recurrences of bronchiolitis. Infants diagnosed with bronchiolitis rarely require mechanical ventilation.

An adolescent is receiving chemotherapy for lymphoma. Which statement by the adolescent supports a nursing diagnosis of Deficient knowledge related to mouth care? 1. "I use a soft toothbrush to clean my teeth." 2. "I remove white patches from my tongue and cheeks with my toothbrush." 3. "I rinse my mouth every 2 to 4 hours with a solution of baking soda and water." 4. "I don't use commercial mouthwashes."

2. "I remove white patches from my tongue and cheeks with my toothbrush." RATIONALE: White patches on the tongue and oral mucosa indicate infection; the adolescent should report the patches, not remove them. Using a soft toothbrush is appropriate because it prevents injury to the fragile oral mucosa. Rinsing his mouth every 2 to 4 hours with a nonirritating solution, such as baking soda and water or normal saline solution helps prevent stomatitis. Avoiding commercial mouthwashes is appropriate because they may contain alcohol, which may dry the oral mucosa.

A mother of several young children calls the nurse when her school-age child comes down with chickenpox. The nurse provides instruction on communicability and home management of this disease. Which response by the mother indicates effective teaching? 1. "I should keep my child at home until the fever is gone." 2. "I should have my child soak in oatmeal baths twice daily." 3. "I should give my child aspirin every 4 hours until the fever is gone." 4. "I should start checking my other children for lesions in about 4 weeks."

2. "I should have my child soak in oatmeal baths twice daily." RATIONALE: Chickenpox is characterized by pruritic lesions; colloidal oatmeal baths may soothe the skin and relieve itching. Therefore, the mother demonstrates effective teaching by saying she'll soak her child in oatmeal baths. Although a fever is common during the first 24 hours the communicable period extends beyond the febrile stage and a normal temperature shouldn't be used as the basis for letting the child leave home. Chickenpox is communicable from 1 day before the lesions erupt until they dry — approximately 1 week. The child should stay home during this time to prevent disease transmission. Aspirin isn't recommended because it's associated with Reye's syndrome; acetaminophen is a suitable substitute. The incubation period for chickenpox is 2 to 3 weeks; the mother should begin to check the other children for lesions 2 weeks after exposure to the infected child.

A day-shift nurse tells a night-shift nurse that she's been attempting to reduce the risk for Impaired skin integrity related to immobility in a toddler. Which statement by the night-shift nurse should the day-shift nurse question? 1. "I'll gently massage the skin with a lubricating substance." 2. "I'll spread a thin layer of lotion over pressure points." 3. "I'll change the toddler's position frequently." 4. "I'll clean the skin as often as necessary."

2. "I'll spread a thin layer of lotion over pressure points." RATIONALE: Using a lotion on the pressure points will soften the skin and promote its breakdown and therefore, should be avoided. Gently massaging the skin with a lubricating substance is recommended because it will stimulate circulation and help prevent breakdown. Changing the toddler's position frequently will help minimize pressure, prevent edema, and stimulate circulation. Keeping the skin clean will lessen the chances of irritation and breakdown.

A boy, age 4, begins to use curse words. Concerned about this behavior, his parents ask the nurse how to discourage it. Which advice should the nurse offer? 1. "Just ignore it. He'll grow out of it." 2. "Tell him it isn't acceptable and he'll be disciplined if he continues to do it." 3. "Tell him that good little boys don't use curse words." 4. "Tell him that his behavior makes you angry."

2. "Tell him it isn't acceptable and he'll be disciplined if he continues to do it."

A nurse is giving discharge instructions to a parent of a 13-month-old infant who weighs 18 lb (8.2 kg). The nurse knows the parent understands car-seat safety when the parent states: 1. "My infant may ride in a front-facing car seat because he's 1 year old." 2. "My infant may ride in a front-facing car seat as soon as he weighs 21 pounds." 3. "If I have a sports utility vehicle, my infant may ride in a rear-facing or front-facing car seat." 4. "My child will need to ride in a rear-facing care seat until he's 3 years old."

2. "My infant may ride in a front-facing car seat as soon as he weighs 21 pounds." RATIONALE: An infant must be at least 1 year old and weigh at least 20 lb (9.1 kg) to move from a rear-facing car seat to a front-facing car seat. The make or model of the vehicle is irrelevant.

A mother of a child with sickle cell anemia confides in the nurse that she feels guilty about letting the child run and play with the neighborhood children and that if she had been a better mother, the child wouldn't have suffered a sickle cell crisis. Which response would be most appropriate? 1. "She's just fine now. Don't worry." 2. "Tell me more about how you feel." 3. "But you know that children with sickle cell anemia often have crises." 4. "You shouldn't be so protective of her."

2. "Tell me more about how you feel." RATIONALE: Many parents feel guilty when their child is sick. Therefore, it's most appropriate to encourage parents to talk more about their feelings because doing so provides support and helps to develop a therapeutic relationship. Giving a stereotyped answer, such as "Don't worry," shows a lack of interest in what the parent is feeling. Commenting on the course of the disease doesn't address the parent's feelings. Being judgmental or offering an opinion can also block therapeutic communication by inhibiting the parent from discussing her feelings and developing solutions.

A 15-year-old girl with a urinary tract infection is admitted to the facility. She tells the nurse she hopes she's pregnant. How should the nurse respond? 1. "Does your mother know about this?" 2. "Tell me what being pregnant would mean to you." 3. "Congratulations. Does the baby's father know?" 4. "I hope you aren't pregnant; you're too young."

2. "Tell me what being pregnant would mean to you." RATIONALE: When talking with adolescents, it's best to get their viewpoints and thoughts before offering suggestions or giving advice. Doing so promotes therapeutic communication. Asking whether the girl's mother knows about her condition and desire to be pregnant or asking about the baby's father focuses attention away from the adolescent. A statement about the girl being too young to be pregnant is a value judgment and inappropriate for the nurse to make.

During a well-baby visit, a 2-month-old infant receives diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, and Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) vaccine. The parents ask why the baby must have the Hib vaccine. How should the nurse respond? 1. "This vaccine prevents infection by various strains of the influenza virus." 2. "This vaccine protects against serious bacterial infections, such as meningitis and bacterial pneumonia." 3. "This vaccine prevents infection by the hepatitis B virus." 4. "This vaccine prevents chickenpox."

2. "This vaccine protects against serious bacterial infections, such as meningitis and bacterial pneumonia." RATIONALE: The Hib vaccine provides protection against serious childhood infections caused by H. influenzae type B virus, such as meningitis and bacterial pneumonia. The Hib vaccine doesn't prevent infection by the influenza virus, hepatitis B virus, or the varicella virus (chickenpox). The influenza virus vaccine provides immunity to various strains of the influenza virus. The Heptavax vaccine prevents infection by the hepatitis B virus. The varicella vaccine prevents the chickenpox.

A premature infant has been placed on a home apnea monitor. The nurse is giving discharge instructions to the parents. Which statement should the nurse include in the teaching? 1. "Your baby will probably need to be monitored until at least age 1." 2. "Using the monitor will help your physician determine the frequency of apneic events and how long monitoring is required." 3. "You can only give your baby sponge baths until monitoring is discontinued because it's dangerous to take the monitor off at any time." 4. "You can expect the monitoring to be discontinued by the time your baby is the equivalent of 34 postgestational weeks of age."

2. "Using the monitor will help your physician determine the frequency of apneic events and how long monitoring is required." RATIONALE: Home apnea monitoring helps the physician determine the frequency of apneic events and how long monitoring is required. Use of home monitoring has been helpful in improving neonatal survival. Generally, most infants outgrow apnea of prematurity by the time they're 44 weeks postgestational age. The average length of monitoring is 6 weeks; only occasionally is it required beyond 1 year. The monitor can be removed for bathing and during times when parent or caregiver is physically present and actively engaged with the care of the infant.

A nurse should begin screening for lead poisoning when a child reaches which age? 1. 6 months 2. 12 months 3. 18 months 4. 24 months

2. 12 months RATIONALE: The nurse should start screening a child for lead poisoning at age 12 months and perform repeat screenings at 24 months. High-risk infants, such as premature infants and formula-fed infants not receiving iron supplementation, should be screened for iron deficiency anemia at age 6 months. Regular dental visits should begin at age 24 months.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is one of the most common causes of death in infants. At what age is SIDS most likely to occur? 1. 1 to 2 years 2. 1 week to 1 year, peaking at 2 to 4 months 3. 6 months to 1 year, peaking at 10 months 4. 6 to 8 weeks

2. 1 week to 1 year, peaking at 2 to 4 months RATIONALE: SIDS can occur anytime between ages 1 week and 1 year. The incidence peaks at ages 2 to 4 months.

When administering total parenteral nutrition (TPN) through a peripheral I.V. line to a school-age child, what is the lowest amount of glucose that is considered safe and not caustic to small veins that will also provide adequate TPN? 1. 5% glucose 2. 10% glucose 3. 15% glucose 4. 17% glucose

2. 10% glucose RATIONALE: The amount of glucose that is considered safe for peripheral veins while still providing adequate parenteral nutrition is 10%. A glucose amount of 5% isn't sufficient nutritional replacement, although it's safe for peripheral veins. Any amount above 10% glucose, such as 15% and 17%, must be administered via central venous access.

At what age should a boy be taught how to do a monthly testicular self-examination? 1. 8 years 2. 12 years 3. 16 years 4. When he becomes sexually active

2. 12 years RATIONALE: Testicular cancer occurs most frequently between the ages of 15 and 34; therefore, boys should begin doing testicular self-examinations at age 12, which will help them become familiar with the normal contours and consistency of their genital structures.

An infant, age 6 months, is brought to the clinic for a well-baby visit. The mother reports that the infant weighed 7 lb (3.2 kg) at birth. Based on the nurse's knowledge of infant weight gain, which current weight would be within the normal range for this infant? 1. 10.5 lb (4.8 kg) 2. 14 lb (6.4 kg) 3. 17.5 lb (7.9 kg) 4. 21 lb (9.5 kg)

2. 14 lb (6.4 kg) RATIONALE: Birth weight typically doubles by age 6 months and triples by age 12 months. Therefore, an infant who weighed 7 lb (3.2 kg) at birth should weigh 14 lb (6.4 kg) at age 6 months.

The parents of a child with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder, are considering having a second child. Each parent is heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis trait. What is the chance that their second child will manifest the disorder? 1. 0% 2. 25% 3. 50% 4. 100%

2. 25% RATIONALE: To manifest, or express, an autosomal recessive disorder, a child must inherit the trait from both parents. A heterozygous person carries one normal gene and one affected gene and doesn't express the disorder. Therefore, a child of two heterozygous parents has a one-in-four (25%) chance of manifesting an autosomal recessive disorder. Also, outcomes of previous pregnancies don't influence the probability of subsequent offspring expressing the genetic disorder.

A charge nurse on the pediatric unit informs the staff nurse that four children require attention. Which child should the nurse see first? 1. An 8-year-old child admitted from the postanesthesia care unit who's complaining of pain 2. A 10-year-old child with asthma whose oxygen saturation levels are dropping 3. A 7-year-old child whose mother is waiting for discharge instructions 4. A 9-year-old child with a broken leg who wants help moving from the bed to the chair

2. A 10-year-old child with asthma whose oxygen saturation levels are dropping RATIONALE: Decreasing oxygen saturation levels indicate difficulty breathing and increased work of breathing. Airway, breathing, and circulation always take priority. The children complaining of pain and waiting for discharge instructions don't take priority because administration of pain medication and reviewing discharge instructions can be delegated to another registered nurse. Moving a client from the bed to the chair can be delegated to a nursing assistant.

A day-shift nurse on the pediatric neurologic unit has just received a report from the previous shift. Which infant should the nurse assess first? 1. An infant with a myelomeningocele who is scheduled for surgical placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt at 10 a.m. 2. A restless infant with a high-pitched cry who was transferred from intensive care unit (ICU) the previous evening 3. An infant with an axillary temperature of 100.4 ° F (38° C) on the third postoperative day 4. An infant whose ventriculoperitoneal shunt must be pumped every 2 hours following shunt revision the previous day. The shunt was last pumped at 6 a.m.

2. A restless infant with a high-pitched cry who was transferred from intensive care unit (ICU) the previous evening RATIONALE: An infant's restlessness and high-pitched cry can indicate increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Because the infant was transferred from ICU the previous night, assessing him for increased ICP should be a nursing priority. The infant with a myelomeningocele who is scheduled for surgical placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is stable, so assessing him isn't the most urgent nursing priority. Although the nurse must assess a low-grade fever on the third postoperative day, this stable infant isn't the priority at this time. Pumping a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is less urgent than evaluating increased ICP.

A child, age 8, complains of leg pain shortly after being admitted with a fractured tibia sustained in a fall. When the nurse assesses his pain, the child states, "My pain is a 7 out of 10." What action by the nurse would be most appropriate? 1. Ask the child what makes the pain better. 2. Administer pain medication as ordered. 3. Provide diversional activities to distract him. 4. The nurse doesn't need to do anything for this pain level.

2. Administer pain medication as ordered. RATIONALE: A pain rating of 7 out of 10 indicates significant pain. Therefore, the most appropriate action would be to administer pain medication as ordered. The nurse can ask the child what makes the pain better after medication has been given. Providing diversional activities is appropriate only after administration of pain medication. It isn't appropriate to not treat the child's pain.

An adolescent with type 1 diabetes is experiencing a growth spurt. Which treatment approach would be most effective? 1. Administering insulin once per day 2. Administering multiple doses of insulin 3. Limiting dietary fat intake 4. Substituting an oral antidiabetic agent for insulin

2. Administering multiple doses of insulin RATIONALE: During an adolescent growth spurt, a regimen of multiple insulin doses achieves better control of the blood glucose level because it more closely simulates endogenous insulin release. A single daily dose of insulin wouldn't control his blood glucose level as effectively. Limiting dietary fat intake wouldn't help the body use glucose at the cellular level. An adolescent with type 1 diabetes doesn't produce insulin and therefore can't receive an oral antidiabetic agent instead of insulin.

A nurse is preparing to teach a 13-year-old adolescent with asthma to administer his own breathing treatments. Which principle should the nurse keep in mind when planning the teaching session? 1. Adolescents are unable to follow detailed instructions. 2. Adolescents are worried about appearing different from their peers. 3. Adolescents' fine motor coordination isn't sufficiently developed to administer treatments. 4. Adolescents have a well-developed sense of self-identity.

2. Adolescents are worried about appearing different from their peers. RATIONALE: Adolescents have a strong need to belong, and they seek social approval from their peers. Knowing this information will help the nurse construct an effective teaching plan. Adolescents are capable of following detailed instructions. According to Piaget, adolescents are at the formal operations stage and are capable of deductive, reflective, and hypothetical reasoning. Fine motor coordination is well developed by adolescence. According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, adolescence is the stage of identity versus role confusion. During this stage, the adolescent strives to establish a sense of identity; identity isn't already well-developed.

A 10-year-old child arrives in the emergency department with suspected inhalation anthrax. Which intervention should the nurse perform first? 1. The nurse and other members of the health care team should put on N-95 respirator masks. 2. After obtaining blood cultures, the nurse should insert an I.V. catheter and begin antibiotic and I.V. therapy as ordered. 3. The nurse should move the client to a negative-pressure isolation room. 4. The nurse should prepare to admit the client to a medical-surgical unit.

2. After obtaining blood cultures, the nurse should insert an I.V. catheter and begin antibiotic and I.V. therapy as ordered. RATIONALE: Immediate antibiotic administration has been found to lower mortality rates from inhalation anthrax. Supportive care is essential to successful treatment, so the nurse should obtain blood cultures and immediately start an I.V. and antibiotic therapy. Inhalation anthrax is caused by inhalation of aerosolized anthrax spores, and isn't transmitted from human-to-human contact. Although standard precautions should be upheld, the health care team doesn't need special protective equipment, such as an N-95 respirator mask, and the client doesn't require special isolation, such as a negative-pressure isolation room. Because the client's condition may deteriorate rapidly as anthrax toxins are released into the systemic circulation, he'll most likely require admission to an intensive care unit (not a medical-surgical unit) for monitoring.

Which parameter is an appropriate indicator of pain relief in an adolescent? 1. Intermittent sleeping 2. Change in behavior 3. No change in behavior 4. No change in vital signs

2. Change in behavior RATIONALE: Positive changes in behavior and vital signs are indicators of an effective response to pain medication. Sleeping isn't a reliable indicator of pain relief because the teen may use sleep as a coping mechanism.

A 6-year-old child is being discharged from the emergency department after being diagnosed with varicella (chickenpox). The nurse knows the parents need more medication teaching when they state they will give the child which over-the-counter medication? 1. Ibuprofen (Motrin) 2. Aspirin 3. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) 4. Naproxen (Aleve)

2. Aspirin RATIONALE: The parents require additional teaching if they state they will give their child aspirin because using aspirin during a viral infection has been linked to Reye's syndrome, a serious illness that can lead to brain damage and death in children. If the child requires medication for fever or discomfort, the nurse should recommend acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin). Naproxen (Aleve) isn't indicated for the treatment of fever.

Before a routine checkup, an 8-month-old infant sits contentedly on the mother's lap, chewing on a toy. When preparing to examine this infant, what should the nurse plan to do first? 1. Measure the head circumference. 2. Auscultate the heart and lungs. 3. Elicit the pupillary reaction. 4. Weigh the child.

2. Auscultate the heart and lungs. RATIONALE: The nurse should first ausculate the heart and lungs because this assessment rarely distresses an infant. Placing a tape measure on the infant's head, shining a light in the eyes, or undressing the infant before weighing him may cause distress, making the rest of the examination more difficult.

When assessing a toddler's growth and development, the nurse understands that a child in this age-group displays behavior that fosters which developmental task? 1. Initiative 2. Autonomy 3. Trust 4. Industry

2. Autonomy RATIONALE: The toddler's developmental task is to achieve autonomy while overcoming shame and doubt. Developing initiative is the preschooler's task whereas developing trust is the infant's task. Developing industry is the task of the school-age child.

Which action should the nurse take first when admitting an 11-year-old child in sickle cell crisis? 1. Administer oral pain medication while obtaining the child's history. 2. Begin I.V. fluids after obtaining the child's history. 3. Instruct the parents about what to expect during this hospitalization. 4. Start oxygen therapy as soon as the child's vital signs are taken.

2. Begin I.V. fluids after obtaining the child's history. RATIONALE: The nurse should obtain the child's history and then begin I.V.fluids. Fluids are one of the most important components of therapy for sickle cell crisis; they help increase blood volume and prevent sickling and thrombosis. A child experiencing a sickle cell crisis commonly has severe pain requiring the use of I.V. analgesics such as morphine, which would be administered after fluid therapy has been started. Instructing the parents about what to expect during hospitalization is important, but it isn't the first action the nurse should take. Oxygen therapy is used only if the child is hypoxic.

A nurse caring for an 8-month-old infant diagnosed with respiratory syncytial virus is unable to read a medication dosage written in the infant's medical record. What is the only ethical and responsible solution for the nurse? 1. Erase the original order and rewrite it more clearly. 2. Call the physician and ask for a verbal order to clarify the dosage. 3. Ask another nurse what she thinks the dosage should be. 4. Ask the mother what dosage the infant takes at home.

2. Call the physician and ask for a verbal order to clarify the dosage. RATIONALE: Clarification of written orders must come from the physician or health care provider who wrote the order. A verbal order should be obtained and then entered into the medical chart on a separate line. Assuming or guessing what the writer intended could lead to a medication error. Medical charts are legal documents; information should never be altered or erased. The nurse shouldn't ask the mother because the mother may not be reliable and the physician may have ordered a different dose during hospitalization.

Which method is reliable for identifying a preschooler before administering a medication? 1. Check the name on the bed. 2. Check the hospital identification bracelet. 3. Ask the child his name. 4. Ask the parents at the bedside.

2. Check the hospital identification bracelet. RATIONALE: The only safe method for identifying the child is to check the identification band for the client's name and medical record number and then compare that information with the medication record. Children sometimes exchange beds during play, so checking the name on the bed isn't reliable. Infants are unable to give their names, toddlers or preschoolers may admit to any name, and school-age children may deny their identities in an attempt to avoid the medication. Parents aren't always at the bedside, so they shouldn't be relied on for identification.

A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old child admitted for long-term treatment of a chronic illness. Which action should the nurse take to promote normal childhood growth and development? 1. Allow the child to sleep for at least 12 hours per night. 2. Consult with a play therapist about activities in which the child can participate. 3. Make sure the child is continuously isolated because of his chronic illness and risk of infection. 4. Maintain a diet high in carbohydrates and low in fats.

2. Consult with a play therapist about activities in which the child can participate. RATIONALE: Play is an important part of a child's growth and development. A nurse should facilitate play even when a child has a chronic illness. Consulting a play therapist is one way of facilitating such play. Although it's important for children to get adequate sleep, it isn't necessary for a toddler to get 12 hours' sleep per night. A child with a chronic illness may need to be temporarily isolated, but he should still have interaction with family members. A diet high in carbohydrates and low in fat isn't indicated for every toddler with a chronic illness.

A child has just received a dose of theophylline I.V. for asthma. What assessment finding should the nurse expect? 1. Increased coughing because of postnasal drip 2. Decreased pulmonary wheezing 3. Stridor 4. White blood cell count of 12,000/μl

2. Decreased pulmonary wheezing RATIONALE: Methylxanthines such as theophylline are highly potent bronchodilators used to relieve asthma symptoms. The bronchodilation will result in decreased wheezing. None of the other options are seen after administration of theophylline.

When caring for a child, age 12, who's diagnosed with osteomyelitis of the left femur, the nurse should take which action first? 1. Administer I.V. antibiotics as ordered. 2. Draw blood for cultures as ordered. 3. Monitor hepatic and renal studies. 4. Prepare the child for immediate surgery.

2. Draw blood for cultures as ordered. RATIONALE: Osteomyelitis, an infectious bone disease, typically results from Staphylococcus aureus or Haemophilus influenzae. Blood cultures must be obtained to identify the causative organism and determine its sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. Although treatment may include high doses of antibiotics, blood cultures must be obtained before antibiotic therapy begins. Hepatic and renal studies are obtained during the course of antibiotic therapy to monitor the child for adverse effects. Later, surgery may be necessary to drain abscesses.

A child with sickle cell anemia is being discharged after treatment for a crisis. Which instructions for avoiding future crises should the nurse provide to the client and his family? Select all that apply. 1. Avoid foods high in folic acid. 2. Drink plenty of fluids. 3. Use cold packs to relieve joint pain. 4. Report a sore throat to an adult immediately. 5. Restrict activity to quiet board games. 6. Wash hands before meals and after playing.

2. Drink plenty of fluids. 4. Report a sore throat to an adult immediately. 6. Wash hands before meals and after playing. RATIONALE: Fluids should be encouraged to prevent stasis in the bloodstream, which can lead to sickling. Sore throats and other cold symptoms should be promptly reported because they may indicate the presence of an infection, which can precipitate a crisis (red blood cells sickle and obstruct blood flow to tissues). Children with sickle cell anemia should learn appropriate measures to prevent infection, such as proper hand-washing techniques and good nutrition practices. Folic acid intake should be encouraged to help support new cell growth; new cells replace fragile, sickled cells. Warm packs should be applied to provide comfort and relieve pain; cold packs cause vasoconstriction. The child should maintain an active, normal life. When the child experiences a pain crisis, he limits his own activity according to his pain level.

A school-age child begins to have a seizure while walking to the bathroom. What should the nurse do first? 1. Call the physician caring for the child. 2. Ease the child to the floor and turn him on his side. 3. Administer diazepam (Valium) through the I.V. tubing. 4. Notify the parents so they can be with their child.

2. Ease the child to the floor and turn him on his side. RATIONALE: Because the child is standing, he should first be eased to the floor and turned to the side to prevent aspiration. Notifying the physician wouldn't be the first action the nurse would take because the child's safety is of primary importance. Diazepam would be administered only if it had been ordered. Notifying the parents, although important, isn't the priority. They can be informed after the seizure is over.

An adolescent female arrives in the emergency department after a physical assault. How could the male nurse best protect her rights during the physical examination? 1. Leave the door open. 2. Have a female health care worker present. 3. Keep the suspected attacker away from the examination room. 4. Keep the girl's friends (who are waiting in the lounge area) informed of her medical condition.

2. Have a female health care worker present. RATIONALE: A female health care provider should be present to observe an examination performed by a male health care provider. Leaving the door open and informing the girl's friends about her condition violates her right to privacy and confidentiality. Although the suspected attacker should be kept away from the examination room, having a female health care worker present during the examination best protects the girl's rights.

After surgery to repair a cleft lip, an infant has a Logan bow in place. Which postoperative nursing action is appropriate? 1. Removing the Logan bow during feedings 2. Holding the infant semi-upright during feedings 3. Burping the infant less frequently 4. Placing the infant on the abdomen after feedings

2. Holding the infant semi-upright during feedings RATIONALE: Holding the infant semi-upright during feedings is appropriate because it helps prevent aspiration. The Logan bow must be kept in place at all times to protect the suture line. The infant should be burped more frequently to prevent regurgitation and aspiration. Placing the infant on the abdomen could lead to disruption of the suture line if the infant rubs the face.

A 3-year-old child is admitted to the hospital with an acute exacerbation of asthma. The child's history reveals that the child was exposed to chickenpox 1 week ago. When would this child require isolation? 1. Isolation isn't required. 2. Immediate isolation is required. 3. Isolation is required 10 days after exposure. 4. Isolation is required 12 days after exposure.

2. Immediate isolation is required. RATIONALE: Immediate isolation is required because the incubation period for chickenpox is 2 to 3 weeks, and a client is commonly isolated 1 week after exposure to avoid the risk of an outbreak. A person is infectious from 1 day before eruption of lesions to 6 days after the lesions have formed crusts. Isolation 10 or 12 days after exposure would be too late, putting others at risk for exposure.

For a child with hemophilia, what is the most important nursing goal? 1. Enhancing tissue perfusion 2. Preventing bleeding episodes 3. Promoting tissue oxygenation 4. Controlling pain

2. Preventing bleeding episodes RATIONALE: A child with hemophilia is prone to bleeding episodes stemming from coagulatory problems. Therefore, the primary nursing goal is to prevent bleeding episodes and possible hemorrhage. A secondary effect of preventing bleeding episodes is maintenance of tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Hemophilia rarely causes pain.

A nurse is caring for a 4-year-old child with end-stage leukemia. The child's physician has ordered a lumbar puncture. His mother, who has legal custody, has refused to give consent for the child to undergo the procedure. However, the child's father is demanding that the procedure be performed. What should the nurse do first? 1. Prepare the child for the lumbar puncture because the father wants the procedure to be performed. 2. Inform the father that the procedure won't be performed because the mother didn't consent. 3. Ask the child if he would like to have the procedure. 4. Contact social services and the child's physician.

2. Inform the father that the procedure won't be performed because the mother didn't consent. RATIONALE: The parent who has legal custody of a child has medical decision-making rights for that child. The other parent could contest the decision but would need to seek legal counsel. After informing the father that the procedure won't be performed at this time, the nurse should make the physician and social services aware of the situation in case additional problems arise.

A child, age 5, is hospitalized for treatment of Kawasaki disease. Which nursing action best identifies potential complications of this disease? 1. Auscultating breath sounds 2. Instituting cardiac monitoring 3. Monitoring blood pressure 4. Assessing the skin daily

2. Instituting cardiac monitoring RATIONALE: Kawasaki disease sometimes causes cardiac complications, including arrhythmias. Therefore, instituting cardiac monitoring is the best action for detecting such complications. Auscultating for breath sounds, monitoring blood pressure, and assessing the skin daily are also important but not as important as cardiac monitoring.

For an 8-month-old infant, which toy promotes cognitive development? 1. Finger paint 2. Jack-in-the-box 3. A small rubber ball 4. A play gym strung across the crib

2. Jack-in-the-box RATIONALE: According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, an 8-month-old child will look for an object once it disappears from sight to develop the cognitive skill of object permanence. Therefore, a jack-in-the-box would promote cognitive development. Finger paint and small balls are potentially dangerous because infants frequently put their fingers or objects in their mouths. Anything strung across a crib, such as a play gym, is a safety hazard — especially to a child who may use it to pull up to a standing position.

A nurse is caring for an infant with congenital clubfoot. After the final cast has been removed, which member of the health care team will most likely help the infant with leg and ankle exercises and provide his parents with a home exercise regimen? 1. Occupational therapist 2. Physical therapist 3. Recreational therapist 4. Nurse

2. Physical therapist RATIONALE: After the final cast has been removed, foot and ankle exercises may be necessary to improve range of motion. A physical therapist should work with the child. A physical therapist is trained to help clients restore function and mobility, which will prevent further disability. An occupational therapist, who helps the chronically ill or disabled to perform activities of daily living and adapt to limitations, isn't necessary at this time. A recreational therapist, who uses games and group activities to redirect maladaptive energy into appropriate behavior, also isn't required. The nurse hasn't been trained to design an exercise regimen for a child with congenital clubfoot.

A nurse is teaching accident prevention to the parents of a toddler. Which instruction is appropriate for the nurse to tell the parents? 1. The toddler should wear a helmet when roller blading. 2. Place locks on cabinets containing toxic substances. 3. Teach the toddler water safety. 4. Don't allow the toddler to use pillows when sleeping.

2. Place locks on cabinets containing toxic substances. RATIONALE: The nurse should tell parents to place locks on cabinets containing toxic substances because a toddler's curiosity and the ability to climb and open doors and drawers make poisoning a concern in this age-group. Roller blading isn't an appropriate activity for toddlers even if the toddler wears a helmet. Toddlers lack the cognitive development to understand water safety. Pillows shouldn't be placed in the crib of an infant to avoid suffocation; however, toddlers may use them.

Which nursing intervention should be included in the care of an unconscious child with Reye's syndrome? 1. Keep his arms and legs flexed. 2. Place the child on a sheepskin. 3. Avoid using lotions on his skin. 4. Place the child in a supine position.

2. Place the child on a sheepskin. RATIONALE: Placing the child with Reye's syndrome on a sheepskin helps to prevent pressure on prominent areas of the body. Rubbing lotion on the extremities stimulates circulation and helps prevent drying of the skin, and therefore shouldn't be avoided. Keeping extremities flexed can lead to contractures. Placing the child supine is contraindicated because of the risk of aspiration and increasing intracranial pressure. The supine position isn't appropriate because it puts pressure on the sacral and occipital areas.

An 18-month-old child immobilized with traction to the legs has a nursing diagnosis of Deficient diversional activity related to immobility. Which diversional activity is most appropriate for the nurse to include in the care plan? 1. Playing with Tinker toys 2. Playing with a pounding board 3. Playing with a pull toy 4. Playing board games

2. Playing with a pounding board RATIONALE: Playing with a pounding board is a developmentally appropriate diversional activity for a toddler because it not only promotes physical development but also provides an acceptable energy outlet during immobilization. A child younger than age 3 accidentally may swallow Tinker toys and other toys with small parts. Whereas a pull toy is appropriate for a toddler, it isn't appropriate for one who's immobilized. Playing board games is too advanced for a toddler's developmental stage.

When developing a care plan for a hospitalized child, the nurse knows that children in which age-group are most likely to view illness as a punishment for misdeeds? 1. Infancy 2. Preschool age 3. School age 4. Adolescence

2. Preschool age RATIONALE: Preschool-age children are most likely to view illness as a punishment for misdeeds. Separation anxiety, although seen in all age-groups, is most common in older infants. Fear of death is typical of older school-age children and adolescents. Adolescents also fear mutilation.

An adolescent, age 14, is hospitalized for nutritional management and drug therapy after experiencing an acute episode of ulcerative colitis. Which nursing intervention is appropriate? 1. Administering digestive enzymes before meals as ordered 2. Providing small, frequent meals 3. Administering antibiotics with meals as ordered 4. Providing high-fiber snacks

2. Providing small, frequent meals RATIONALE: Clients with ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD), tolerate small, frequent meals better than a few large meals daily. Eating large amounts of food may exacerbate the abdominal distention, cramps, and nausea IBD typically causes. Frequent meals also provide the additional calories needed to restore nutritional balance. This adolescent doesn't lack digestive enzymes and therefore doesn't need enzyme supplementation. Antibiotics are contraindicated because they may interfere with the actions of other ordered drugs and because ulcerative colitis isn't caused by bacteria. High-fiber foods may irritate the bowel further.

A nurse is caring for a 2½-year-old child with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Which abnormalities are associated with TOF? 1. Aortic stenosis, atrial septal defect, overriding aorta, and left ventricular hypertrophy 2. Pulmonic stenosis, intraventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy 3. Pulmonic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy 4. Transposition of the great vessels, intraventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, and patent ductus arteriosus

2. Pulmonic stenosis, intraventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy RATIONALE: TOF consists of four congenital anomalies: pulmonic stenosis, intraventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. The other combinations of defects aren't characteristic of TOF.

A toddler is hospitalized with multiple injuries. Although the parent states that the child fell down the stairs, the child's history and physical findings suggest abuse as the cause of the injuries. What should the nurse do first? 1. Refer the parent to a support group such as Parents Anonymous. 2. Report the incident to the proper authorities. 3. Prepare the child for foster care placement. 4. Restrict the parent from the child's room.

2. Report the incident to the proper authorities. RATIONALE: Reporting the incident to the proper authorities should be done first because the nurse is required by law to report all incidents of suspected child abuse. When the appropriate authorities have been notified, the child can be placed under protective custody. Later, the nurse may need to prepare the child for foster care placement and refer the parent to a support group. After reporting suspected abuse, the nurse should allow the parent to visit and help care for the child; during these visits, the nurse should exhibit and reinforce positive parenting behaviors.

An adolescent is brought to the facility by friends after accidentally ingesting gasoline while siphoning it from a car. Based on the nurse's knowledge of petroleum distillates, which system should be the priority assessment? 1. GI system 2. Respiratory system 3. Neurologic system 4. Cardiovascular system

2. Respiratory system RATIONALE: The primary concern with petroleum distillate ingestion is its effect on the respiratory system. Aspiration or absorption of petroleum distillates can cause severe chemical pneumonitis and impaired gas exchange. The GI, neurologic, and cardiovascular systems may also be affected if the petroleum contains additives such as pesticides, but the respiratory system is the priority assessment.

Parents of a 5-year-old call the clinic to tell the nurse that they think their child has been abused by her day-care provider. What should the nurse advise them to do? 1. Make an appointment to speak with the day-care provider. 2. Schedule an immediate appointment with their health care provider. 3. Call the child protective services to file a complaint. 4. Talk to their attorney to file charges against the accused.

2. Schedule an immediate appointment with their health care provider. RATIONALE: Because more information needs to be obtained from the child and family, an immediate appointment is most appropriate. It's unclear what type of abuse the parents are concerned about. Calling child protective services is appropriate but isn't the first action to take; neither is talking to an attorney or the day-care provider.

A child is sent to the school nurse because, according to his teacher, he's constantly scratching his head. When the nurse assesses his hair and scalp, she finds evidence of lice. What did the nurse see? 1. Flaking of the scalp with pink, irritated skin exposed 2. Small white spots that adhere to the hair shaft, close to the scalp 3. Scaly, circumscribed patches on the scalp, with mild alopecia in these areas 4. Multiple tiny pustules on the scalp with no abnormal findings on the hair shafts

2. Small white spots that adhere to the hair shaft, close to the scalp RATIONALE: The small white spots that adhere to the hair shafts are the eggs, or nits, of lice. These are easy to see and can't be brushed off like dandruff. Flaking of the scalp may indicate dandruff or a dry scalp. Scaly pustules, resulting from the scratching, may accompany a lice infestation, but nits would also be found on the hair shafts.

A nurse is caring for a young child with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). The child is upset and crying. The nurse observes that he's dyspneic and cyanotic. Which position would help relieve the child's dyspnea and cyanosis? 1. Sitting in bed with the head of the bed at a 45-degree angle 2. Squatting 3. Lying flat in bed 4. Lying on his right side

2. Squatting RATIONALE: Placing the child in a squatting position sequesters a large amount of blood to the legs, reducing venous return. Sitting with the head of the bed at a 45-degree angle, lying flat, and lying on the right side don't reduce venous return; therefore, they won't relieve the child's dyspnea and cyanosis. A child with TOF may also assume a knee-chest position to reduce venous return to the heart.

A pediatric nurse is caring for a child suspected of having been sexually abused. Which finding would best support the nurse's suspicions? 1. Poor hygiene 2. Swelling of the genitals 3. Fear of parents 4. Poor eye contact

2. Swelling of the genitals RATIONALE: The most likely finding for suspected sexual abuse would be difficulty walking or sitting; pain, swelling, or itching in the genitals; or bruises, bleeding, or lacerations of the genital area. Poor hygiene is a sign of physical neglect. Poor eye contact and fear of parents are common signs of physical, not sexual, abuse.

While doing the shift assessment on a 5-year-old boy, a nurse notices several bruises on his back and arms. The bruises are different colors and sizes. When she asks the child how he got them, he states, "I fell off of my bike." What should the nurse do next? 1. Contact the physician and tell him to call the police. 2. Talk with the child's parents when they arrive. 3. Contact Child Protective Services to report the injuries. 4. Continue to ask the child how he received the injuries.

2. Talk with the child's parents when they arrive. RATIONALE: A nurse who suspects child abuse should talk with the parents and get additional details about the injuries and compare their story with that of the child. Telling the physician to call the police or contacting Child Protective Services isn't the best action to take at this time. If further investigation continues to raise questions about abuse, these steps may be appropriate. The nurse needn't continue questioning the child.

A nurse is reviewing a care plan for a 10-year-old child who has recently been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Which instruction should the nurse remove from a teaching plan focusing on proper hygiene? 1. Encourage regular dental care. 2. Teach blood glucose monitoring. 3. Teach care of cuts and scratches. 4. Teach proper foot care.

2. Teach blood glucose monitoring. RATIONALE: Teaching blood glucose monitoring and the use of equipment is necessary in diabetic teaching within a care plan that focuses on demonstrating testing blood glucose levels, not a care plan that focuses on proper hygiene. Encouraging regular dental care, teaching proper care of cuts and scratches, which minimizes the risk of infection, and teaching proper foot care are all appropriate for a teaching plan focusing on proper hygiene for a child with type 1 diabetes.

One day after an appendectomy, a 9-year-old child rates his pain at 4 out of 5 on the pain scale but is playing video games and laughing with his friend. What should the nurse document on the child's chart? 1. The child is in no apparent distress, and no pain medication is needed at this time. 2. The child rates pain at 4 out of 5. Administered pain medication as ordered. 3. The child doesn't understand the pain scale. Performed teaching to help child match his pain rating to how he appears to be feeling. 4. The child rates his pain at 4 out of 5; however, he appears to be in no distress. Reassess when he's visibly showing signs of pain.

2. The child rates pain at 4 out of 5. Administered pain medication as ordered. RATIONALE: Pain is what the child says it is, and the nurse must document what the child reports. If a child's behavior appears to differ from the child's rating of pain, believe the pain rating. A child who uses passive coping behaviors (such as distraction and cooperative) may rate pain as more intense than children who use active coping behaviors (such as crying and kicking). Nurses frequently make judgments about pain based on behavior, which can result in children being inadequately medicated for pain.

A child, age 4, is admitted with a tentative diagnosis of congenital heart disease. When assessment reveals a bounding radial pulse coupled with a weak femoral pulse, the nurse suspects that the child has: 1. patent ductus arteriosus. 2. coarctation of the aorta. 3. a ventricular septal defect. 4. truncus arteriosus.

2. coarctation of the aorta. RATIONALE: The nurse should suspect coarctation of the aorta because it causes signs of peripheral hypoperfusion, such as a weak femoral pulse and a bounding radial pulse. These signs are rare in patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, and truncus arteriosus.

A nurse is concerned about another nurse's relationship with the members of a family and their ill preschooler. Which behavior should be brought to the attention of the nurse-manager? 1. The nurse keeps communication channels open among herself, the family, physicians, and other health care providers. 2. The nurse attempts to influence the family's decisions by presenting her own thoughts and opinions. 3. The nurse works with the family members to find ways to decrease their dependence on health care providers. 4. The nurse has developed teaching skills to instruct the family members so they can accomplish tasks independently.

2. The nurse attempts to influence the family's decisions by presenting her own thoughts and opinions. RATIONALE: When a nurse attempts to influence a family's decision with her own opinions and values, the situation becomes one of overinvolvement on the nurse's part, creating a nontherapeutic relationship. When a nurse keeps communication channels open, works with family members to decrease their dependence on health care providers, and instructs family members so they can accomplish tasks independently, she has developed an appropriate therapeutic relationship.

A nurse is caring for a toddler who was diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor. The parents are having difficulty deciding on a course of action for their child. Why is it important to have the nurse involved in an ethical discussion about a planned course of treatment? 1. The nurse is viewed as the authority on ethical issues at the hospital. 2. The nurse can act as a liaison between the child, the child's parents, and the health care team. 3. The nurse can easily make time to discuss issues with the parents. 4. It isn't important to involve the nurse in this type of discussion.

2. The nurse can act as a liaison between the child, the child's parents, and the health care team. RATIONALE: It is important to involve the nurse because she can act as a liaison between all parties. The nurse has the most direct contact with the child and his parents, and she can listen to and communicate their wishes for treatment. She can also aid in interpreting information about the child's condition and course of treatment, helping the parents to make an informed decision. The nurse isn't viewed as the authority on ethical issues at the hospital. In fact, hospitals commonly employ ethicists to help with ethical dilemmas. Time shouldn't be a factor when it comes to helping parents make decisions about their child's care.

An overweight girl, age 15, has lost 12 lb (5.4 kg) in 8 weeks by dieting. Now, after reaching a weight plateau, she has become discouraged. She and the nurse decide she should keep a food diary. What is the primary purpose of keeping such a diary? 1. To help the girl stay busy and more focused on losing weight 2. To help the girl and the nurse analyze how much food she is eating and to identify the circumstances in which she eats 3. To help the nurse and the girl determine whether the the girl has been cheating on her diet 4. To provide a written record for the nurse

2. To help the girl and the nurse analyze how much food she is eating and to identify the circumstances in which she eats RATIONALE: Keeping a food diary allows this adolescent to use the cognitive level of formal operations to help her identify and evaluate eating behaviors of which she may not be aware. The food diary isn't intended to keep the girl busy and focused on losing weight. She needs to engage in other activities instead of focusing on her diet. Using the food diary to check for cheating represents a punitive approach, which is relatively ineffective. The food diary is primarily for the girl's benefit, although the nurse can use it, too.

A child's parents state that they childproofed their home for their 2-year-old. During a home visit, the nurse discovers some situations that show the parents don't fully understand the developmental abilities of their toddler. Which situation displays misunderstanding by the parents? 1. Safety latches on kitchen cabinets 2. Toy chest in front of a second-story, locked window 3. Pot handles turned toward the back of the stove 4. Hot water heater temperature set at 120° F (48.9° C) or below

2. Toy chest in front of a second-story, locked window RATIONALE: A toy chest in front of a second-story locked window displays misunderstanding because toddlers are able to climb on low furniture and open windows that may not always be locked, especially in the summer. In such situations, the child could fall out of the window. Keeping child safety latches on kitchen cabinets, turning pot handles toward the back of the stove, and setting the hot water heater at a nonscalding temperature are all safeguards against toddler injury. These safeguards demonstrate full understanding of a toddler's developmental abilities.

Parents of a 2-year-old child with chronic otitis media are concerned that the disorder has affected their child's hearing. Which behavior suggests that the child has a hearing impairment? 1. Stuttering 2. Using gestures to express desires 3. Babbling continuously 4. Playing alongside rather than interacting with peers

2. Using gestures to express desires RATIONALE: Using gestures instead of verbal communication to express desires — especially in a child older than age 15 months — may indicate a hearing or communication impairment. Stuttering is normal in children ages 2 to 4, especially boys. Continuous babbling is a normal phase of speech development in young children. In fact, its absence, not presence, would be cause for concern. Parallel play — playing alongside peers without interacting — is typical of toddlers. However, in an older child, difficulty interacting with peers or avoiding social situations may indicate a hearing deficit.

A mother calls the clinic to report that her preschool-age child has had a fever, has been fussy, and now has a rash that started on the neck and has spread to the rest of the child's body. The child was exposed to chickenpox about 3 weeks ago. Which advice is the most important to give the mother? 1. Bring the child in immediately so the diagnosis can be confirmed. 2. Treat the child's symptoms and use diphenhydramine (Benadryl) for itching. 3. Be sure the child stays quiet, and limit the amount of television viewing. 4. After the fever is gone, the child can return to day care.

2. Treat the child's symptoms and use diphenhydramine (Benadryl) for itching. RATIONALE: The most likely explanation for the child's illness is chickenpox. The nurse should review the treatment for chickenpox, which includes acetaminophen for fever and fussiness, and oatmeal baths and diphenhydramine for itching. Unless the child is severely ill or has complications, the child doesn't need to be seen in the clinic for diagnosis confirmation. Limiting a preschooler's television viewing is appropriate but isn't the most important advice. Typically, children will limit their own activities as needed. The child will need to stay out of day care until the lesions of the rash are crusted over.

A nurse should take action when a healthy 3-month-old infant is: 1. placed in a convertible car seat in a rear-facing position. 2. being fed formula that isn't mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions. 3. sleeping in a cardboard box on the floor of his mother's bedroom. 4. being put to sleep with a pacifier.

2. being fed formula that isn't mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions. RATIONALE: Incorrectly mixed formula can cause an infant to develop severe electrolyte and nutrition imbalances. This safety hazard necessitates immediate attention. Placing a 3-month-old infant in a rear-facing car seat is appropriate. Although an infant sleeping in a cardboard box on the floor may be a concern, it isn't an immediate safety hazard. An infant being put to sleep with a pacifier isn't a safety concern.

A preschool-age child is admitted to the facility with nephrotic syndrome. Nursing assessment reveals a blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg, lethargy, generalized edema, and dark, frothy urine. After prednisone (Deltasone) therapy is initiated, which nursing action takes highest priority? 1. Monitoring the child for hypertension 2. Turning and repositioning the child frequently 3. Providing a high-sodium diet 4. Discussing the adverse effects of steroids with the parents

2. Turning and repositioning the child frequently RATIONALE: The child with nephrotic syndrome is at risk for skin breakdown from generalized edema. Because this syndrome typically impairs independent movement, the nurse's highest priority is to turn and reposition the child frequently to help prevent skin breakdown. Frequent turning also helps prevent respiratory infections, which may arise during the edematous phase of nephrotic syndrome. The syndrome typically causes hypotension, not hypertension, from significant loss of intravascular protein and a subsequent drop in oncotic pressure. Dietary sodium should be restricted because it worsens edema. Although the nurse should discuss the adverse effects of steroids with the parents, this action isn't a priority at this time.

When assessing a child with muscular dystrophy, the nurse expects which finding? 1. Pain 2. Waddling gait 3. Joint swelling 4. Limited range of motion (ROM)

2. Waddling gait RATIONALE: A waddling, wide-based gait is a sign of muscular dystrophy. A nurse wouldn't expect pain, joint swelling, and limited ROM because they are rare with this disease.

A 2-year-old boy is brought into the clinic with an upper respiratory tract infection. During the assessment, the nurse notes some bruising on the arms, legs, and trunk. Which findings should prompt the nurse to evaluate for suspected child abuse? Select all that apply. 1. A few superficial scrapes on the lower legs 2. Welts or bruises in various stages of healing on the trunk 3. A deep blue-black patch on the buttocks 4. One large bruise on the child's thigh 5. Circular, symmetrical burns on the lower legs 6. A parent who's hypercritical of the child and pushes the frightened child away

2. Welts or bruises in various stages of healing on the trunk 5. Circular, symmetrical burns on the lower legs 6. A parent who's hypercritical of the child and pushes the frightened child away RATIONALE: Injuries at various stages of healing in protected or padded areas can be signs of inflicted trauma, leading the nurse to suspect abuse. Burns that are bilateral as well as symmetrical and regular are typical of child abuse. The shape of the burn may resemble the item used to create it, such as a cigarette. When a child is burned accidentally, the burns form an erratic pattern and are usually irregular or asymmetrical. Pushing the child away and being hypercritical are typical behaviors of abusive parents. Superficial scrapes and bruises on the lower extremities are normal in a healthy, active child. A deep blue-black macular patch on the buttocks is more consistent with a Mongolian spot than a traumatic injury that would suggest abuse.

A child with leukemia has just completed a course of methotrexate therapy. How soon should the nurse expect to see signs of bone marrow depression in this client? 1. Within hours 2. Within 2 weeks 3. Within 1 month 4. After induction therapy is completed

2. Within 2 weeks RATIONALE: Bone marrow depression is most likely to occur 10 days after methotrexate is administered.

A child is receiving peritoneal dialysis to treat renal failure. To detect early signs of peritonitis, the nurse should stay alert for: 1. redness at the catheter site. 2. abdominal tenderness. 3. abdominal fullness. 4. headache.

2. abdominal tenderness. RATIONALE: The nurse should stay alert for abdominal tenderness because it's an early sign of peritonitis. Redness at the catheter site indicates a skin infection. Abdominal fullness is expected during dialysate infusion. Headache isn't associated with peritonitis.

For an infant who's about to undergo a lumbar puncture, the nurse should place the infant in: 1. an arched, side-lying position, with the neck flexed onto the chest. 2. an arched, side-lying position, avoiding flexion of the neck onto the chest. 3. a mummy restraint. 4. a prone position, with the head over the edge of the bed.

2. an arched, side-lying position, avoiding flexion of the neck onto the chest. RATIONALE: For a lumbar puncture, the nurse should place the infant in an arched, side-lying position to maximize the space between the third and fifth lumbar vertebrae. The nurse's hands should rest on the back of the infant's shoulders to prevent neck flexion, which could block the airway and cause respiratory arrest. The infant should be placed at the edge of the bed or table during the procedure, and the nurse should speak quietly to calm the infant. A mummy restraint would limit access to the lumbar area because it involves wrapping the child's trunk and extremities snugly in a blanket or towel. A prone position isn't appropriate because it wouldn't cause separation of the vertebral spaces.

An 8-year-old child is receiving moderate sedation for a medical procedure. The nurse is assessing the child's level of sedation. His gag reflex is intact, he's breathing comfortably on his own, and he opens his eyes on verbal request. The nurse recognizes that the child is: 1. undersedated. 2. appropriately sedated. 3. deeply sedated. 4. oversedated.

2. appropriately sedated. RATIONALE: Moderate sedation is an induced state of depressed consciousness. While under moderate sedation, the child should maintain protective reflexes (such as the gag reflex), maintain a patent airway independently, and respond to physical stimuli or verbal commands such as, "Open your eyes." In this scenario, the nurse assesses that the child is under moderate sedation. An undersedated child would likely be anxious and would complain of pain. In deep sedation, the child isn't as easily aroused and doesn't have protective reflexes or the ability to maintain a patent airway; this type of sedation is closer to general anesthesia. With oversedation, the child is difficult to rouse; however, he is able to maintain a patent airway independently.

A pediatric nurse preceptor working on an oncology floor observes a new graduate crying in the nurses' lounge. The nurse's best action would be to: 1. let the graduate cry and get it out of her system. 2. ask the graduate what's bothering her. 3. ask the graduate if she thinks she can handle being a pediatric nurse. 4. let the nurse-manager know that the new graduate isn't ready for the emotions that working on this unit evokes.

2. ask the graduate what's bothering her. RATIONALE: Caring for acute or chronically ill children can be emotionally and physically stressful. A preceptor to a new nurse should be supportive and empathetic by asking about the new nurse's feelings. It isn't appropriate for the preceptor to make judgments by asking the new nurse if she thinks she can handle being a pediatric nurse, and it isn't acceptable for the preceptor to talk with the nurse-manager about the issue at this time. It isn't unusual for a nurse to need time to emotionally adjust to a new situation or new client population.

When caring for a 2-year-old child, the nurse should offer choices, when appropriate, about some aspects of care. According to Erikson, offering choices helps the child achieve: 1. trust. 2. autonomy. 3. industry. 4. initiative.

2. autonomy. RATIONALE: According to Erikson's theory of development, a 2-year-old child is at the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. Offering the child choices about some aspects of care encourages autonomy. An infant is at the stage of trust versus mistrust; a school-age child, industry versus inferiority; and a preschooler, initiative versus guilt.

A 4-year-old child arrives in the emergency department with a history of transient consciousness and unconsciousness. The nurse should suspect: 1. subdural hematoma. 2. epidural hematoma. 3. subarachnoid hemorrhage. 4. concussion.

2. epidural hematoma. RATIONALE: An epidural hematoma is characterized by an initial loss of consciousness followed by transient consciousness leading to unconsciousness. Subdural hematoma results in rapid deterioration in level of consciousness. Subarachnoid hemorrhage causes irritability rather than loss of consciousness. As for a concussion, it may result in a brief loss of consciousness.

For a child who's admitted to the emergency department with an acute asthma attack, nursing assessment is most likely to reveal: 1. apneic periods. 2. expiratory wheezing. 3. inspiratory stridor. 4. fine crackles throughout.

2. expiratory wheezing. RATIONALE: Expiratory wheezing is common during an acute asthma attack and results from narrowing of the airway caused by edema. Acute asthma rarely causes apneic periods. Inspiratory stridor more commonly accompanies croup. The child may have some fine crackles but wheezing is much more common in an acute asthma attack.

A nurse is administering I.V. fluids to an infant. Infants receiving I.V. therapy are particularly vulnerable to: 1. hypotension. 2. fluid overload. 3. cardiac arrhythmias. 4. pulmonary emboli.

2. fluid overload. RATIONALE: Infants, small children, and children with compromised cardiopulmonary status receiving I.V. therapy are particularly vulnerable to fluid overload. To prevent fluid overload, the nurse should use a volume-control set and an infusion pump or syringe and place no more than 2 hours' worth of I.V. fluid in the volume-control set at a time. Hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and pulmonary emboli aren't problems associated with I.V. therapy in infants.

A nurse is caring for a toddler who has just been immunized. When teaching the child's parents about potential adverse effects, the nurse should instruct the parents to immediately report: 1. pain at the injection site. 2. generalized urticaria. 3. mild temperature elevation. 4. local swelling at the injection site.

2. generalized urticaria. RATIONALE: The nurse should instruct parents to immediately report generalized urticaria because it can herald the onset of a life-threatening episode. A child may experience some pain, redness at the sight, localized swelling, or mild temperature elevation; however, these reactions can be treated symptomatically and aren't life-threatening.

A 13-year-old girl visits the school nurse because she's experiencing back pain, fatigue, and dyspnea. The nurse suspects that the girl may have scoliosis. The nurse should first: 1. send the girl home to recover. 2. inspect the girl for uneven shoulder height or uneven hip height. 3. arrange for the girl to have spinal X-rays as soon as possible. 4. ask the girl's parents to take her to a physician immediately.

2. inspect the girl for uneven shoulder height or uneven hip height. RATIONALE: Before deciding on any specific intervention, the school nurse should perform a basic assessment for scoliosis, including inspecting for uneven shoulder or hip height. The nurse will then have more specific information to give to the girl's parents.

A preschooler has vomiting, diarrhea, and a potassium level of 3 mEq/L. The physician orders an I.V. infusion of 500 ml of dextrose 5% in water and half-normal saline solution with 20 mEq of potassium chloride. The nurse knows that a child with vomiting and diarrhea needs fluids and potassium chloride to: 1. eliminate the cause of diarrhea. 2. meet physiologic needs. 3. avoid hyperglycemia. 4. promote normal stool elimination.

2. meet physiologic needs. RATIONALE: A child with vomiting and diarrhea loses excessive fluids and electrolytes, which must be replaced. Fluid and electrolyte replacement can't eliminate the cause of diarrhea, which may result from various factors. Administration of I.V. fluids that contain glucose (such as dextrose 5% in water) may induce, not prevent, hyperglycemia. Fluid and electrolyte replacement has no effect on stool elimination.

A nurse is teaching bicycle safety to a child and his parents. What protective device should the nurse tell the parents is most important in preventing or lessening the severity of injury related to bicycle crashes? 1. Helmet 2. Knee pads 3. Elbow pads 4. Reflectors

2. observe for behavioral changes. RATIONALE: A well-fitting helmet is the most important safety feature to stress to children and parents because, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, wearing a helmet correctly can prevent or lessen the severity of brain injuries resulting from bicycle crashes. Knee pads, elbow pads, and reflectors are also important safety devices but they aren't as important as a helmet.`

The best way for a nurse to assess pain in an 18-month-old child is to: 1. check the child's pupils. 2. observe for behavioral changes. 3. ask the child, "Are you feeling any pain?" 4. tell the parents to call if the child has pain.

2. observe for behavioral changes. RATIONALE: Behavioral changes are common signs of pain and are especially valuable indicators in an 18-month-old child, who has limited verbal skills. Evaluating pupillary response isn't an appropriate technique for assessing pain. Requesting a parental report of a child's pain isn't a reliable assessment technique.

When caring for a toddler with epiglottiditis, the nurse should first: 1. examine his throat. 2. place a tracheotomy tray at the bedside. 3. administer I.V. fluids. 4. administer antibiotics.

2. place a tracheotomy tray at the bedside. RATIONALE: Placing a tracheotomy tray at the bedside should take priority because acute epiglottiditis is an emergency situation in which inflammation can cause the airway to swell so that it's unable to rise, totally obstructing the airway. This situation may require tracheotomy or endotracheal intubation. The nurse should never depress the tongue of a child with a tongue blade to examine the throat if signs or symptoms of epiglottiditis are present because this maneuver can cause the swollen epiglottis to completely obstruct the airway. Because the child can't swallow, I.V. fluids are necessary; however, airway concerns are the priority. Only after a patent airway is secured can antibiotics be given to treat Haemophilus influenzae, a common cause of acute epiglottiditis.

A nurse expects an infant to sit up without support at which age? 1. 4 months 2. 6 months 3. 8 months 4. 10 months

3. 8 months RATIONALE: Most infants can sit up without support by age 8 months. At age 4 months, the infant can lift the head off the mattress up to a 90-degree angle. Between ages 6 and 7 months, the infant can sit while leaning forward on the hands. At age 10 months, the infant typically can move from a prone to a sitting position and pull himself up to a standing position.

A nurse-manager for a community health organization is planning for the home health needs of an 8-year-old child who requires around-the-clock care by nursing assistants. The nurse-manager knows that when working with a nursing assistant, she must: 1. ensure that the work is divided equitably to prevent staff burnout and rapid turnover. 2. provide written instructions, education, and ongoing supervision. 3. ensure that the nursing assistant is paid fairly and for any additional time worked. 4. in the event of limited staff resources, provide health services to those in greatest need.

2. provide written instructions, education, and ongoing supervision. RATIONALE: When working with a nursing assistant, the nurse-manager must provide written instructions, education, and ongoing supervision. Although the nurse-manager should be concerned with the equitable division of work and proper payment for hours worked, these concerns aren't the highest priorities. The provision of health services to those in greatest need is an important overall goal, but isn't specific to working with a nursing assistant.

To obtain the most accurate measurement of an infant's height (length), the nurse should measure: 1. recumbent height with the infant lying on the side. 2. recumbent height with the infant supine. 3. recumbent height with the infant prone. 4. standing height with the infant held upright.

2. recumbent height with the infant supine. RATIONALE: For the most accurate measurement, the nurse should place the infant in a supine position and then measure recumbent height. Measuring recumbent height with the infant lying on the side would yield an inaccurate result. Measuring recumbent height with the infant prone would yield an inaccurately long result because it includes the length of the foot. Measuring standing height with the infant held upright would also yield an inaccurate result, at least until the child no longer needs assistance to stand up straight.

An adolescent presents to a community clinic for treatment of vulvar lesions associated with Type 2 herpes simplex. The nurse should: 1. call the adolescent's parents and ask permission to treat their daughter. 2. show the adolescent to a private examination room. 3. inform the adolescent that she can't guarantee her confidentiality. 4. ask the adolescent if her parents know she's promiscuous.

2. show the adolescent to a private examination room. RATIONALE: The nurse should take the client to an examination room to provide privacy. Federal law states that adolescents may obtain treatment for sexually transmitted diseases without parental notification. This adolescent is guaranteed the same confidentiality as older clients. It isn't appropriate for the nurse to ask the adolescent if her parents know she's promiscuous; doing so could undermine the therapeutic relationship.

A charge nurse observes two nurses using inappropriate technique when starting an I.V. on a child. The charge nurse should first: 1. ignore the situation. 2. talk with the nurses about proper technique and the risk of infection resulting from improper technique. 3. talk with the nurse-manager about her observations. 4. talk with the child's parents about infection control.

2. talk with the nurses about proper technique and the risk of infection resulting from improper technique. RATIONALE: A nurse has the responsibility to do no harm. If a nurse observes other health care professionals implementing inappropriate practices, she should address the problem. The charge nurse's first action should be to counsel the nurses on correct I.V. techniques. She should contact the nurse-manager if the behaviors continue. She should never ignore the situation or talk with the child's parents regarding the incident unless a situation develops that requires the parents to be informed.

A 10-month-old child with phenylketonuria (PKU) is being weaned from breast-feeding. When teaching the parents about the proper diet for their child, the nurse should stress the importance of restricting meats and dairy products because: 1. they're difficult for clients with PKU to digest. 2. they contain high levels of phenylalanine. 3. they aren't well tolerated in children with PKU until after age 2. 4. they lack phenylalanine, which stimulates muscle growth.

2. they contain high levels of phenylalanine. RATIONALE: PKU is an inherited disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize phenylalanine, an essential amino acid. Phenylalanine accumulation in the blood results in central nervous system damage and progressive mental retardation. However, early detection of PKU and dietary restriction of phenylalanine can prevent disease progression. Intake of high-protein foods, such as meats and dairy products, must be restricted throughout life because they contain large amounts of phenylalanine.

To calculate drug dosages for a 4-year-old child, the physician might use a formula that involves the child's: 1. weight in pounds and ounces. 2. weight in kilograms. 3. height in inches. 4. height in centimeters.

2. weight in kilograms. RATIONALE: To calculate drug dosages for a child, the physician might use a formula that involves the child's weight in kilograms. A second recommended method involves the child's body surface area. Using weight in pound and ounces or height for dosage calculation isn't recommended.

A mother calls the clinic to report that her 9-month-old infant has diarrhea. Upon further questioning, the nurse determines that the child has mild diarrhea and no signs of dehydration. Which advice is most appropriate to give this mother? 1. "Call back if your infant has 10 stools in 1 day." 2. "Feed your infant clear liquids only." 3. "Continue your infant's normal feedings." 4. Notify your infant's day care of his illness.

3. "Continue your infant's normal feedings." RATIONALE: If an infant has mild diarrhea, his mother should be advised to continue his normal diet and to call back if the diarrhea doesn't stop or if he shows signs of dehydration. There's no need to give the infant clear liquids only. Notifying the day care about the infant's illness is important but doesn't take priority.

A 15-year-old adolescent confides in the nurse that he has been contemplating suicide. He says he has developed a specific plan to carry it out and pleads with the nurse not to tell anyone. What is the nurse's best response? 1. "We can keep this between you and me, but promise me you won't try anything." 2. "I need to protect you. I will tell your physician, but we don't need to involve your parents. We want you to be safe." 3. "For your protection, I can't keep this secret. After I notify the physician, we will need to involve your family. We want you to be safe." 4. "I will need to notify the local authorities of your intentions."

3. "For your protection, I can't keep this secret. After I notify the physician, we will need to involve your family. We want you to be safe." RATIONALE: In situations in which a client is a threat to himself, the nurse can't honor confidentiality. Because this adolescent has said he has a specific plan to commit suicide, the nurse must take immediate action to ensure his safety. The physician and mental health professionals should be notified as well as the client's family. The nurse should inform the adolescent that she must do this, while at the same time conveying a sense of caring and understanding. The local authorities needn't be notified in this situation.

An adolescent with pneumonia is admitted to the pediatric unit. After his parents leave the unit for the evening, he tells the nurse he may have contracted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). He wants to be tested, but he doesn't want his parents to know about the test. What should the nurse say? 1. "Sorry, you need a parent's permission for the test." 2. "You'll have to talk with the hospital lawyer." 3. "I'll call your physician for the order. No one will tell your parents." 4. "You're too young to have HIV."

3. "I'll call your physician for the order. No one will tell your parents." RATIONALE: Federal laws state that adolescents may be tested for sexually transmitted diseases without their parents' permission. The rules of confidentiality apply to this adolescent; his parents won't be told of his condition unless he agrees. The adolescent doesn't have to speak with a lawyer before the test. HIV can be contracted at any age, even during infancy and childhood.

Which statement by a mother of a toddler with nephrotic syndrome indicates that the nurse's discharge teaching was effective? 1. "I know that I'll need to keep my child as quiet as possible." 2. "I just went out and bought all I'll need for the special diet." 3. "I've been checking the urine for protein so I'll be able to do it at home." 4. "I'm sure that my child will be back to normal soon and I won't have to worry about this anymore."

3. "I've been checking the urine for protein so I'll be able to do it at home." RATIONALE: The mother stating that she'll check her toddler's urine for protein indicates effective teaching because such testing helps detect the progression of nephrotic syndrome. The child doesn't need to be kept quiet and usually isn't placed on a specific diet. How the child feels will dictate the child's activity level. Most children return to normal soon but may relapse.

A mother asks the nurse how to handle her 4-year-old child, who recently started wetting the pants after being completely toilet-trained. The child just started attending nursery school 2 days per week. Which statement by the mother indicates understanding of the situation? 1. "My child hates school." 2. "My child is punishing me for sending him away for a few hours." 3. "My child is most likely regressing back to a behavior that increases his sense of security." 4. "He must have inherited this from my husband. My husband did the same thing when he started nursery school."

3. "My child is most likely regressing back to a behavior that increases his sense of security." RATIONALE: The statement about regression indicates understanding because the stress of starting nursery school may trigger a return to a level of successful behavior from earlier stages of development. A child's skills remain intact, although increased stress may prevent the child from using these skills. The child's behavior isn't an indication that he hates school or wants to punish the mother. Regression isn't a trait that can be inherited.

A nurse is teaching the mother of an infant. The nurse should instruct the mother to introduce her infant to solid foods at what age? 1. 2 months 2. 4 months 3. 6 months 4. 8 months

3. 6 months RATIONALE: Solid foods are typically introduced around age 6 months. They aren't recommended at an earlier age because of the protrusion and sucking reflexes and the immaturity of the infant's GI tract and immune system. By age 8 months, the infant usually has been introduced to iron-fortified infant cereal and vegetables and will begin to try fruits.

A nurse is providing dietary teaching for the parents of a child with celiac disease. Which statement by the parents indicates effective teaching? 1. "Our child should avoid eating vegetables." 2. "Our child should avoid eating fruits." 3. "Our child should avoid eating prepared puddings." 4. "Our child should avoid eating rice."

3. "Our child should avoid eating prepared puddings." RATIONALE: Teaching is effective if the parents identify prepared puddings as a food their child should avoid. A child with celiac disease mustn't consume foods containing gluten and therefore should avoid prepared puddings, commercially prepared ice cream, malted milk, and all food and beverages containing wheat, rye, oats, or barley. The other options don't contain gluten and are permitted on a gluten-free diet.

The mother of a 12-month-old child expresses concern about the effects of her child's frequent thumb-sucking. After the nurse provides instruction on this topic, which response by the mother indicates that teaching has been effective? 1. "Thumb-sucking should be discouraged at age 12 months." 2. "I'll give my baby a pacifier instead." 3. "Sucking is important to the baby." 4. "I'll wrap the baby's thumb in a bandage."

3. "Sucking is important to the baby." RATIONALE: Stating that sucking is the infant's chief pleasure indicates effective teaching. However, thumb-sucking may cause malocclusion if it persists after age 4. Many fetuses begin sucking on their fingers in utero and, as infants, refuse a pacifier as a substitute, so the mother who states she'll give the infant a pacifier instead requires more teaching. A young child is likely to chew on a bandage, possibly leading to airway obstruction.

A 15-month-old child is being discharged after treatment for severe otitis media and bacterial meningitis. Which statement by the parents indicates effective discharge teaching? 1. "We should have gone to the physician sooner. Next time, we will." 2. "We'll take our child to the physician's office every week until everything is okay." 3. "We'll go to the physician if our child pulls on the ears or won't lie down." 4. "We're just so glad this is all behind us."

3. "We'll go to the physician if our child pulls on the ears or won't lie down." RATIONALE: The parents indicate full understanding of discharge teaching by repeating the specific, common signs of otitis media in toddlers, such as pulling on the ears and refusing to lie down, and by verbalizing the need for immediate follow-up care if these signs arise. Expressing that they should have gone to the physician sooner doesn't indicate effective teaching because it implies a sense of guilt — a feeling not promoted through teaching. Stating that they'll take the child to the physician's office every week addresses only weekly follow-up care and expressing that they're happy the problem is behind them is unrealistic because the child's condition may recur.

A mother and grandmother bring a 2-month-old infant to the clinic for a routine checkup. As the nurse weighs the infant, the grandmother asks, "Shouldn't the baby start eating solid food? My kids started on cereal when they were 2 weeks old." Which response by the nurse would be appropriate? 1. "The baby is gaining weight and doing well. There is no need for solid food yet." 2. "Things have changed a lot since your children were born." 3. "We've found that babies can't digest solid food properly until they're 3 or 4 months old." 4. "We've learned that introducing solid food early leads to eating disorders later in life."

3. "We've found that babies can't digest solid food properly until they're 3 or 4 months old." RATIONALE: Stating that babies can't digest solid food properly is correct because infants younger than 3 or 4 months lack the enzymes needed to digest complex carbohydrates. Saying that there's no need for solid food doesn't address the grandmother's question directly. Saying that things have changed is a cliché that may block further communication with the grandmother. Stating that introducing solid food early leads to eating disorders is incorrect because no evidence suggests that this occurs.

A nurse suspects that a child, age 4, is being neglected physically. To best assess the child's nutritional status, the nurse should ask the parents which question? 1. "Has your child always been so thin?" 2. "Is your child a picky eater?" 3. "What did your child eat for breakfast?" 4. "Do you think your child eats enough?"

3. "What did your child eat for breakfast?" RATIONALE: The nurse should ask what the child ate for breakfast in order to obtain objective information about the child's nutritional intake. Asking if the child has always been so thin, if he's a picky eater, or if he eats enough would elicit subjective replies that would be open to interpretation.

When assessing an 18-month-old child, the nurse determines that the child's height and weight fall below the 5th percentile on the growth chart. In all previous visits, the child's height and weight fell between the 30th and 40th percentiles. The child's mother expresses concern about the slowed growth rate. How should the nurse respond? 1. "What do you feed your child?" 2. "Don't worry. Your child is bound to have a growth spurt soon." 3. "Your child's height and weight must be checked again in 1 month." 4. "How much weight did you gain when you were pregnant with this child?"

3. "Your child's height and weight must be checked again in 1 month." RATIONALE: Although the growth rate usually slows between ages 1 and 3, it normally doesn't drop as dramatically as this child's. Therefore, the nurse should advise the mother to have the child's growth rate monitored frequently, such as every month. Asking the mother what she feeds her child implies that the mother is at fault for the child's slow growth. Telling the mother not to worry is inappropriate because it doesn't address the mother's concern about the child. Asking about pregnancy weight gain is inappropriate because maternal weight gain during pregnancy wouldn't affect a child's growth rate at 18 months.

A nurse is preparing to administer short-acting insulin to a child with type 1 diabetes. When should the nurse measure the child's blood glucose level? 1. Immediately before administering insulin 2. 15 minutes after administering insulin 3. 1 hour after administering insulin 4. 4 hours after administering insulin

3. 1 hour after administering insulin RATIONALE: Short-acting insulins peak in 30 minutes to 2 hours after administration. Therefore, the nurse should check the child's blood glucose level during this period, such as 1 hour after administration. Measuring the glucose level immediately before or 15 minutes after administering insulin would be too soon. Waiting until 4 hours after administering insulin would be too late to obtain an accurate reading.

What should be the initial bolus of crystalloid fluid replacement for a child in shock? 1. 10 ml/kg 2. 15 ml/kg 3. 20 ml/kg 4. 30 ml/kg

3. 20 ml/kg RATIONALE: Fluid volume replacement must be calculated using the child's weight to avoid overhydration. Initial fluid bolus is administered at 20 ml/kg, followed by another 20 ml/kg bolus if there is no improvement in fluid status.

A physician orders meperidine (Demerol), 1.1 mg/kg I.M., for a 16-month-old child who has just had abdominal surgery. When administering this drug, the nurse should use a needle of which size? 1. 18G 2. 20G 3. 23G 4. 27G

3. 23G RATIONALE: For an infant, the nurse should use a needle with the smallest appropriate gauge for the medication to be given. For an I.M. injection of meperidine, a 25G to 22G needle is appropriate. An 18G or 20G needle is too large, and the 27G needle too small.

Before administering a tube feeding to a toddler, which method should the nurse use to check the placement of a nasogastric (NG) tube? 1. Abdominal X-rays 2. Injection of a small amount of air while listening with a stethoscope over the abdominal area 3. A check of the pH of fluid aspirated from the tube 4. Visualization of the measurement mark on the tube made at the time of insertion

3. A check of the pH of fluid aspirated from the tube RATIONALE: Intestinal, gastric, and respiratory fluids have different pH values. Therefore, checking the pH of fluid aspirated from the tube is the most reliable technique for checking proper NG tube placement without taking X-rays before each feeding. X-rays can't be performed multiple times a day on a daily basis. Because auscultation of air can be heard when the tube is in the esophagus as well as in the stomach, this isn't the best test for checking placement. Observing the insertion measurement mark isn't a good check either because the mark may remain the same even though the tube has migrated up or down into the esophagus, lungs, or intestines.

A child with suspected rheumatic fever is admitted to the pediatric unit. When obtaining the child's history, the nurse considers which information to be most important? 1. A fever that started 3 days ago 2. Lack of interest in food 3. A recent episode of pharyngitis 4. Vomiting for 2 days

3. A recent episode of pharyngitis RATIONALE: A recent episode of pharyngitis is the most important factor in establishing the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Although the child may have a history of fever or vomiting or lack interest in food, these findings aren't specific to rheumatic fever.

A nurse is assessing a child who recently received an antibiotic for an ear infection. The mother states that her child seems to have a harder time hearing than before and that the child told her that he hears ringing in his ears. The nurse suspects the child is taking an antibiotic from which class? 1. Cephalosporins 2. Penicillins 3. Aminoglycosides 4. Carbapenems

3. Aminoglycosides RATIONALE: Aminoglycosides have a high risk of ototoxicity, which is indicated by hearing loss and tinnitus. Cephalosporins, penicillins, and carbapenems aren't associated with ototoxicity.

A nurse is making assignments for the infant unit. The shift's team members include a licensed practical nurse (LPN) with 10 years of experience, a registered nurse (RN) with 3 months of experience, and a client care assistant. Which assignment is most appropriate for the LPN? 1. An infant being discharged to home following placement of a gastrostomy tube 2. An infant just returned from the postanesthesia care unit who requires hourly assessment of vital signs 3. An infant requiring abdominal dressing changes for a wound infection 4. An infant with agonal respirations who is receiving palliative care

3. An infant requiring abdominal dressing changes for a wound infection RATIONALE: The infant requiring dressing changes is within an LPN's scope of practice. This care has a predictable outcome. Client and family teaching — such as how to care for a gastrostomy tube — is an RN's responsibility. A client care assistant can be assigned to obtain vital signs and report the findings to the supervising RN. Because the outcome of the infant with agonal respirations is unpredictable, the RN shouldn't delegate his care to the LPN.

To decrease the likelihood of bradyarrhythmias in children during endotracheal intubation, succinylcholine (Anectine) is used with which agent? 1. Epinephrine (Adrenalin) 2. Isoproterenol (Isuprel) 3. Atropine 4. Lidocaine (Xylocaine)

3. Atropine RATIONALE: Succinylcholine is an ultra-short-acting depolarizing agent used for rapid-sequence intubation. Bradycardia can occur, especially in children. Atropine is the drug of choice in treating or preventing succinylcholine-induced bradycardia. Lidocaine is used in adults only. Epinephrine bolus and isoproterenol aren't used in rapid-sequence intubation because of their profound cardiac effects.

For a child with a Wilms' tumor, which preoperative nursing intervention takes highest priority? 1. Restricting oral intake 2. Monitoring acid-base balance 3. Avoiding abdominal palpation 4. Maintaining strict isolation

3. Avoiding abdominal palpation RATIONALE: Because manipulating the abdominal mass may disseminate cancer cells to adjacent and distant sites, the most important intervention for a child with a Wilms' tumor is to avoid palpating the abdomen. Restricting oral intake and monitoring acid-base balance are routine interventions for all preoperative clients; they have no higher priority in one with a Wilms' tumor. Isolation isn't required because a Wilms' tumor isn't infectious.

For a child with a circumferential chest burn, what is the most important factor for the nurse to assess? 1. Wound characteristics 2. Body temperature 3. Breathing pattern 4. Heart rate

3. Breathing pattern RATIONALE: Breathing pattern is the most important factor to assess because eschar impedes chest expansion in a child with a circumferential chest burn, causing breathing difficulty. Wound characteristics, body temperature, and heart rate are also factors that should be assessed, but they aren't as important as breathing pattern.

When performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a 7-month-old infant, which location would the nurse use to evaluate the presence of a pulse? 1. Carotid artery 2. Femoral artery 3. Brachial artery 4. Radial artery

3. Brachial artery RATIONALE: The brachial artery is the best location for evaluating the pulse of an infant younger than age 1. A child of this age has a very short and often fat neck, so the carotid artery is inaccessible. The femoral artery is usually inaccessible because of clothing and diapers. The radial artery may not be palpable if cardiac output is low, even if there is a heart beat.

How should a nurse prepare a suspension before administration? 1. By diluting it with normal saline solution 2. By diluting it with 5% dextrose solution 3. By shaking it so that all the drug particles are dispersed uniformly 4. By crushing remaining particles with a mortar and pestle

3. By shaking it so that all the drug particles are dispersed uniformly RATIONALE: The nurse should shake a suspension before administration to disperse drug particles uniformly. Diluting the suspension and crushing particles aren't recommended for this drug form.

When assessing a preschooler who has sustained a head trauma, the nurse notes that the child appears to be obtunded. Which finding supports this level of consciousness? 1. No motor or verbal response to noxious (painful) stimuli 2. Remains in a deep sleep; responsive only to vigorous and repeated stimulation 3. Can be roused with stimulation 4. Limited spontaneous movement; sluggish speech

3. Can be roused with stimulation RATIONALE: The child is obtunded if he can be aroused with stimulation. If the child shows no motor or verbal response to noxious stimuli, he's comatose. If the child remains in a deep sleep and is responsive only to vigorous and repeated stimulation, he's stuporous. If the child has limited spontaneous movement and sluggish speech, he's lethargic.

A parent brings a toddler, age 19 months, to the clinic for a regular checkup. When palpating the toddler's fontanels, what should the nurse expect to find? 1. Closed anterior fontanel and open posterior fontanel 2. Open anterior fontanel and closed posterior fontanel 3. Closed anterior and posterior fontanels 4. Open anterior and posterior fontanels

3. Closed anterior and posterior fontanels RATIONALE: By age 18 months, the anterior and posterior fontanels should be closed. The diamond-shaped anterior fontanel normally closes between ages 9 and 18 months. The triangular posterior fontanel normally closes between ages 2 and 3 months.

Which action illustrates the responsibilities of a pediatric case manager on the pediatric orthopedic unit? 1. Providing direct child care 2. Writing orders in the medical chart 3. Consulting with health care providers to make sure the child is following the critical pathway 4. Assisting the orthopedic surgeon in the operating room

3. Consulting with health care providers to make sure the child is following the critical pathway RATIONALE: Case managers follow a group of clients, ensuring that their care follows the appropriate critical pathway. These pathways contain a timeline designed to coordinate the multidisciplinary team toward a common goal of providing a short, safe, and healthy length of stay in the hospital. Registered nurses handle most of the direct bedside client care, whereas physicians and nurse practitioners are responsible for writing medical orders. The circulating nurse and scrub nurse work in the operating room, assisting the orthopedic surgeon.

A 9-year-old child presents to a school nurse with complaints of arm and leg pain. Upon assessment, the nurse identifies numerous purple to yellow ecchymotic areas. When asked, the child says that the bruises are the result of "being in trouble at home." Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. Arrange for the child to speak with the school psychologist as soon as possible. 2. Arrange for a meeting with the nurse, psychologist, school administrators, and the child's parents. 3. Contact the authorities immediately. 4. Contact an ambulance to transport the child to the emergency department.

3. Contact the authorities immediately. RATIONALE: When a nurse suspects abuse, she must contact the authorities immediately. Although speaking with the school psychologist may be helpful, the nurse shouldn't delay contacting the authorities. A family meeting might provide additional information, but the nurse must allow the authorities to investigate suspected abuse before confronting the child's parents. Because the child isn't in imminent distress, there's no need for an ambulance.

Which nursing activity supports the principles of palliative care for a dying infant and his family? 1. Maintaining routines and structure for the infant and his family 2. Clustering care activities to provide as much rest as possible for the infant 3. Creating a therapeutic, homelike environment for the infant and his family 4. Minimizing noise and disruption to decrease stress for the infant

3. Creating a therapeutic, homelike environment for the infant and his family RATIONALE: The goal of palliative care is to make the infant and his family as comfortable as possible. Maintaining routines and structure doesn't support the principles of palliative care. Clustering care activities may allow the infant more rest, but this action isn't a principle of palliative care. Minimizing noise and disruption isn't specifically related to palliative care.

A mother brings her 4-month-old infant to the clinic for a wellness checkup. Which immunizations should the infant receive? 1. Diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis (DTaP), inactivated polio virus (IPV), rotavirus, and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) 2. Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), rotavirus, DTaP, and IPV 3. DTaP, IPV, Hib, hepatitis B, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 4. DTaP, hepatitis B, Hib, and varicella

3. DTaP, IPV, Hib, hepatitis B, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) RATIONALE: DTaP, IPV, Hib, hepatitis B, and PCV are administered at ages 2 and 4 months. The MMR vaccine is typically administered at age 12 to 15 months. Rotavirus vaccine is no longer recommended because of the associated risk of intussusception. The varicella vaccine is commonly administered between ages 12 and 18 months.

A nurse is caring for an adolescent who has been diagnosed with a spleen laceration resulting from a skateboard accident. Which nursing diagnosis should be the highest priority? 1. Risk for injury related to unsteady gait 2. Disturbed body image 3. Deficient fluid volume (hemorrhage) 4. Impaired physical mobility

3. Deficient fluid volume (hemorrhage) RATIONALE: Deficient fluid volume (hemorrhage) is of highest priority because the spleen is a vascular organ. Laceration may lead to hemorrhage. Risk for injury related to unsteady gait isn't indicated in this situation. Disturbed body image isn't a concern because the adolescent doesn't have a visible injury. Although the adolescent may be placed on bed rest for 5 to 7 days, Impaired physical mobility isn't the priority nursing diagnosis.

A child with a fractured left femur receives a cast. A short time later, the nurse notices that the toes on the child's left foot are edematous. Which nursing action would be most appropriate? 1. Applying ice to the foot 2. Massaging the toes 3. Elevating the foot of the bed 4. Placing the child on his right side

3. Elevating the foot of the bed RATIONALE: To relieve edema of the toes, the most appropriate reaction is to raise the affected extremity above heart level such as by elevating the foot of the bed. Applying ice, massaging the toes, and placing the child on his right side wouldn't reduce swelling.

An 8-year-old child is refusing to have a scheduled appendectomy even though his parents have given informed consent for the surgery. Which action is most appropriate for the nurse to take? 1. Cancel the surgery until the child gives informed consent. 2. Explain the surgery in detail, telling the child that he might die if he doesn't have the operation. 3. Explore the child's knowledge of the procedure and his prior experiences with surgery. 4. Assure the child that other children have had the surgery and have done very well postoperatively.

3. Explore the child's knowledge of the procedure and his prior experiences with surgery. RATIONALE: By exploring the child's knowledge of the procedure and his prior experiences with surgery, the nurse may be better able to identify the etiology of his feelings about the procedure. Children can't provide informed consent; parents or guardians do so. Explaining the surgical procedure in detail and informing the child that he could die if he doesn't have the surgery would probably make him more fearful. Telling the child that other children have had the surgery and have done well offers false reassurance.

A high-risk adolescent is given a tuberculin intradermal skin test to detect tuberculosis infection. How long after the test is administered should the results be evaluated? 1. Immediately afterward 2. Within 24 hours 3. In 48 to 72 hours 4. After 5 days

3. In 48 to 72 hours RATIONALE: Tuberculin skin tests are tests of delayed hypersensitivity. If the test results are positive, a reaction should appear in 48 to 72 hours. Immediately afterward and within 24 hours of administration are too soon to observe a reaction. Waiting more than 5 days to evaluate the test is too long because any reaction that occurred may no longer be visible.

The parents of an adolescent girl have recently learned that their daughter has a terminal illness. At first, as they try to cope, they display avoidance behaviors. Then they demonstrate behaviors that indicate possible acceptance of the diagnosis. Which behavior indicates acceptance? 1. Failure to recognize the seriousness of the girl's condition despite physical evidence 2. Intellectualization about the illness in areas unrelated to the girl's condition 3. Expression of feelings, such as sorrow and anger, about the girl's condition 4. Avoidance of staff, family members, or the girl herself.

3. Expression of feelings, such as sorrow and anger, about the girl's condition RATIONALE: The ability to express feelings and relate them to the diagnosis is the first step in accepting the situation. Failing to recognize the seriousness of the girl's condition despite physical evidence, intellectualizing about the illness in areas unrelated to the girl's condition, and avoiding staff, family members, or the girl herself are all avoidance behaviors that represent a parent's inability to cope with the situation.

A nurse is assigned to an adolescent. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for a hospitalized adolescent? 1. Anxiety related to separation from parents 2. Fear related to the unknown 3. Fear related to altered body image 4. Ineffective coping related to activity restrictions

3. Fear related to altered body image RATIONALE: Fear related to altered body image is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for a hospitalized adolescent because of the adolescent's developmental level and concern for physical appearance. An adolescent may fear disfigurement resulting from procedures and treatments. Separation is rarely a major stressor for the adolescent, eliminating a diagnosis of Anxiety related to separation from parents. Adolescents may have Fear related to the unknown, but they typically ask questions if they want information. A diagnosis of Ineffective coping related to activity restrictions may be appropriate for a toddler who has difficulty tolerating activity restrictions but is an unlikely nursing diagnosis for an adolescent.

Which technique is most effective in preventing nosocomial infection transmission when caring for a preschooler? 1. Client isolation 2. Standard precautions 3. Hand washing 4. Needleless syringe system

3. Hand washing RATIONALE: Hand washing is the single most important measure for preventing infection transmission. Isolating the child and using infection control precautions are required for certain diseases, such as varicella, diphtheria, mumps, pertussis, measles, and meningitis. Standard precautions, which include hand washing, are guidelines for treating all clients as potentially infectious. A needleless syringe system will prevent transmission through needle sticks but not from body fluid contact.

A preschool-age child scheduled for surgery in the morning is admitted to the facility for the first time. Which nursing action would ease the child's anxiety? 1. Beginning preoperative teaching as soon as possible 2. Explaining that the child will be "put to sleep" during the operation and will feel nothing 3. Having the child act out the surgical experience using dolls and medical equipment 4. Explaining preoperative and postoperative procedures step by step

3. Having the child act out the surgical experience using dolls and medical equipment RATIONALE: Having the child act out the surgical experience using dolls and medical equipment would ease anxiety and give the nurse an opportunity to clarify the child's misconceptions. Preschoolers have a limited concept of time, so the nurse should provide preoperative teaching just before surgery rather than starting it as soon as possible; also, a delay between teaching and surgery may heighten anxiety by giving the child a chance to worry or fantasize. The nurse should avoid using such phrases as "put to sleep" because these may have a dual or negative meaning to a young child. Long explanations are inappropriate for the preschooler's developmental level and may increase anxiety.

A physician orders terbutaline 2.5 mg by mouth four times a day, for a child with bronchitis. If the child receives an I.V. infusion of terbutaline, which serious adverse reaction is possible? 1. Hypocalcemia 2. Hypercalcemia 3. Hypokalemia 4. Hyperkalemia

3. Hypokalemia RATIONALE: The nurse should monitor the client receiving an I.V. infusion of terbutaline for hypokalemia, lactic acidosis, chest pain, arrhythmias, dyspnea, bloating, chills, or anaphylactic shock. Terbutaline doesn't cause calcium imbalances.

What advice should a nurse give to the parents of a 2-year-old child who frequently throws temper tantrums? 1. Move the toddler to a different setting. 2. Allow the toddler more choices. 3. Ignore the behavior when it happens. 4. Give into the toddler's demands.

3. Ignore the behavior when it happens. RATIONALE: Ignoring tantrums is the best advice because paying attention to the undesirable behavior can reinforce it. Changing settings can actually increase the tantrum behavior. Allowing the toddler more choices may also increase tantrum behavior if the toddler is unable to follow through with choices. It's ill-advised to give into the toddler's demands because doing so only promotes tantrum behavior.

According to Erikson's theory of development, chronic illness can interfere with which stage of development in an 11-year-old child? 1. Intimacy versus isolation 2. Trust versus mistrust 3. Industry versus inferiority 4. Identity versus role confusion

3. Industry versus inferiority RATIONALE: According to Erikson, an 11-year-old child is working through the stage of industry versus inferiority. Chronic illness may interfere with this stage of development in an 11-year-old child because the child may not be able to accomplish tasks, which prevents him from achieving a sense of industry. Intimacy is the developmental task of a young adult. Trust is the developmental task to be achieved during infancy. Identity is the developmental task of adolescence.

Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for a preschool child with epiglottiditis? 1. Anxiety related to separation from parent 2. Decreased cardiac output related to bradycardia 3. Ineffective airway clearance related to laryngospasm 4. Impaired gas exchange related to noncompliant lungs

3. Ineffective airway clearance related to laryngospasm RATIONALE: Ineffective airway clearance related to laryngospasm is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for a preschool child with epiglottiditis because complete upper airway obstruction may occur suddenly and be precipitated by improper examination or intervention. The upper airway obstruction is the result of laryngospasm and edema. Anxiety related to separation from parent isn't an appropriate nursing diagnosis because the client is likely anxious because of respiratory distress. The nurse should allow the parent to stay with the child and should encourage the parent to hold and reassure the child. The child will probably be tachycardic, not bradycardic until respiratory failure ensues. The child has impaired gas exchange from impeded airflow, not from a noncompliant lung.

At the health clinic, a sexually active 15-year-old girl tells a nurse she's worried that her parents may find out about her sexual activity. "They would never approve," she says. The nurse should formulate which nursing diagnosis? 1. Delayed growth and development related to sexual activity 2. Impaired social interaction related to boyfriend's expectations 3. Ineffective sexuality patterns related to parent's expectations 4. Fear related to boyfriend's expectations

3. Ineffective sexuality patterns related to parent's expectations RATIONALE: This girl is expressing concerns about the conflict between her parent's expectations and her own desires. Sexual activity is a normal experimental pattern for many adolescents, but she verbalizes parental expectations against this behavior. No evidence suggests she's having a conflict with her boyfriend, delayed growth, or problems with social interactions.

Which interview strategy contributes to a poor nurse-adolescent relationship? 1. Maintaining objectivity by avoiding assumptions, judgments, and lectures 2. Beginning with less-sensitive issues and proceed to more-sensitive ones 3. Interviewing adolescents with their parents present 4. Asking open-ended questions and moving to more directive questions when possible

3. Interviewing adolescents with their parents present RATIONALE: When possible, adolescents should be interviewed without their parents present to ensure confidentiality and privacy. Interviewing adolescents with their parents present hinders the formation of the nurse-adolescent relationship. Avoiding assumptions, judgments, and lectures will increase the adolescents' comfort in disclosing sensitive information. Begin with less-sensitive questions so the adolescents won't feel threatened and uncomfortable and become uncooperative during the interview. Ask open-ended questions to give adolescents opportunities to share their psychosocial context.

When assessing a child with hemophilia, the nurse identifies which condition as an early sign of hemarthrosis? 1. Decreased peripheral pulses 2. Active bleeding 3. Joint stiffness 4. Hematuria

3. Joint stiffness RATIONALE: Joint stiffness is an early sign of hemarthrosis. Hemarthrosis doesn't affect pulses and bleeding into the joints can't be observed directly. Hematuria is incorrect because this sign indicates bleeding in the urinary tract.

A 10-year-old boy falls, injures his left shoulder, and is taken to the emergency department. While the client waits to be seen by the physician, what intervention should the nurse perform first? 1. Apply a warm compress to the injured shoulder. 2. Ask him to demonstrate full range of motion of his left arm. 3. Keep him in a comfortable position and apply ice to the injured shoulder. 4. Give him a nonopioid analgesic for pain.

3. Keep him in a comfortable position and apply ice to the injured shoulder. RATIONALE: Ice should be applied first to reduce swelling and pain. The client should also be helped into a comfortable position. The nurse shouldn't apply warm compresses because it may increase swelling and cause bleeding into the injured tissue. Demonstrating full range of motion of the left arm may cause further damage to the injured area. In the emergency department, the nurse must have a physician's order to administer an analgesic.

An adolescent admitted with sickle cell anemia is most at risk for developing which complication? 1. Swelling of the hands and feet 2. Petechiae 3. Leg ulcers 4. Hemangiomas

3. Leg ulcers RATIONALE: In sickle cell anemia, sickling of red blood cells leads to increased blood viscosity and impaired circulation. Diminished peripheral circulation makes the adolescent or adult with sickle cell anemia susceptible to chronic leg ulcers. In children younger than age 2 who have sickle cell anemia (not adolescents), swelling of the hands and feet (hand-foot syndrome) commonly occurs during a vaso-occlusive crisis as a result of infarction of short tubular bones. Petechiae aren't associated specifically with sickle cell anemia. Hemangiomas, benign tumors of dilated blood vessels, aren't linked to sickle cell anemia.

A nurse is performing a respiratory assessment on a 5-year-old child diagnosed with pneumonia. Which assessment finding should be reported to the physician immediately? 1. Mouth breathing 2. Foul odor from the mouth 3. Moderate intercostal retractions 4. Irregular respirations while awake

3. Moderate intercostal retractions RATIONALE: Normally, children and men use the abdominal muscles to breathe, whereas women use the thoracic muscles. Use of the accessory or intercostal muscles would indicate a respiratory problem and should be immediately reported to the physician. Mouth breathing and a foul odor from the mouth aren't cause for concern. Irregular respirations while awake aren't an unusual finding in a young child.

Which toxic adverse reaction should the nurse monitor for in a toddler taking digoxin (Lanoxin)? 1. Weight gain 2. Tachycardia 3. Nausea and vomiting 4. Seizures

3. Nausea and vomiting RATIONALE: Digoxin toxicity in infants and children may present with nausea, vomiting, anorexia, or a slow, irregular heart rate. Weight gain, tachycardia, and seizures aren't findings in digoxin toxicity.

An adolescent admitted to the adolescent unit with pain caused by sickle cell crisis. Who should be consulted first about this adolescent's care? 1. Nutritionist 2. Physical therapist 3. Pediatric pain specialist 4. Case manager

3. Pediatric pain specialist RATIONALE: Children and adolescents hospitalized with sickle cell crisis are commonly in excruciating pain. Therefore, the pediatric pain specialist should be consulted first to help relieve the adolescent's pain. The adolescent also requires hydration with I.V. fluids, but consulting a nutritionist isn't important at this time. Bed rest is commonly ordered to minimize energy expenditure and oxygen demand; therefore, consulting a physical therapist isn't necessary at this time. It isn't necessary to consult the case manager first; pain relief is most important at this time.

A child, age 4, is brought to the clinic for a routine examination. When observing the tympanic membrane, the nurse identifies which color as normal? 1. Light pink 2. Deep red 3. Pinkish gray 4. Yellowish white

3. Pinkish gray RATIONALE: The tympanic membrane normally appears pinkish gray, shiny, and translucent. A light pink, deep red, or yellowish white tympanic membrane is abnormal.

A nurse should assess the maturity of enzyme systems (kidney and liver) in which pediatric population before administering medications? 1. Adolescents 2. Neonates 3. Premature infants 4. Toddlers

3. Premature infants RATIONALE: Factors related to growth and maturation significantly alter an individual's capacity to metabolize and excrete drugs. Thus, the premature infant is at risk for problems because of immaturity. Deficiencies associated with immaturity become more important with decreasing age. Enzyme systems develop quickly, with most increasing to adult levels within 1 to 8 weeks after birth. Within the first year of life, all are probably as active as they will ever be.

A child, age 4, is hospitalized because of alleged sexual abuse. What is the best nursing intervention for this child? 1. Avoiding touching the child 2. Preventing the suspected abuser from visiting the child 3. Providing play situations that allow disclosure 4. Discouraging the child from talking about what happened

3. Providing play situations that allow disclosure RATIONALE: The best nursing intervention is to provide play situations because through certain play situations, a sexually abused child can disclose information without actually talking about himself or herself. Avoiding touch would be inappropriate because an abused child needs to be touched and cared for like any other hospitalized child. The nurse can't restrict visitation unless the threat of repeated abuse exists while the child is hospitalized. The nurse shouldn't discourage discussion of the abuse if the child feels able to talk about it.

A 4-year-old child is being treated for status asthmaticus. His arterial blood gas analysis reveals a pH of 7.28, PaCO2 of 55 mm Hg, and HCO3− of 26 mEq/L. What condition do these findings indicate? 1. Respiratory alkalosis 2. Metabolic acidosis 3. Respiratory acidosis 4. Metabolic alkalosis

3. Respiratory acidosis RATIONALE: A pH less than 7.35 and a PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg indicate respiratory acidosis. Status asthmaticus is a medical emergency that's characterized by respiratory distress. Persistent hypoventilation leads to the accumulation of carbon dioxide, resulting in respiratory acidosis.

Parents of a preschooler with chickenpox ask the nurse about measures to make their child comfortable. The nurse instructs the parents to avoid administering aspirin or any other product that contains salicylates. When given to children with chickenpox, aspirin has been linked to which disorder? 1. Guillain-Barré syndrome 2. Rheumatic fever 3. Reye's syndrome 4. Scarlet fever

3. Reye's syndrome RATIONALE: Research shows a correlation between the use of aspirin in children with flulike symptoms and the development of Reye's syndrome (a disorder characterized by brain and liver toxicity). Therefore, the nurse should instruct the parents to avoid administering aspirin or other products that contain salicylates and to consult the physician or pharmacist before administering any medication to a child with chickenpox. No research has found a link between aspirin use, chickenpox, and the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, rheumatic fever, or scarlet fever.

A dehydrated infant is receiving I.V. therapy. The mother tells the nurse she wants to hold her infant but is afraid this might cause the I.V. line to become dislodged. What should the nurse do? 1. Tell the mother it's best not to move the infant now. 2. Inform the mother that only a nurse should hold the infant during I.V. therapy. 3. Show the mother how to hold the infant properly. 4. Advise the mother to let the infant lie quietly in bed.

3. Show the mother how to hold the infant properly. RATIONALE: Infants with I.V. lines should be held with care. The nurse should encourage and show the mother how to hold the infant properly and teach her about I.V. care measures to enhance her confidence and skill. The nurse should encourage the mother to participate in the child's care whenever possible, not just during I.V. therapy. There's no need for the infant to have to lie quietly in bed.

A child, age 3, is hospitalized for treatment of Kawasaki disease. Which of these nursing diagnoses should receive priority in the child's care plan: 1. Self-care deficit 2. Diarrhea 3. Risk for injury 4. Caregiver role strain

3. Risk for injury RATIONALE: Kawasaki disease, which affects young children, is characterized by acute systemic vasculitis. Risk for injury should receive priority because this inflammation of blood vessels leads to platelet accumulation and the formation of thrombi or obstruction in the heart and blood vessels. Approximately 10 days after the onset of the disease process, the platelet count rises and thrombi may form in the coronary arteries, leading to a myocardial infarction. The nurse must monitor the child closely for chest pain, cyanosis or pallor, and changes in the blood pressure. Diarrhea isn't a symptom of Kawasaki disease. Although Self-care deficit and Caregiver role strain may be appropriate diagnoses for this child, they don't take priority over Risk for injury.

A child, age 3, with lead poisoning is admitted to the facility for chelation therapy. The nurse must stay alert for which adverse effect of chelation therapy? 1. Anaphylaxis 2. Fever and chills 3. Seizures 4. Heart failure

3. Seizures RATIONALE: Chelation therapy removes lead by combining it with another substance to form a soluble compound that the kidneys can excrete. The nurse should stay alert for seizures because as lead is mobilized from bone and other tissues, the serum lead level rises rapidly, increasing the client's risk of seizures. Chelation therapy doesn't cause anaphylaxis, fever, chills, or heart failure.

A 6-year-old child was admitted to the pediatric unit after sustaining a broken leg in a motor vehicle accident. Which specialist would be most important to involve in this child's care during hospitalization? 1. Home care nurse 2. Nutritionist 3. Social worker 4. Infectious disease nurse

3. Social worker RATIONALE: The nurse should collaborate with the social worker to provide care for the child involved in a motor vehicle accident. After such a traumatic life event, this child's care will involve dealing with his emotional health as well as his physical recovery. Home health care isn't usually needed for this type of injury, and nutrition isn't a top priority problem for this child. There's nothing to suggest that the infectious disease nurse is required to care for this child.

A 10-year-old child presents to the emergency department with dehydration. A physician orders 1 L of normal saline solution be administered at a rate of 60 ml/hour. While preparing the infusion, a nurse notices that the I.V. pump's safety inspection sticker has expired. Which action should the nurse take next? 1. After starting the fluids, contact the maintenance department and request a pump inspection. 2. Hang the fluids without the pump, carefully calculating the drip rate by visual inspection. 3. Take the pump out of commission and locate a pump with a valid inspection sticker. 4. Begin the infusion of the fluids while looking for a pump with a valid inspection sticker.

3. Take the pump out of commission and locate a pump with a valid inspection sticker. RATIONALE: The nurse shouldn't use any equipment that doesn't have current inspection information. The pump could malfunction, causing harm to the patient. The nurse should remove the pump from service and locate a pump with the proper inspection information.

A school-age child reveals to the nurse that his father has been abusing him. What constitutes a breach of the child's right to confidentiality? 1. Telling the child you're required by law to report the abuse 2. Informing the child's attending physician about the conversation 3. Telling the child in the next room, who also suffered abuse, so the two children can talk to each other 4. Informing local authorities and reporting the case

3. Telling the child in the next room, who also suffered abuse, so the two children can talk to each other RATIONALE: Children have a right to privacy and confidentiality when it comes to their medical condition, treatment plans, and even the fact that they are hospitalized. Therefore, telling another child about the abuse (even if they have that in common) is a breach of confidentiality. A nurse is required by law to report suspected child abuse to the proper local authorities. The attending physician is part of the health care team and needs to be informed about the suspected abuse. These actions don't breach the child's right to confidentiality.

For a child with tracheobronchitis, the nurse formulates a nursing diagnosis of Ineffective airway clearance related to thick secretions. After implementing interventions, the nurse expects which client outcome? 1. The child exhibits a respiratory rate of 44 breaths/minute. 2. The child exhibits an arterial oxygen saturation of 85%. 3. The child exhibits clear breath sounds. 4. The child exhibits increased anxiety.

3. The child exhibits clear breath sounds. RATIONALE: The nurse should expect clear breath sounds because this outcome indicates an improved respiratory status and airway clearance. A respiratory rate of 44 breaths/minute is high and indicates a respiratory problem. An arterial oxygen saturation of 85% is abnormally low. Decreased, not increased, anxiety would indicate effective airway clearance.

A 10-year-old child must undergo a surgical procedure. Does the nurse need to obtain consent from the child? 1. The child doesn't need to know about the procedure because he is a minor. 2. The child must sign the form giving written informed consent. 3. The child must be informed of the procedure and concur with his mother, who is giving written consent. 4. The child only needs to know if the procedure is part of a research protocol.

3. The child must be informed of the procedure and concur with his mother, who is giving written consent. RATIONALE: Assent, not consent, must be obtained from any child who is in the concrete operations thought stage of development (usually a child older than age 7). Assent involves knowledge of the procedure and agreement with the person authorized to give written informed consent. A child should always be notified of the treatment plan but he is too young to authorize consent. Careful ethical consideration should be given when using any person younger than age 18 in a research protocol.

A nurse realizes she is 1 hour late in administering a dose of medication for a 4-year-old child. She gives the medication immediately, and assesses the child. The child isn't harmed by the delay. Which action should the nurse take next? 1. No further action is necessary. 2. The nurse should notify the physician of the error. 3. The nurse should follow facility procedures for reporting an error. 4. The nurse should document a medication error in the client's chart.

3. The nurse should follow facility procedures for reporting an error. RATIONALE: Although no harm came to the child, this scenario is an example of a medication error. The nurse should follow the facility's procedure for reporting the error because it allows the facility to adequately assess the causes of medication errors, and isn't meant to place blame on any one person. The nurse in this instance doesn't need to notify the physician because there was no harm to the child. Also, the nurse shouldn't document that an error took place in the child's chart; doing so may place her at risk in the event of a lawsuit.

A 7-year-old child is admitted with epiglottiditis. Which is the most likely finding on a lateral neck X-ray in a child with this condition? 1. Supraglottic narrowing 2. Steeple sign 3. Thickened mass 4. Subglottic narrowing

3. Thickened mass RATIONALE: X-ray assessment of the lateral neck helps diagnose common respiratory emergencies in children. The lateral neck X-ray of a child with epiglottiditis shows a thickened mass. The steeple sign is found in a child with viral croup syndrome. Subglottic narrowing with membranous tracheal exudate is found in bacterial tracheitis. Supraglottic narrowing isn't a diagnostic indicator.

A mother tells the nurse that her 22-month-old child says no to everything. When scolded, the toddler gets angry and starts crying loudly but then immediately wants to be held. What is the best interpretation of this behavior? 1. The toddler isn't coping with stress effectively. 2. The toddler's need for affection isn't being met. 3. This behavior is normal in a 2-year-old child. 4. This behavior suggests the need for counseling.

3. This behavior is normal in a 2-year-old child. RATIONALE: Toddlers are confronted with the conflict of achieving autonomy yet relinquishing their much-enjoyed dependence on — and affection of — others. Therefore, their negativism is a necessary assertion of self-control and should be considered a normal behavior. Nothing about this behavior indicates that the child is under stress, isn't receiving sufficient affection, or requires counseling.

A child with a poor nutritional status and weight loss is at risk for a negative nitrogen balance. To help diagnose this problem, the nurse anticipates that the physician will order which laboratory test? 1. Total iron-binding capacity 2. Hemoglobin (Hb) 3. Total protein 4. Sweat test

3. Total protein RATIONALE: The nurse anticipates the physician will order a total protein test because negative nitrogen balance may result from inadequate protein intake. Measuring total iron-binding capacity and Hb levels would help detect iron deficiency anemia, not a negative nitrogen balance. The sweat test helps diagnose cystic fibrosis, not a negative nitrogen balance.

Parents of a 6-year-old tell a physician that the child has been having periods of unawareness with short periods of staring. Based on his history, the child is probably having which type of seizure? 1. Complex partial 2. Myoclonic 3. Typical absence 4. Tonic

3. Typical absence RATIONALE: This child is probably having typical absence seizures. Typical absence seizures have an onset between ages 3 and 12. This type of seizure is exhibited by an abrupt loss of consciousness, amnesia, or unawareness characterized by staring and a 3-cycle/second spike and waveform on an EEG. The attack lasts from 10 to 30 seconds and may occur as frequently as 50 to 100 times a day. No postictal or confused state follows the attack. A complex partial seizure causes a brief impairment of consciousness. A myoclonic seizure occurs in older children and is exhibited by lightning jerks without loss of consciousness. An abrupt increase in muscle tone, loss of consciousness, and marked autonomic signs and symptoms characterize the tonic seizure.

A child, age 5, is brought to the pediatrician's office for a routine visit. When inspecting the child's mouth, the nurse expects to find how many teeth? 1. Up to 10 2. Up to 15 3. Up to 20 4. Up to 32

3. Up to 20 RATIONALE: A child may have up to 20 deciduous teeth by age 5. The first tooth usually erupts by age 6 months; the last, by age 30 months. Deciduous teeth usually are shed between ages 6 and 13.

A nurse should determine a child's body surface area by using: 1. weight. 2. height. 3. a nomogram. 4. the difference between weight and height.

3. a nomogram. RATIONALE: The method for determining body surface area is a three-column chart called a nomogram. The nurse marks the child's height in the first column and weight in the third column, then draws a line between the two marks. The point at which the line intersects the vertical scale in the second column indicates the estimated body surface area of the child in square meters. Using height or weight alone isn't sufficient, and the difference between weight and height isn't a measurement of body surface area.

While assessing a 2-month-old infant's airway, the nurse finds that he isn't breathing. After two unsuccessful attempts to establish an airway, the nurse should: 1. attempt rescue breaths. 2. attempt to establish an airway a third time. 3. administer five back blows. 4. attempt to ventilate with a handheld resuscitation bag.

3. administer five back blows. RATIONALE: The nurse should clear the airway with back blows and chest thrusts. Attempting rescue breaths is futile because they can't be administered until the airway is patent. After two attempts to establish an airway, the nurse can assume the airway is blocked. The nurse can't attempt to ventilate the infant with a handheld resuscitation bag until the airway is patent.

A mother brings her 2-month-old infant to the clinic for a well-baby checkup. To best assess the interaction between the mother and infant, the nurse should observe them: 1. as the infant plays. 2. as the infant sleeps. 3. as the mother feeds the infant. 4. as the mother rocks the infant.

3. as the mother feeds the infant. RATIONALE: The nurse can best assess mother-infant interaction during feeding, such as by observing how closely the mother holds the infant and how she looks at the infant's face. These behaviors help reveal the mother's anxiety level and overall feelings for the infant. The infant's posture and response during feeding provide clues to the infant's comfort level and feelings. Sleeping doesn't provide an opportunity for mother-infant interaction. Although playing and rocking may provide clues about mother-infant interaction, they aren't the best activities to assess. During playing, for example, the mother may interact with the infant at a distance whereas rocking promotes closeness but not interaction; the mother can rock the infant while talking to someone else or staring off into the distance.

A nurse is giving instructions to parents of a school-age child diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. The instructions should include: 1. applying cold to affected areas to reduce the child's discomfort. 2. restricting the child's fluids during crisis situations. 3. avoiding areas of low oxygen concentration such as high altitudes. 4. encouraging the child to exercise to reduce the likelihood of crisis.

3. avoiding areas of low oxygen concentration such as high altitudes. RATIONALE: The child should avoid areas of low oxygen, such as high altitudes, because they may precipitate sickle cell crisis. Applying warm compresses will reduce discomfort to the affected area; cold compresses, however, may add to discomfort by increasing sickling and impairing circulation. The child should be encouraged to drink fluids to rehydrate cells. Strenuous exercise may induce, not reduce, sickle cell crisis.

A nurse is teaching the parents of a young child how to handle suspected poisoning. If the child ingests poison, the parents should first: 1. administer ipecac syrup. 2. call an ambulance. 3. call the poison control center. 4. punish the child for being bad.

3. call the poison control center. RATIONALE: Before intervening in any way, the parents should first call the poison control center for specific instructions. Ipecac syrup is no longer recommended for the ingestion of poisons. The parents may have to call an ambulance after calling the poison control center. Punishment for being bad isn't appropriate because the parents are responsible for making the environment safe.

A nurse is caring for an adolescent involved in a motor vehicle crash. The adolescent has a chest tube in place. If the chest tube is accidentally removed, the nurse should immediately: 1. reintroduce the tube and attach it to water seal drainage. 2. call a physician and obtain a chest tray. 3. cover the opening with petroleum gauze. 4. clean the wound with povidone-iodine and apply a gauze dressing.

3. cover the opening with petroleum gauze. RATIONALE: If a chest tube is accidentally removed, the nurse should cover the insertion site with sterile petroleum gauze. The nurse should then observe the client for respiratory distress because tension pneumothorax may develop. If tension pneumothorax does develop, the nurse should remove the gauze to allow air to escape. The nurse shouldn't reintroduce the tube. Rather, the nurse should have another staff member call a physician so another tube can be introduced by the physician under sterile conditions.

While providing care for a hospitalized infant, a nurse is summoned to the phone. The caller requests information about the infant's condition. The nurse should: 1. update the caller in the interest of good public relations. 2. protect the infant's confidentiality by divulging no information to the caller. 3. determine the caller's identity before responding. 4. transfer the call to the infant's room.

3. determine the caller's identity before responding. RATIONALE: The nurse must identify the caller before giving information or refusing to give information. Client confidentiality is mandatory and isn't negated by the concept of public relations. The caller's identity and relationship to the infant may make it appropriate for the nurse to divulge information over the phone. The nurse doesn't need to transfer the call.

A 14-month-old child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is admitted to the facility with an infection. When developing a care plan, the nurse must keep in mind that AIDS in children commonly is associated with: 1. Kaposi's sarcoma. 2. congenital heart anomalies. 3. developmental delays. 4. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

3. developmental delays. RATIONALE: Children with AIDS commonly exhibit developmental delays or regression. To plan developmentally appropriate care and establish realistic goals, the nurse must obtain information about the child's developmental status. Unlike adults with AIDS, children with this disease rarely develop Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS isn't associated with congenital heart anomalies. Clinical manifestations of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by immunodeficiency, resemble those of AIDS; however, the two syndromes aren't related.

A nurse observes a 10-month-old infant chewing on the security alarm attached to his identification bracelet. The nurse should: 1. remove the security device because it's a choking hazard. 2. instruct the infant to stop chewing on the device. 3. distract the infant with a more appropriate toy. 4. instruct the infant's parent regarding the safety hazard.

3. distract the infant with a more appropriate toy. RATIONALE: Distraction with an appropriate chewing toy provides safety and is developmentally supportive. Removing the security device isn't appropriate; it must remain attached to the infant. Telling an infant not to chew on the security device isn't appropriate because chewing is typical behavior at the age of 10 months. Instructing the infant's parents about the safety hazard isn't the best response; doing so won't eliminate the immediate hazard and doesn't refocus the infant's attention.

A nurse is teaching childcare classes for adolescent mothers. To enhance the adolescents' understanding of infant safety in relation to the infant's perspective, the nurse should: 1. instruct the adolescents to discuss infant safety with their pediatricians. 2. present a video about pregnancy prevention. 3. have the adolescents crawl around on the floor to look for potential hazards. 4. lecture the adolescents about poison control.

3. have the adolescents crawl around on the floor to look for potential hazards. RATIONALE: Crawling on the floor is a participative activity that can help promote understanding of infant safety in relation to the infant's perspective. The nurse doesn't need to instruct the adolescents to discuss infant safety with their pediatricians because she can provide such information in the class environment. Presenting a lecture or video doesn't directly focus on the infant's perspective on safety.

Most oral pediatric medications are administered: 1. with the nighttime formula. 2. ½ hour after meals. 3. on an empty stomach. 4. with meals.

3. on an empty stomach. RATIONALE: Most oral pediatric medications are administered on an empty stomach. They aren't usually administered with milk or formula because these can affect gastric pH and alter drug absorption. Because a child's meals usually contain milk or a milk product, the nurse wouldn't administer the drugs with meals or even ½ hour after meals.

The development of disaster plans should take into consideration that children are more susceptible to the effects of a chemical attack than adults because children: 1. have smaller body surface areas than adults. 2. breathe at a slower rate than adults. 3. have thinner skin than adults. 4. have a low risk of developing rapid dehydration.

3. have thinner skin than adults. RATIONALE: Children are more susceptible to the effects of chemical and biological attacks because they have thinner skin than adults, increasing their risk of absorbing a chemical. They also have a larger, not smaller, body surface area in relation to their weight than do adults, which increases the chance of chemical absorption. Children breathe at a faster, not slower, rate than adults, allowing them to inhale greater amounts of a toxic agent. Additionally, some chemical agents are heavier than air and accumulate close to the ground, which is closer to a child's breathing zone than an adult's. Because they have less fluid reserve than adults, children are at greater risk of developing rapid dehydration from agents that cause vomiting or diarrhea.

A nurse is caring for a toddler with Down syndrome. To help the toddler cope with painful procedures, the nurse can: 1. prepare the child by positive self-talk. 2. establish a time limit to get ready for the procedure. 3. hold and rock him and give him a security object. 4. count and sing with the child.

3. hold and rock him and give him a security object. RATIONALE: The child with Down syndrome may have difficulty coping with painful procedures and may regress during his illness. Holding, rocking, and giving the child a security object is helpful because it may be comforting to the child. An older child or a child without Down syndrome may benefit from positive self-talk, time limits, and diversionary tactics, such as counting and singing; however, the success of these tactics depends on the child.

A 3-year-old child with Down syndrome is admitted to the pediatric unit with asthma. The child doesn't enunciate words well and holds onto furniture when he walks. The nurse should ask the mother: 1. how long the child has been like this. 2. if the child is able to walk without holding onto furniture. 3. how the child's condition today differs from his normal condition. 4. if the child always drools.

3. how the child's condition today differs from his normal condition. RATIONALE: The nurse should ask how the child's condition differs from his normal condition in order to identify the chief complaint. Asking how long the child has been like this may be interpreted poorly by the caregiver. The nurse shouldn't ask if the child can walk without holding onto furniture because focusing on what the child can do — not on what he can't do — preserves the family's self-esteem. Focusing on negative aspects of the child's behavior, such as constant drooling, is inappropriate.

A child with a full-thickness burn is scheduled for debridement using hydrotherapy. Before hydrotherapy begins, the nurse should: 1. administer fluids as ordered. 2. administer antibiotics as ordered. 3. implement pain control measures. 4. provide nutritional supplements.

3. implement pain control measures. RATIONALE: Because hydrotherapy is painful, the nurse should implement pain control measures before this treatment begins. Fluids and nutritional supplements can be given at any time and aren't required specifically before hydrotherapy. Antibiotics should be administered according to a specified schedule without regard to any treatment.

The nurse is administering the Denver Developmental Screening Test to a 6-month-old infant during a well-baby checkup. She notes that the child is unable to use a pincer grasp. The nurse notes that this finding: 1. suggests the infant needs a neurologic evaluation. 2. indicates the need for further developmental testing. 3. is a normal finding in a 6-month-old infant. 4. indicates the infant is ahead in developmental milestones.

3. is a normal finding in a 6-month-old infant. RATIONALE: The Denver Developmental Screening Test evaluates the developmental level of social, motor, and language skills in children ages 1 month to 6 years. An infant doesn't develop the ability to use a pincer grasp until about 9 months, so the lack of such a grasp in a 6-month-old infant is a normal finding. A neurologic evaluation or more developmental testing isn't indicated.

Parents of a child, age 6, who will begin school in the fall ask the nurse for anticipatory guidance. The nurse should explain that a child of this age: 1. still depends on the parents. 2. rebels against scheduled activities. 3. is highly sensitive to criticism. 4. loves to tattle.

3. is highly sensitive to criticism. RATIONALE: A nurse should explain that a 6-year-old child has a precarious sense of self that can cause overreaction to criticism and a sense of inferiority. By age 6, most children no longer depend on the parents for daily tasks and actually love the routine of a schedule. Tattling is more common at age 4 or 5; by age 6, the child wants to make friends and be a friend.

A nurse in a well-child clinic is assessing children for scoliosis. Which child is most at risk for scoliosis? 1. 8-year-old boy 2. Teenage boy 3. 6-year-old girl 4. 10-year-old girl

4. 10-year-old girl RATIONALE: The 10-year-old girl is most at risk because scoliosis is five times more common in girls than boys, and its peak age of incidence is between ages 8 and 15. The 8-year-old boy or a teenage boy may develop scoliosis but it's more common in females. A 6-year-old girl is typically too young to be diagnosed with scoliosis.

A child, age 5, is to have potassium added to his I.V. fluid. Before initiating this therapy, the nurse first should: 1. assess the child's apical pulse rate. 2. measure the blood pressure. 3. monitor fluid intake and output. 4. assess respiratory rate and depth.

3. monitor fluid intake and output. RATIONALE: The nurse should first monitor fluid intake and output because potassium shouldn't be added to the I.V. fluid until the child's kidney function is shown to be adequate, as indicated by balanced fluid intake and output and certain diagnostic test results. Assessing the child's apical pulse rate, measuring blood pressure, and assessing respiratory rate and depth aren't related to potassium administration.

A nurse-manager recognizes that infiltration commonly occurs during I.V. infusions for infants on the hospital's inpatient unit. The nurse-manager should: 1. develop an I.V. team with expertise in starting infant infusions. 2. provide nursing staff with in-service education about I.V. infusions. 3. obtain data about the types and frequency of infiltrations involved to conduct further study. 4. develop a policy for restarting all I.V. sites after 72 hours of infusion therapy.

3. obtain data about the types and frequency of infiltrations involved to conduct further study. RATIONALE: The nurse must obtain more information about the problem before implementing a change intended to improve performance on the unit. Developing an I.V. team, providing in-service education, and establishing a policy of restarting I.V. sites after 72 hours of infusion therapy aren't the best actions at this time.

A nurse is caring for a 19-month-old infant with dehydration and weight loss. The infant's mother states that her son doesn't like to eat and that she hates to make him eat. The nurse should: 1. contact the social worker on duty and give her information about the situation. 2. contact the physician to have the child put in isolation. 3. request that a dietitian talk with the parent about infants and nutrition. 4. contact the local police department to report suspected child abuse.

3. request that a dietitian talk with the parent about infants and nutrition. RATIONALE: The infant's mother needs assistance in maintaining her child's diet. Requesting that a dietitian speak with the mother about the child's diet is within the nurse's scope of practice. The nurse shouldn't call the local police or the social worker on duty because there is no evidence of child abuse or neglect. Many infants are picky eaters and choose not to eat or drink. The nurse doesn't need to call the physician to have the infant put in isolation. Isolation isn't indicated for dehydration.

A nurse is teaching parents how to reduce the spread of impetigo. The nurse should encourage parents to: 1. teach children to cover mouths and noses when they sneeze. 2. have their children immunized against impetigo. 3. teach children the importance of proper hand washing. 4. isolate the child with impetigo from other members of the family.

3. teach children the importance of proper hand washing. RATIONALE: The spread of childhood infections, including impetigo, can be reduced when children are taught proper hand-washing technique. Because impetigo is spread through direct contact, covering the mouth and nose when sneezing won't prevent its spread. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent a child from contracting impetigo. Isolating the child with impetigo is unnecessary.

For the last 6 days, a 7-month-old infant has been receiving amoxicillin trihydrate (Amoxil) to treat an ear infection. Now the parents report redness in the diaper area and small, red patches on the infant's inner thighs and buttocks. After diagnosing Candida albicans, the physician orders topical nystatin (Mycostatin) to be applied to the perineum four times daily. The nurse should focus her assessment on: 1. the infant's heart and respiratory rate. 2. the infant's fontanels. 3. the inside of the infant's mouth. 4. the infant's height and weight.

3. the inside of the infant's mouth. RATIONALE: The nurse should pay close attention to the inside of the infant's mouth for white patches. Signs of thrush, these patches are common in children with C. albicans infections and should be reported to the physician. Although the other assessments should be performed as a part of an infant evaluation, they aren't the nurse's primary focus in this situation.

A nurse observes a play group of 2-year-old children. The nurse expects to see: 1. four children playing dodgeball. 2. three children playing tag. 3. two children side by side in the sandbox building sand castles. 4. one child playing with clay and another child using flash cards.

3. two children side by side in the sandbox building sand castles. RATIONALE: Two-year-olds exhibit parallel play; that is, they engage in similar activity, side by side. Playing dodgeball and tag are examples of interactive play, common to school-age children. Playing with clay and using flash cards are behaviors seen in preschool children.

A physician orders penicillin 200,000 units/kg/day IV q6h for a child weighing 16 kg. The penicillin on hand comes prepared in a concentration of 250,000 units/mL. In order to administer the correct dose, a nurse calculates that _______ mL of penicillin should be administered to the child. Fill in the blank.

3.2. Rationale - To solve this problem, first multiply the ordered 200,000 units per kilogram by the child's weight of 16 kg to get a total of 3,200,000 units per day. Next, divide the total daily units of 3,200,000 by 4 (since the drug is administered every 6 hours) to get a sin- gle dose of 800,000 units. Finally, take the single dose of 800,000 units and divide by the 250,000 units per mL to get a total of 3.2 mL.

An 11-year-old child is diagnosed with scoliosis and scheduled for brace application. The mother asks the nurse how long her child will have to wear the brace. How should the nurse respond? 1. "About 6 to 8 weeks." 2. "About 6 months." 3. "About 1 to 2 years." 4. "About 3 to 5 years."

4. "About 3 to 5 years." RATIONALE: Most children with scoliosis must wear a brace until the spine matures — typically between ages 14 and 16. Therefore, this 11-year-old child will need to wear the brace for 3 to 5 years.

Parents of a 9-year-old child in the terminal phase of a fatal illness ask the nurse for guidance in discussing death with their child. Which response is appropriate? 1. "Children of that age view death as temporary and reversible, which makes it hard to explain." 2. "Children of that age typically fantasize about what dying will be like, which is much better than knowing the truth." 3. "At this developmental stage, children are afraid of death, so it's best not to discuss it with them." 4. "At this developmental stage, most children have an adult concept of death and should be encouraged to discuss it."

4. "At this developmental stage, most children have an adult concept of death and should be encouraged to discuss it." RATIONALE: By age 9 or 10, most children have an adult concept of death. Therefore, caregivers should discuss death with them in terms consistent with their developmental stage. In addition, school-age children respond well to concrete explanations about death and dying. Preschoolers, not school-age children, typically view death as temporary and reversible. While school-age children may fantasize about the unknown aspects of death, these fantasies may actually increase their anxiety. Although a child may fear death, accurate information about death can ease anxiety.

The mother of a 16-year-old girl calls the emergency department, suspecting her daughter's abdominal pain may be appendicitis. In addition to pain, her daughter has a temperature of 100° F (37.7° C) and has vomited twice. What should the nurse tell the mother? 1. "Give your daughter a laxative to rule out the possibility that constipation is causing the pain." 2. "Gently press on the lower left quadrant of your daughter's abdomen to test for rebound tenderness." 3. "It's most likely the flu because your daughter is too young to have appendicitis." 4. "Bring your daughter into the emergency department immediately before her appendix has a chance to rupture."

4. "Bring your daughter into the emergency department immediately before her appendix has a chance to rupture." RATIONALE: Abdominal pain, low-grade fever, and vomiting are cardinal signs of appendicitis. The nurse should instruct the mother to take the girl to the emergency department. Telling the mother to give the girl a laxative is inappropriate because if appendicitis is the cause of the pain the appendix may rupture as a result of the drug. Appendicitis can occur at any age. Rebound tenderness is a symptom of appendicitis, but this finding would be found in the right lower quadrant, not the left.

A 10-year-old girl visits the clinic for a checkup before entering school. The child's mother questions the nurse about what to expect of her daughter's growth and development at this stage. Which response is appropriate? 1. "Her physical development will be rapid at this stage, and rapid development will continue from now on." 2. "She'll become more independent and won't require parental supervision." 3. "Don't anticipate any changes at this stage in her growth and development." 4. "Friends will be very important to her, and she'll develop an interest in the opposite sex."

4. "Friends will be very important to her, and she'll develop an interest in the opposite sex." RATIONALE: At age 10, friends become very important. Also, children usually begin having an interest in the opposite sex around this age, although they aren't always willing to admit it. Her physical development towards maturity continues, but it isn't as rapid at this stage as in previous years. Although independence increases at this stage, children continue to need parental supervision. Growth and development slow down but gradual changes continue to occur.

A 17-year-old adolescent with a history of muscular dystrophy is admitted with aspiration pneumonia. The nurse asks the parents if the client has an advance directive. Which response by the parents leads the nurse to believe that the parents don't understand the severity of the client's medical condition? 1. "He has pneumonia; I shouldn't have let him go to that party last week." 2. "This is the third time he's had pneumonia in the past 6 months. I'm afraid he needs a feeding tube." 3. "Yes, he has an advance directive." 4. "He is only 17. He doesn't need an advance directive."

4. "He is only 17. He doesn't need an advance directive." RATIONALE: The parents stating that their son is too young for an advanced directive suggests that the parents don't fully understand the seriousness of their son's medical condition. Advance directives can be used for any client who has an irreversible condition. Stating that they shouldn't have allowed their son to go to a party shows a lack of knowledge about acquiring aspiration pneumonia. Being concerned about the need for a feeding tube and having an advance directive show an understanding of their son's condition.

A child, age 6, is brought to the health clinic for a routine checkup. To assess the child's vision, the nurse should ask: 1. "Do you have any problems seeing different colors?" 2. "Do you have trouble seeing at night?" 3. "Do you have problems with glare?" 4. "How are you doing in school?"

4. "How are you doing in school?" RATIONALE: The nurse should ask about school because a child's poor progress in school may indicate a visual disturbance. Asking whether a person has problems with seeing colors, seeing at night, or glare is more appropriate when assessing vision in an elderly client.

A 16-year-old adolescent sustains a severe head injury in a motor vehicle accident. He's admitted to the neurologic unit and subsequently develops neurogenic diabetes insipidus. The physician orders vasopressin (Pitressin), 5 units subcutaneously (subQ) twice per day. How long will the effects of the vasopressin last? 1. 5 minutes 2. 30 minutes 3. 1 hour 4. 4 hours

4. 4 hours RATIONALE: The duration of action for vasopressin administered subQ is 2 to 8 hours.

A 4-year-old girl has a urinary tract infection (UTI). Which statement by the mother demonstrates understanding of preventing future UTIs? 1. "I should help my child learn to wipe her bottom from back to front." 2. "When she starts urinating frequently, I should call the physician to request antibiotics." 3. "I will let her take a warm bath for 15 minutes each day." 4. "I shouldn't let my daughter take bubble baths."

4. "I shouldn't let my daughter take bubble baths." RATIONALE: Saying that the child shouldn't take bubble baths demonstrates effective teaching because oils in the bubble bath preparation may irritate the urethra, contributing to UTIs. Girls and women should wipe the perineum from front to back, not back to front, to avoid contaminating the urinary tract with fecal bacteria. Although antibiotics are used to treat UTIs, they aren't given prophylactically. No evidence suggests that warm baths help prevent UTIs.

A nurse is helping a pregnant client devise a plan to help her 2-year-old child adjust to the birth of her second child. Which statement by the client indicates more instruction is needed? 1. "I'll give my child a doll so he can imitate us when we care for the new baby." 2. "I'll enroll my child in a sibling class. 3. "I'll discuss with my child what routines will be the same and what will be different after the baby arrives." 4. "I'll tell my child that the new baby can be a playmate when he arrives."

4. "I'll tell my child that the new baby can be a playmate when he arrives." RATIONALE: Telling a toddler that he will have a new playmate when the baby arrives sets up unrealistic expectations and, therefore, indicates the client needs more instruction. The parents should stress activities that will take place, such as feeding, changing, and crying. Giving the toddler a doll is a good strategy because having the doll allows the toddler to take part in the new routines. For example, the toddler can pretend to meet the needs of the doll just like the mother tends to the baby. Participation in a sibling preparation class may also decrease sibling rivalry behaviors. Discussing changes in family routines will help the toddler know what to expect.

The parents of a 9-year-old child who is scheduled to have surgery ask the nurse not to tell him about the surgery until he's taken to the operating room. Which response best demonstrates the nurse's role in supporting the child's rights? 1. "I agree that the child shouldn't be told about the surgery until it's absolutely necessary to avoid unnecessary stress." 2. "The child should be aware of the impending surgery so he can give informed consent." 3. "I must inform the child because the hospital requires that he be made aware of the surgery." 4. "The child should be aware of the impending surgery so he can develop coping strategies and his questions can be answered."

4. "The child should be aware of the impending surgery so he can develop coping strategies and his questions can be answered." RATIONALE: Advance awareness of the surgery and its significance offers a school-age child time to develop coping strategies and formulate questions. Failure to inform the child about the surgery may result in fear or mistrust of health care workers or the health care system. A school-age child can't give operative consent. Although hospital requirements may require the nurse to inform a child of impending surgery, this response doesn't best reflect the nurse's promotion of the child's rights.

A nurse is providing injury-prevention education to the parents of a school-age child. The parents admit that they keep a gun in their home. Which of the nurse's statements is most appropriate? 1. "The gun should be kept in a discreet location out of your child's sight." 2. "Your child should attend a community gun-safety program." 3. "Remind your child that only a parent may touch the gun." 4. "The gun should be stored in a locked cabinet."

4. "The gun should be stored in a locked cabinet." RATIONALE: The nurse should instruct the parents to keep the gun in a locked cabinet. Keeping the gun out of the child's sight isn't sufficient; the child might be able to locate the gun. It's inappropriate to refer a school-age child to a gun-safety program. The parents shouldn't keep the gun on hand with the understanding that the child won't touch it.

When teaching parents of a toddler with congenital heart disease, the nurse should explain all medical treatments and emphasize which instruction? 1. "Reduce your child's caloric intake to decrease cardiac demand." 2. "Relax discipline and limit-setting to prevent crying." 3. "Make sure your child avoids contact with small children to reduce overstimulation." 4. "Try to maintain your child's usual lifestyle to promote normal development."

4. "Try to maintain your child's usual lifestyle to promote normal development." RATIONALE: The nurse should encourage the parents of a child with a congenital heart defect to treat the child normally and allow self-limited activity. Telling the parents to reduce the child's caloric intake isn't appropriate because doing so wouldn't necessarily reduce cardiac demand. Telling the parents to alter disciplinary patterns and deliberately prevent crying or interactions with other children could foster maladaptive behaviors. Contact with peers promotes normal growth and development.

A nurse is teaching parents how to select appropriate toys for their 10-month-old infant. Which statement by the parents indicates effective teaching? 1. "We'll get a mobile to place over the baby's crib." 2. "We'll get a rattle for the baby to play with." 3. "We'll get the baby some brightly colored blocks." 4. "We'll get the baby a push toy."

4. "We'll get the baby a push toy." RATIONALE: Effective teaching is demonstrated if the parents say they'll get the baby a push toy because at age 10 months, a push toy promotes development of an infant's gross and fine motor skills and aids cognitive development. A mobile provides appropriate visual stimulation for an infant up to age 4 months; after this age, a mobile may pose a danger to an infant. Rattles and brightly colored blocks promote gross and fine motor abilities in infants ages 4 to 8 months.

A mother of a hospitalized infant appears anxious and displays anger with the staff. Which response is most appropriate? 1. "Some of the staff members don't want to talk to you because you might yell at them." 2. "Why do you seem so angry today? It makes it hard for us to help you." 3. "Is this your normal behavior or are you acting out because your child is hospitalized?" 4. "You seem upset. Having your child hospitalized must be difficult."

4. "You seem upset. Having your child hospitalized must be difficult." RATIONALE: Acknowledging the mother's feelings and recognizing that it's difficult to cope with a hospitalized child allows the mother to express her feelings. Telling the mother that other staff members don't want to talk to her isn't therapeutic. Asking her to explain her behavior places the mother on the defensive and also isn't therapeutic.

Parents report that their daughter, age 4, resists going to bed at night. After instruction by the nurse, which statement by the parents indicates effective teaching? 1. "We'll let her fall asleep in our room, then move her to her own room." 2. "We'll lock her in her room if she gets up more than once." 3. "We'll play running games with her before bedtime to tire her out, and then she'll fall asleep easily." 4. "We'll read her a story and let her play quietly in her bed until she falls asleep."

4. "We'll read her a story and let her play quietly in her bed until she falls asleep." RATIONALE: The parents stating that they'll read the child a story and let her play quietly demonstrates effective teaching because spending time with the parents and playing quietly are positive bedtime routines that provide security and prepare a child for sleep. Saying that they will let their daughter fall asleep in their room reflects ineffective teaching because the child should sleep in her own bed. Locking the door is frightening and may cause insecurity. Active play before bedtime stimulates the child and increases the time needed to settle down for sleep; therefore, a statement about running games would demonstrate ineffective teaching.

A nurse is approached by the mother of a child with hypospadias. She says to the nurse, "Why did this have to happen to my baby? Why couldn't he be perfect? How could this have happened?" What should the nurse say in response? 1. "This is only a minor problem. Many other babies are born with worse defects." 2. "Don't worry. After surgical repair you'll hardly remember there was anything wrong with your baby." 3. "I'll ask the physician to explain to you how this defect occurs." 4. "You seem upset. Tell me about it."

4. "You seem upset. Tell me about it." RATIONALE: Asking the client to talk about her feelings is appropriate because by verbalizing the nurse acknowledges the client's feelings. By listening, the nurse acknowledges the client's feelings and can help the client understand them and begin to deal with them. Telling the client that there are babies with worse defects doesn't acknowledge — and may even belittle — her feelings. Providing a stock answer, such as "Don't worry," shows a lack of interest in the client's feelings. Offering to ask the physician also doesn't address the client's feelings.

A mother is playing with her infant, who's sitting securely alone on the floor of the clinic. The mother hides a toy behind her back and the infant looks for it. What age should the nurse estimate the infant to be? 1. 4 months 2. 6 months 3. 8 months 4. 10 months

4. 10 months RATIONALE: The nurse would estimate that the infant is 10 months old because an infant this age can sit alone and understands object permanence, so he would look for the hidden toy. Between ages 4 and 6 months, children can't sit securely alone. At age 8 months, children can sit securely alone but don't understand the permanence of objects.

When planning to administer medication to a 3-month-old infant, the nurse should keep which consideration in mind? 1. An infant's metabolic rate is slower than an adult's. 2. An infant's liver detoxifies drugs faster than an adult's. 3. An infant's systemic drug circulation is slower than an adult's. 4. An infant's kidneys excrete drugs more slowly than an adult's.

4. An infant's kidneys excrete drugs more slowly than an adult's. RATIONALE: Because an infant has immature kidney function, drugs excreted by the kidneys are excreted more slowly, significantly altering drug effects. An infant has a faster metabolic rate, slower drug detoxification, and faster systemic drug circulation than an adult.

When teaching a mother of a 17-month-old about toilet training, which instruction would initially be most appropriate? 1. Place the toddler on the potty chair every 2 hours for 10 minutes. 2. Offer a reward every time the child has a bowel movement in the potty chair. 3. Remove the diaper and use training pants to begin the process. 4. Be sure the child is ready before starting to toilet train.

4. Be sure the child is ready before starting to toilet train. RATIONALE: All of the instructions are appropriate, but knowing whether the child is ready to toilet train is initially most appropriate. Many 17-month-olds don't have the neuromuscular control to be able to be trained. Waiting a few more months until the child is closer to age 2 years allows the child to develop more control. The mother should be taught the signs of readiness for toilet training.

A nurse is developing a teaching plan for a child with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. What is the most important point to address in this plan? 1. Infection control 2. Nutritional planning 3. Prevention of streptococcal pharyngitis 4. Blood pressure monitoring

4. Blood pressure monitoring RATIONALE: Because poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis may cause severe, life-threatening hypertension, it is most important for the nurse to teach the parents how to monitor the child's blood pressure. Infection control, nutritional planning, and prevention of streptococcal pharyngitis are important but are secondary to blood pressure monitoring.

An adolescent diagnosed with thalassemia major (Cooley's anemia) is at risk for which condition? 1. Hypertrophy of the thyroid 2. Hypertrophy of the thymus 3. Polycythemia vera and thrombosis 4. Chronic hypoxia and iron overload

4. Chronic hypoxia and iron overload RATIONALE: Thalassemia major increases destruction of red blood cells (RBCs), shortens the life span of RBCs, and causes anemia. The body responds by increasing RBC production, but it can't produce adequate numbers of mature cells. This process results in chronic hypoxia. In addition, children with thalassemia major require multiple transfusions of packed RBCs. The combination of excessive RBC destruction and multiple transfusions deposits excess iron that damages organs and tissues. Thalassemia major doesn't place the adolescent at risk for hypertrophy of the thymus or thyroid or polycythemia vera, which involves excessive RBC production that can lead to thrombosis.

Laboratory results for a child with a congenital heart defect with decreased pulmonary blood flow reveal an elevated hemoglobin (Hb) level, hematocrit (HCT), and red blood cell (RBC) count. These data suggest which condition? 1. Anemia 2. Dehydration 3. Jaundice 4. Compensation for hypoxia

4. Compensation for hypoxia RATIONALE: A congenital heart defect with decreased pulmonary blood flow alters blood flow through the heart and lungs, resulting in hypoxia. To compensate, the body increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs by increasing RBC production, which causes the Hb level and Hct to rise. In anemia, the Hb level and Hct typically decrease. Altered electrolyte levels and other laboratory values are better indicators of dehydration. An elevated Hb level and HCT aren't associated with jaundice.

An adolescent with ulcerative colitis who is taking corticosteroids is at risk for which complication? 1. Jaundice 2. Decreased bowel sounds 3. Perianal lesions 4. Delayed sexual maturation

4. Delayed sexual maturation RATIONALE: In children and adolescents with ulcerative colitis, frequent diarrhea and poor nutrient absorption from the bowel lead to malnutrition. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia may further compromise nutritional status. Malnutrition, in turn, may cause growth retardation and delayed sexual maturation. Corticosteroid therapy, which is commonly used to treat ulcerative colitis, may also cause growth retardation and delayed sexual maturation. Jaundice isn't associated with ulcerative colitis. Because this disease causes increased bowel motility, bowel sounds may be hyperactive, not decreased. Perianal lesions are rare in clients with ulcerative colitis.

A 10-month-old infant is admitted to the facility with dehydration and metabolic acidosis. What is the most common cause of dehydration and acidosis in infants? 1. Early introduction of solid foods 2. Inadequate perianal hygiene 3. Tachypnea 4. Diarrhea

4. Diarrhea RATIONALE: Diarrhea is the most common cause of dehydration and acidosis in infants. Early introduction of solid foods may cause loose stools but not dehydration or acidosis. Poor perianal hygiene may cause diaper dermatitis. Tachypnea is a sign — not a cause — of acidosis.

A nurse is assessing whether a child has received all recommended immunizations for his age. Which immunizations should he have received between ages 4 and 6? 1. Hepatitis A 2. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) 3. Haemophilus influenzae, type B 4. Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP), MMR, and inactivated polio virus (IPV)

4. Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP), MMR, and inactivated polio virus (IPV) RATIONALE: Between ages 4 and 6, the child should receive DTaP, MMR, and IPV. Hepatitis A isn't a required immunization. MMR alone is incomplete and H. influenzae, type B immunization is completed by age 15 months.

A school nurse is planning a program about skin cancer prevention for a group of teenagers. Which instruction should the nurse emphasize in her talk? 1. Stay out of the sun between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. 2. Tanning booths are a safe alternative sun exposure for those who wish to tan. 3. Sun exposure is safe, provided the client wears protective clothing. 4. Examine skin once per month, looking for suspicious lesions or changes in moles.

4. Examine skin once per month, looking for suspicious lesions or changes in moles. RATIONALE: To detect skin cancer in its early stages, the nurse should emphasize the importance of monthly skin self-examinations and yearly examinations by a physician. To reduce the risk of skin cancer, the nurse should teach clients to avoid the sun's ultraviolet rays between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. Repeated exposure to artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation, such as tanning booths, increases the risk of skin cancer. Although protective clothing offers some protection, some of the sun's harmful rays can penetrate clothing.

A preschool-age child underwent a tonsillectomy 4 hours ago. Which assessment finding should make the nurse suspect postoperative hemorrhage? 1. Vomiting of dark brown emesis 2. Refusal to drink clear fluids 3. Decreased heart rate 4. Frequent swallowing

4. Frequent swallowing RATIONALE: Frequent swallowing — an attempt to clear the throat of trickling blood — suggests postoperative hemorrhage. Emesis may be brown or blood-tinged after a tonsillectomy; only bright red emesis signals hemorrhage. The child may refuse fluids because of painful swallowing, not bleeding. Hemorrhage is associated with an increased, not decreased, heart rate.

A mother brings her preschool child to the emergency department after the child ingested an unknown quantity of acetaminophen. Which treatment will the physician probably order? 1. Administration of a dose of ipecac syrup 2. Insertion of a nasogastric tube and administration of an antacid 3. I.V. infusion of normal saline solution 4. Gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal

4. Gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal RATIONALE: The physician will probably order gastric lavage or activated charcoal administration. Ipecac syrup is no longer recommended and an antacid isn't an effective treatment for poisoning. Infusing normal saline solution I.V. may be helpful in treating dehydration caused by vomiting, but in itself isn't effective in eliminating the poisonous substance.

Parents of a 4-year-old with sickle cell anemia tell the nurse that they would like to have other children, but they're concerned about passing sickle cell anemia on to them. Which health care team member would be the most appropriate person for the nurse to refer them to? 1. Clergy 2. Social worker 3. Certified nurse-midwife 4. Genetic counselor

4. Genetic counselor RATIONALE: A genetic counselor can educate the couple about an inherited disorder, as well as screening tests and treatments that can be done; the counselor can also provide emotional support. Clergy are available to provide spiritual support. A social worker can provide emotional support and help with referrals for financial problems. A nurse-midwife cares for women during pregnancy and birth.

An 11-year-old child contracted severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) when traveling abroad with her parents. The nurse knows she must put on personal protective equipment to protect herself while providing care. Based on the mode of SARS transmission, which personal protective equipment should the nurse wear? 1. Gloves 2. Gown and gloves 3. Gown, gloves, and mask 4. Gown, gloves, mask, and eye goggles or eye shield

4. Gown, gloves, mask, and eye goggles or eye shield RATIONALE: The transmission of SARS isn't fully understood. Therefore, all modes of transmission must be considered possible, including airborne, droplet, and direct contact with the virus. For protection from contracting SARS, any health care worker providing care for a person with SARS should wear a gown, gloves, mask, and eye goggles or an eye shield.

A 2-month-old infant hasn't received any immunizations. Which immunizations should the nurse prepare to administer? 1. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR); diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis (DTaP); and hepatitis B (HepB) 2. Polio (IPV), DTaP, MMR 3. Varicella, Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB), IPV, and DTaP 4. HIB, DTaP, HepB, IPV, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)

4. HIB, DTaP, HepB, IPV, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) RATIONALE: The current immunizations recommended for a 2-month-old who hasn't received any immunizations are HIB, DTaP, HepB, PCV, and IPV. The first immunizations for MMR and varicella are recommended when a child is age 12 months.

An 8-year-old child enters a health care facility. During assessment, the nurse discovers that the child is experiencing the anxiety of separation from his parents. The nurse makes the nursing diagnosis of Fear related to separation from familiar environment and family. Which nursing intervention is likely to help the child cope with fear and separation? 1. Ask the parents not to visit the child until he is adjusted to the new environment. 2. Ask the physician to explain to the child why he needs to stay in the health care facility. 3. Tell the child that he must act like an adult while he's in the facility. 4. Have the parents stay with the child and participate in his care.

4. Have the parents stay with the child and participate in his care. RATIONALE: Allowing the parents to stay and participate in the child's care can provide support to both the parents and the child. Asking the parents not to visit, asking the physician to explain why the child needs to stay, and telling the child to act like an adult won't address the child's diagnosis and may exacerbate the problem.

An infant is having his 2-month checkup at the pediatrician's office. The physician tells the parents that she's assessing for Ortolani's sign. The nurse explains that the presence of Ortolani's sign indicates dislocation of what joint? 1. Shoulder 2. Elbow 3. Knee 4. Hip

4. Hip RATIONALE: To assess for Ortolani's sign, the nurse abducts the infant's hips while flexing the legs at the knees. This is performed on all infants to assess for congenital hip dislocation. The examiner listens and feels for a "click" as the femoral head enters the acetabulum during the examination. This finding indicates a congenitally dislocated hip.

A 14-year-old girl in skeletal traction for treatment of a fractured femur is expected to be hospitalized for several weeks. When planning care, the nurse should take into account the girl's need to achieve what developmental milestone? 1. Autonomy 2. Initiative 3. Industry 4. Identity

4. Identity RATIONALE: According to Erikson's theory of personal development, the adolescent is in the stage of identity versus role confusion. During this stage, the body is changing as secondary sex characteristics emerge. The adolescent is trying to develop a sense of identity, and peer groups take on more importance. When an adolescent is hospitalized, she is separated from her peer group and her body image may be altered. This alteration in body image may interfere with the ongoing development of her identity. Toddlers are in the developmental stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. Preschool children are in the stage of initiative versus guilt. School-age children are in the stage of industry versus inferiority.

A 2-year-old child in the cardiac step-down unit is experiencing supraventricular tachycardia. Which intervention should be attempted first? 1. Administering digoxin (Lanoxin) I.V. 2. Administering verapamil (Calan) I.V. 3. Administering synchronized cardioversion 4. Immersing the child's hands in cold water

4. Immersing the child's hands in cold water RATIONALE: Vagal maneuvers, such as immersing the child's hands in cold water, are commonly tried first as a mechanism to decrease heart rate. Other vagal maneuvers include breath-holding, gagging, and placing the child's head lower than the rest of the body. Digoxin may be given after vagal maneuvers to help decrease heart rate; verapamil isn't recommended. Synchronized cardioversion may be necessary if vagal maneuvers fail and drugs are ineffective.

A nurse is deciding whether to report a suspected case of child abuse. Which criterion is the most important for the nurse to consider? 1. Inappropriate parental concern for the degree of injury 2. Absence of parents to question about the injury 3. Inappropriate response of the child to the injury 4. Incompatibility between the child's history and the injury

4. Incompatibility between the child's history and the injury RATIONALE: Incompatibility between the history and the injury is the most important criterion on which to base the decision to report suspected child abuse. For example, the child may have a skull fracture but the parents state that the child fell off of the sofa. The other criteria also may suggest child abuse but are less reliable indicators.

Which factor will most likely decrease drug metabolism during infancy? 1. Decreased glomerular filtration 2. Reduced protein-binding ability 3. Increased tubular secretion 4. Inefficient liver function

4. Inefficient liver function RATIONALE: Inefficient liver function will most likely decrease drug metabolism during infancy. As the liver matures during the first year of life, drug metabolism improves. Decreased glomerular filtration and increased tubular secretion may affect drug excretion rather than metabolism; reduced protein-binding ability may affect drug distribution but not metabolism.

A nurse is assessing an infant for signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). What is the earliest sign of increased ICP in an infant? 1. Vomiting 2. Papilledema 3. Vital sign changes 4. Irritability

4. Irritability RATIONALE: An infant with increased ICP is commonly fussy, irritable, and restless at first as a result of a headache cause by the ICP. Vomiting occurs later. Papilledema is a late sign of increased ICP that may not be evident. Changes in vital signs occur later; pressure on the brainstem slows pulse and respiration.

An infant arrives at the emergency department in full cardiopulmonary arrest. Efforts at resuscitation fail, and he's pronounced dead. The cause of death is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Which statement regarding the etiology of SIDS is true? 1. It occurs in suspected child abuse cases. 2. It occurs primarily in infants with congenital lung problems. 3. It occurs only in premature infants. 4. It occurs more commonly in infants who sleep in the prone position.

4. It occurs more commonly in infants who sleep in the prone position. RATIONALE: More infants who sleep in the prone position are affected by SIDS. Because of the pooling of blood that occurs in the child with SIDS, child abuse is sometimes suspected. Although premature infants are at a higher risk for SIDS, SIDS isn't exclusive to them. No correlation between SIDS and lung disease exists.

After a series of tests, a 6-year-old client weighing 50 lb (22.7 kg) is diagnosed with complex partial seizures. The physician orders phenytoin (Dilantin), 125 mg by mouth twice per day. After the nurse administers phenytoin, where is the drug metabolized? 1. Pancreas 2. Kidneys 3. Stomach 4. Liver

4. Liver RATIONALE: Phenytoin is metabolized in the liver. The pancreas isn't involved in the pharmacokinetic activity of phenytoin. The stomach absorbs orally administered phenytoin, which is excreted by the kidneys in the urine.

A nurse manager of the pediatric unit is responsible for making sure that each staff member reviews the unit policies annually. What policy should the nurse manager emphasize with the clerical support staff? 1. Proper documentation of a verbal order from a physician 2. Policy changes in the administration of opioids 3. New education materials for the management of diabetes 4. Logging off a computer containing client information

4. Logging off a computer containing client information RATIONALE: All members of the health care team are required to maintain strict client confidentiality, including securing electronic client information. Therefore, the clerical support staff should be instructed about the importance of logging off a computer containing client information immediately after use. Taking a verbal order, administering medications, and client education aren't within the scope of practice of the clerical support staff.

An infant requires cardiorespiratory monitoring. A nurse must locate and clean the necessary equipment, move it into the infant's room, and secure it to the bedside wall-mounting device. Which principles should a nurse use to complete this task safely? 1. Principles of geometry and mathematics 2. Principles of ergonomics and geometry 3. Principles of sterile technique and mathematics 4. Principles of infection control and ergonomics

4. Principles of infection control and ergonomics RATIONALE: Properly cleaning the monitoring equipment involves infection control. Properly placing and securing the monitor uses ergonomic principles. The principles of geometry and mathematics aren't relevant to safety.

A toddler is diagnosed with a dislocated right shoulder and a simple fracture of the right humerus. Which behavior suggests that the child's injuries stem from abuse? 1. Trying to sit up on the stretcher 2. Trying to move away from the nurse 3. Not answering the nurse's questions 4. Not crying when moved

4. Not crying when moved RATIONALE: Not crying when moved most strongly suggests child abuse because a victim of child abuse typically doesn't complain of pain, even with obvious injuries, for fear of further displeasing the abuser. Trying to sit up on the stretcher is a typical response. Trying to move away from the nurse indicates fear of strangers, which is normal in a toddler. Difficulty answering the nurse's questions is expected in a toddler because of poorly developed cognitive skills.

Parents of a preschooler are told their child needs a blood transfusion to treat hypovolemia. A nurse contacts a physician with the information that the parent's are Jehovah's Witnesses and refuse to sign the consent form. The physician tells the nurse to perform the transfusion. He states that he isn't going to let the child's parents allow him to die. What should the nurse do next? 1. Contact social services and allow that agency to manage the situation. 2. Perform the blood transfusion as directed by the physician. 3. Inform the boy's parents of the physician's decision and ask them to reconsider. 4. Not perform the transfusion but provide comfort measures for the child.

4. Not perform the transfusion but provide comfort measures for the child. RATIONALE: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that a blood transfusion is the same as oral intake of blood, which they regard as a sin. The nurse caring for the child shouldn't perform the transfusion, but she should provide comfort measures for the child. It isn't appropriate for the nurse to call social services because this situation is an ethical matter. The nurse shouldn't ask the parents to reconsider their decision because it violates their cultural beliefs, which the nurse should uphold.

A mother of a 5-year-old child who was admitted to the hospital has a Protection from Abuse order for the child against his father. A copy of the order is kept on the pediatric medical surgical unit where the child is being treated. The order prohibits the father from having any contact with the child. One night, the father approaches the nurse at the nurses' station, politely but insistently demanding to see his child, and refusing to leave until he does so. What should the nurse do first? 1. Firmly tell the father he must leave. 2. Notify the nursing coordinator on duty. 3. Notify the nurse-manager. 4. Notify hospital security or the local authorities.

4. Notify hospital security or the local authorities. RATIONALE: The Protection from Abuse order legally prohibits the father from seeing the child. In this situation, the nurse should notify hospital security or the local authorities of this attempt to breach the order, and allow them to escort the father out of the building. The father could be jailed or fined if he violates the order. The nurse shouldn't argue or continue explaining to the father that he must leave because it could place her and the child at risk if the father becomes angry or agitated. The nursing coordinator and nurse-manager should be notified of the incident; the nurse's first priority, however, should be contacting security or the authorities.

Which behavior exhibited by parents of a chronically ill child may indicate feelings of guilt about the child's illness? 1. Anger 2. Sadness 3. Shock 4. Overindulgence

4. Overindulgence RATIONALE: Parents who feel guilty about a child's illness may overindulge the child. Anger, sadness, and shock are common in parents of chronically ill children but don't necessarily indicate feelings of guilt.

A toddler is admitted to the facility for treatment of a severe respiratory infection. The child's recent history includes fatty stools and failure to gain weight steadily. The physician diagnoses cystic fibrosis. By the time of the child's discharge, the child's parents must be able to perform which task independently? 1. Allergy-proofing the home 2. Maintaining the child in an oxygen tent 3. Maintaining the child on a fat-free diet 4. Performing postural drainage

4. Performing postural drainage RATIONALE: The child with cystic fibrosis is at risk for frequent respiratory infections secondary to increased viscosity of mucus gland secretions. To help prevent respiratory infections, caregivers must perform postural drainage several times daily to loosen and drain secretions. Because exocrine gland dysfunction, not an allergic response, causes bronchial obstruction in cystic fibrosis, allergy-proofing the home isn't necessary. Oxygen therapy may be indicated, but only during acute disease episodes. Also, such therapy must be supervised closely; home oxygen therapy is inappropriate because chronic hypoxemia poses the risk of oxygen toxicity. If steatorrhea can't be controlled, the child should reduce, but not eliminate, dietary fat intake.

A toddler requires emergency intervention for an obstructed airway. Which nursing intervention is appropriate? 1. Hyperextending the child's neck to open the airway and delivering four rescue breaths 2. Placing the child on the side and using a blind finger sweep to remove the foreign object 3. Delivering five back blows followed by five chest thrusts 4. Performing the tongue-jaw lift and removing the foreign object only if it's visible.

4. Performing the tongue-jaw lift and removing the foreign object only if it's visible. RATIONALE: When checking for a foreign object in the airway of a child younger than age 8, the rescuer should perform the tongue-jaw lift and remove the object only if it's visible. Neck hyperextension may occlude the airway; the head tilt/chin lift method is the correct way to open the airway. After checking for a foreign object, the rescuer should open the airway and attempt to deliver two rescue breaths. A blind finger sweep is contraindicated because it may push the object into the airway. Abdominal thrusts (the Heimlich maneuver) are indicated only for children older than age 1. In a child younger than age 1, such thrusts may injure the abdominal organs; back blows and chest thrusts should be used instead.

A school-age child is admitted to the facility with a diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The nurse formulates a nursing diagnosis of Risk for infection. What is the most effective way for the nurse to reduce the child's risk of infection? 1. Implementing reverse isolation 2. Maintaining standard precautions 3. Requiring staff and visitors to wear masks 4. Practicing thorough hand washing

4. Practicing thorough hand washing RATIONALE: Both ALL and its treatment cause immunosuppression. Therefore, thorough hand washing is the single most effective way to prevent infection in an immunosuppressed client. Reverse isolation doesn't significantly reduce the incidence of infection in immunosuppressed clients; furthermore, isolation may cause psychological stress. Standard precautions are intended mainly to protect caregivers from contact with infectious matter, not to reduce the client's risk of infection. Staff and others needn't wear masks when visiting because most infections are transmitted by direct contact. Instead of relying on masks and other barrier methods, the nurse should keep persons with known infections out of the client's room.

When attempting to facilitate spiritual support for a school-age child with a life-threatening disease and his family, which action would hinder the nurse-client relationship? 1. Becoming familiar with the family's spiritual beliefs and practices 2. Seeking assistance or referrals to the facility chaplain or other resources 3. Being open to the family's and the child's expressions of spiritual concerns 4. Promoting the nurse's personal values and beliefs if she considers the family's to be inappropriate

4. Promoting the nurse's personal values and beliefs if she considers the family's to be inappropriate RATIONALE: If the nurse attempts to force her beliefs on the family, the family may interpret this as a lack of understanding, which could lead to distrust of the nurse. Becoming familiar with the family's spiritual beliefs and practices, seeking assistance or referrals to the facility chaplain or other resources, and being open to the family's and the child's expressions of spiritual concerns are all ways to help children and their families cope with a life-threatening illness.

A 2-month-old infant is brought to the clinic by his mother. His abdomen is distended, and he has been vomiting forcefully and with increasing frequency over the past 2 weeks. On examination, the nurse notes signs of dehydration and a palpable mass to the right of the umbilicus. Peristaltic waves are visible, moving from left to right. The nurse should suspect which condition? 1. Colic 2. Failure to thrive 3. Intussusception 4. Pyloric stenosis

4. Pyloric stenosis RATIONALE: Abdominal distention, forceful vomiting, dehydration, a palpable mass, and visible peristatic waves are classic symptoms of pyloric stenosis caused by hypertrophy of the circular pylorus muscle. Abdominal masses and abnormal peristalsis aren't necessarily related to colic or failure to thrive. Intussusception is usually characterized by acute onset and severe abdominal pain.

Which activity should a 2-year-old child be able to do? 1. Build a tower of eight cubes. 2. Point out a picture. 3. Wash and dry his hands. 4. Remove a garment.

4. Remove a garment. RATIONALE: According to the Denver Developmental Screening Test, most 2-year-olds are able to remove one garment. A 2½-year-old can build a tower of eight cubes and point out a picture. A 3-year-old can wash and dry his hands.

A toddler with bacterial meningitis is admitted to the inpatient unit. Which infection control measure should the nurse be prepared to use? 1. Reverse isolation 2. Strict hand washing 3. Standard precautions 4. Respiratory isolation

4. Respiratory isolation RATIONALE: Because bacterial meningitis is transmitted by droplets from the nasopharynx, the nurse should prepare to use respiratory isolation. This type of isolation involves wearing a gown and gloves during direct client care and ensuring that everyone who enters the child's room wears a mask. Reverse isolation is unnecessary because it's used for immunosuppressed clients who are at high risk for acquiring infection. Strict hand washing and standard precautions are insufficient for this client because they don't require the use of a mask.

A preschool-age child refuses to take ordered medication. Which nursing strategy is most appropriate? 1. Mixing the medication in milk so the child isn't aware that it's there 2. Explaining the medication's effects in detail to ensure cooperation 3. Making the child feel ashamed for not cooperating 4. Showing trust in the child's ability to cooperate even with an unpleasant procedure

4. Showing trust in the child's ability to cooperate even with an unpleasant procedure RATIONALE: To gain a preschooler's cooperation, the most appropriate strategy is for the nurse to show trust and express faith in the child's ability to cooperate even with an unpleasant procedure. Hiding the medication in milk may foster mistrust. The nurse should provide simple, not detailed, explanations and should use terms the child can understand. Shaming the child is inappropriate and may lead to feelings of guilt.

Which of the following objects poses the most serious safety threat to a 2-year-old child in the hospital? 1. Crayons and paper 2. Stuffed teddy bear in the crib 3. Mobile hanging over the crib 4. Side rails in the halfway position

4. Side rails in the halfway position RATIONALE: Side rails in the halfway position pose the biggest threat because the most common accidents in hospitals are falls. To prevent falls, the crib rails always should be raised and fastened securely unless an adult is at the bedside. Crayons and paper and a stuffed teddy bear are safe toys for a 2-year-old child. Although a mobile could pose a safety threat to this child, the threat is less serious than that posed by an incorrectly positioned side rail.

A nurse on the pediatric unit is caring for a group of preschool children. Which situation takes lowest priority? 1. A child who develops a fever during a blood transfusion 2. A child admitted from the postanesthesia care unit who has a blood-saturated surgical dressing 3. A physician waiting on the telephone to give the nurse a verbal order 4. Taking a lunch break

4. Taking a lunch break RATIONALE: Taking a lunch break takes lowest priority over child care. If the nurse is unable to delegate child care responsibilities to another nurse or nursing assistant, the nurse's lunch break needs to be rescheduled. A fever indicates an adverse reaction to the blood transfusion, and requires immediate intervention. The postsurgical child is losing blood through the surgical incision, which also requires attention. The telephone call is important for medication changes and to prevent a delay in treatment.

Parents of a school-age child with asthma express concern about letting the child participate in sports. What should the nurse tell the parents about the relationship between exercise and asthma? 1. Asthma attacks are triggered by allergens, not exercise. 2. The child should avoid exercise because it may trigger asthma attacks. 3. Continuous activities such as jogging are less likely to trigger asthma than intermittent activities such as baseball. 4. Taking prophylactic drugs before the activity can prevent asthma attacks and enable the child to engage in most sports.

4. Taking prophylactic drugs before the activity can prevent asthma attacks and enable the child to engage in most sports. RATIONALE: Although exercise may trigger asthma attacks, the nurse should tell the parents that taking prophylactic asthma drugs before beginning the activity can prevent attacks, enabling the child to engage in most sports. To say asthma attacks are triggered by allergens, but not exercise, isn't appropriate because asthma attacks may be triggered by various factors, including allergens, exercise, medications, upper respiratory tract infections, and psychological stress. Provided the asthma is under control, most children can participate in sports and other physical activities; in fact, they benefit from exercise. Activity restrictions actually hamper peer interaction, which is essential to the development of the school-age child. A child with asthma may tolerate intermittent activities better than continuous ones.

A child is seen in an emergency department following the ingestion of lighter fluid. Which nursing action is of the highest priority at this time? A) Induce vomiting. B) Determine the amount of poison ingested. C) Assess the respiratory system. D) Administer Mucomyst as ordered.

C) Assess the respiratory system. Rationale - When a child ingests a hydrocarbon such as lighter fluid, there is an immediate danger of aspiration. Therefore, the nurse's first priority is to assess the lungs.

A nurse teaches a mother how to provide adequate nutrition for her toddler, who has cerebral palsy. Which observation indicates that teaching has been effective? 1. The toddler stays neat while eating. 2. The toddler finishes the meal within a specified period of time. 3. The child lies down to rest after eating. 4. The child eats finger foods by himself.

4. The child eats finger foods by himself. RATIONALE: The child eating finger foods by himself indicates effective teaching because a child with cerebral palsy should be encouraged to be as independent as possible. Finger foods allow the toddler to feed himself. Because spasticity affects coordinated chewing and swallowing as well as the ability to bring food to the mouth, it's difficult for the child with cerebral palsy to eat neatly. In terms of a specified period of time, the child with cerebral palsy may require more time to bring food to the mouth; thus, chewing and swallowing shouldn't be rushed. A child shouldn't lie down to rest after eating because doing so may cause the child to vomit from a hyperactive gag reflex. Therefore, the child should remain in an upright position after eating to prevent aspiration and choking.

Which desired outcome demonstrates effective parent teaching about disciplining a toddler? 1. The parents will set flexible rules. 2. The parents will verbalize requests for behavior in negative terms. 3. The parents will raise their voices when reprimanding the child. 4. The parents will call immediate attention to undesirable behavior.

4. The parents will call immediate attention to undesirable behavior. RATIONALE: Calling immediate attention to undesirable behavior reflects effective teaching. This approach helps the child learn socially acceptable behavior and maintain self-esteem and a positive self-concept while learning to adapt to the rules of the larger group and society. Rules should be established clearly and enforced consistently. To reinforce desirable behavior, parents should voice requests for behavior in positive terms and use a normal speaking voice and tone when talking to or reprimanding the child. Screaming and shouting should be minimized.

A nurse manager of the pediatric unit discovers that she's overbudget on supplies. How could each nurse assigned to the unit help with cost containment? 1. Order only brand-name supplies instead of the generic equivalent. 2. Use the supply closet at work to stock personal medicine cabinets because the supplies are free. 3. Offer clients' parents the use of unit phones. 4. Use care pathways to specify care and identify daily outcomes.

4. Use care pathways to specify care and identify daily outcomes. RATIONALE: Using care pathways to specify care and identify daily outcomes ensures that clients progress toward a timely discharge and that resources are used appropriately. A longer hospital stay requires more resources, which, in turn, leads to a more costly health care bill. Generic brands are less expensive than brand name products; therefore, their use should be encouraged. Filling a personal medicine cabinet with supplies from work constitutes stealing and offering the unit phones to parents generates higher phone bills.

Which safeguard should a nurse employ with I.V. fluid administration for an infant? 1. Administration of fluid at the slowest possible rate 2. Use of a gravity infusion set 3. Use of a small I.V. infusion set 4. Use of an infusion pump to regulate the flow rate

4. Use of an infusion pump to regulate the flow rate RATIONALE: Use of an infusion pump to regulate the flow rate is the appropriate safeguard because infants and children with compromised cardiopulmonary status are particularly vulnerable to I.V. fluid overload. Administering fluid at the slowest possible rate may not benefit the infant. Using a gravity infusion set or a small I.V. infusion set won't protect against fluid overload when I.V. administration is too rapid.

When administering an oral medication to an infant, the nurse should take which action to minimize the risk of aspiration? 1. Administering the oral medication as quickly as possible 2. Placing the medication in the infant's formula bottle 3. Keeping the infant upright with the nasal passages blocked 4. Using an oral syringe to place the medication beside the tongue.

4. Using an oral syringe to place the medication beside the tongue. RATIONALE: Using an oral syringe is the best way to prevent aspiration because it allows controlled administration of a small amount of medication. Administering the medication too quickly could cause aspiration. Putting the drug in a bottle of formula isn't preferred because the infant may not take the entire dose of medication and because the contents of the bottle could interfere with drug absorption or action. Blocking the nasal passages could cause aspiration.

When administering an I.M. injection to an infant, the nurse should use which site? 1. Deltoid 2. Dorsogluteal 3. Ventrogluteal 4. Vastus lateralis

4. Vastus lateralis RATIONALE: The recommended injection site for an infant is the vastus lateralis or rectus femoris muscle. The deltoid is inappropriate. The dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal sites can be used only in toddlers who have been walking for about 1 year.

Which step should a nurse take first when administering a liquid medication to an infant? 1. Hold the infant securely in the crook of her arm and raise the infant's head to about a 45-degree angle. 2. Place the dropper at the corner of the infant's mouth so the drug runs into the pocket between the cheek and gum. 3. Identify the infant by checking the armband. 4. Verify the physician order.

4. Verify the physician order. RATIONALE: The nurse should first verify the physician's order. Next, the nurse should make sure she has the right drug, dose, route, and time. She should then make sure she has the right client by checking the infant's armband. After these steps, the nurse should hold the infant securely in the crook of her arm and raise the infant's head to about a 45-degree angle. Then, the nurse should place the dropper at the corner of the infant's mouth so the drug runs into the pocket between the infant's cheek and gum. Doing this keeps him from spitting out the drug and reduces the risk of aspiration.

A school nurse is examining a student at an elementary school. Which findings would lead the nurse to suspect impetigo? 1. Small, red lesions on the trunk and in the skin folds 2. A discrete pink-red maculopapular rash that starts on the head and progresses down the body 3. Red spots with a blue base found on the buccal membranes 4. Vesicular lesions that ooze, forming crusts on the face and extremities

4. Vesicular lesions that ooze, forming crusts on the face and extremities RATIONALE: Impetigo starts as papulovesicular lesions surrounded by redness. The lesions become purulent and begin to ooze, forming crusts. Impetigo occurs most commonly on the face and extremities. Small red lesions on the trunk and in the skin folds are characteristic of scarlet fever. A discrete pink-red maculopapular rash that starts on the face and progresses down to the trunk and extremities is characteristic of rubella (German measles). Red spots with a blue base found on the buccal membranes, known as Koplik's spots, are characteristic of measles (rubeola).

A child is receiving chemotherapy for treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. During discharge preparation, which topic is most important for the nurse to discuss with the child and parents? 1. How to help the child adjust to an altered body image 2. How to increase the child's interactions with peers 3. The need to decrease the child's activity level 4. Ways to prevent infection

4. Ways to prevent infection RATIONALE: Because overwhelming infection is the most common cause of death in clients with leukemia, preventing infection is the most important teaching topic. Although promoting adjustment to an altered body image and increasing peer interactions are important, they don't address life-threatening concerns and therefore take lower priority. The nurse should advise the parents to let the child's desire and tolerance for activity determine the child's activity level.

A toddler is hospitalized for evaluation and management of congenital heart disease (CHD). During discharge preparation, the nurse should discuss which topic with the parents? 1. The need to withhold childhood immunizations 2. The importance of restricting the child's fat intake 3. How to perform postural drainage 4. When to administer prophylactic antibiotics

4. When to administer prophylactic antibiotics RATIONALE: In CHD, areas of turbulent blood flow provide an optimal environment for bacterial growth. Therefore, a child with CHD is at increased risk for bacterial endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves and lining, and requires prophylactic antibiotics before dental work and invasive procedures. These children should receive all childhood immunizations. They don't require postural drainage or dietary fat restriction.

A preschooler goes into cardiac arrest. When performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a child, how should the nurse deliver chest compressions? 1. With the fingers of one hand 2. With two fingertips 3. With the palm of one hand 4. With the heel of one hand

4. With the heel of one hand RATIONALE: When performing CPR on a child between ages 1 and 8, the nurse should use the heel of one hand to compress the chest one-third to one-half the depth of the chest. Using only the fingers of one hand isn't appropriate for CPR. The use of two fingertips is appropriate for infant CPR but this method can't compress the chest sufficiently on an older child. The palm is never used for chest compressions in CPR.

A child experiences nausea and vomiting after receiving cancer chemotherapy drugs. To help prevent these problems from recurring, the nurse should: 1. provide a high-fiber diet before the next chemotherapy session. 2. administer allopurinol (Zyloprim) 2 hours before the next chemotherapy session. 3. encourage increased fluid intake before the next chemotherapy session. 4. administer an antiemetic 30 to 60 minutes before the next chemotherapy session.

4. administer an antiemetic 30 to 60 minutes before the next chemotherapy session. RATIONALE: The nurse should administer an antiemetic 30 to 60 minutes before the chemotherapy session because antiemetics counteract nausea most effectively when given before administration of an agent that causes nausea. Antiemetics also work better when given continuously rather than as needed. A high-fiber diet or allopurinol wouldn't prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting. Increasing fluid intake before the next chemotherapy session would only worsen the nausea and could cause more vomiting.

A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with suspected croup. The child appears frightened and cries as the nurse approaches him. The nurse needs to assess the child's breath sounds. The best way to approach the 2-year-old child is to: 1. expose the child's chest quickly and auscultate breath sounds as quickly and efficiently as possible. 2. ask the mother to wait briefly outside until the assessment is over. 3. tell the child the nurse is going to listen to his chest with the stethoscope. 4. allow the child to handle the stethoscope before listening to his lungs.

4. allow the child to handle the stethoscope before listening to his lungs. RATIONALE: The best way to approach the 2-year-old is to allow the child to handle the stethoscope because toddlers are naturally curious about their environment. Letting them handle minor equipment is distracting and helps them gain trust with the nurse. The nurse should only expose one area at a time during assessment and should approach the child slowly and unhurriedly. The caregiver should be encouraged to hold and console her child and to comfort the child with objects with which he's familiar, and the child should be given limited choices to allow autonomy such as, "Do you want me to listen first to the front of your chest or your back?"

A physician orders digoxin (Lanoxin) elixir for a toddler with heart failure. Immediately before administering this drug, the nurse must check the toddler's: 1. serum sodium level. 2. urine output. 3. weight. 4. apical pulse.

4. apical pulse. RATIONALE: Because digoxin may reduce the heart rate and heart failure may cause a pulse deficit, the nurse should measure the toddler's apical pulse before administering the drug to prevent further slowing of the heart rate. The serum sodium level doesn't affect digoxin's action. For a child with heart failure, the nurse should check urine output and measure weight regularly, but not necessarily just before digoxin administration.

A nurse performs cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for 1 minute on an infant without calling for assistance. In reassessing the infant after 2 minutes of CPR, the nurse finds he still isn't breathing and has no pulse. The nurse should then: 1. resume CPR beginning with breaths. 2. declare her efforts futile and stop CPR. 3. resume CPR beginning with chest compressions. 4. call for assistance.

4. call for assistance. RATIONALE: After 2 minutes of CPR, the nurse should call for assistance and then resume efforts. CPR shouldn't be stopped after it has been started unless the nurse is too exhausted to continue. A cycle usually ends with breaths, so the next beginning cycle after pulse check and summoning help would begin with chest compressions.

A nurse works in the neonatal intensive care unit. Her responsibility for disaster planning includes: 1. developing the plan for disaster response and conducting weekly practice drills. 2. following the disaster coordinator's instructions if a disaster occurs. 3. ensuring the safety of all neonates in the disaster area. 4. collaborating in development and implementation of the plan.

4. collaborating in development and implementation of the plan. RATIONALE: Collaboration is crucial in developing a disaster plan. Nurses must take an active role in disaster planning, but nurses aren't solely responsible for planning disaster response and conducting practice drills. Although the nurse should try to make sure that the neonates are safe during a disaster, she can't ensure on her own that all of them will be safe.

A nurse may use the performance improvement process to determine underlying causes and contributing factors related to sentinel events by: 1. randomly observing client care without advance warning. 2. evaluating a single incident that resulted in an unanticipated outcome. 3. requesting that a documented expert in the field perform a review. 4. conducting root cause analysis.

4. conducting root cause analysis. RATIONALE: Root cause analysis is used to gather information about factors that contribute to a problem (root causes) so that the nurse can identify ways to correct the problem. Random observation doesn't necessarily produce data to explain a specific sentinel event. Evaluation of a single incident rarely identifies underlying causes and contributing factors to sentinel events. An expert consultation doesn't necessarily reveal site-specific underlying causes and contributing factors in an individual health care facility.

In a 3-month-old infant, fluid and electrolyte imbalance can occur quickly, primarily because an infant has: 1. a lower percentage of body water than an adult. 2. a lower daily fluid requirement than an adult. 3. a more rapid respiratory rate than an adult. 4. immature kidney function.

4. immature kidney function. RATIONALE: Because of immature kidneys, an infant's glomerular filtration and absorption are inadequate, not reaching adult levels until age 1 to 2 years. An infant actually has a greater percentage of body water as well as higher daily fluid requirements than an adult. Although the infant's respiratory rate is higher, causing insensible water loss, immature kidney function is more responsible for fluid balance in an infant.

A parent of a 9-year-old-child scheduled to have surgery expresses concern about the potential for postoperative infection. A nurse provides the parent with information about the measures taken to maintain surgical asepsis. Typical surgical asepsis involves: 1. using sterile surgical scrubs. 2. preoperative cleansing of jewelry worn by the surgical team. 3. applying bandages to cover any wounds surgical team members have. 4. performing a preoperative surgical scrub for at least 3 to 5 minutes.

4. performing a preoperative surgical scrub for at least 3 to 5 minutes. RATIONALE: The surgical team should perform a surgical scrub lasting at least 3 to 5 minutes before any operative procedure. Although surgical gowns may be considered sterile, surgical scrubs are considered clean rather than sterile. Jewelry harbors bacteria; team members should remove it rather than simply clean it. A surgical team member with an open wound shouldn't be involved in a procedure requiring asepsis.

As an adolescent is receiving care, he's inadvertently injured with a warm compress. The nurse completes an incident report, knowing the report's goal is to: 1. reprimand staff for their actions. 2. protect the nurse from a lawsuit. 3. place the blame on the adolescent. 4. record facts surrounding each incident.

4. record facts surrounding each incident. RATIONALE: The main goal of an incident report following an adventitious event isn't punishment for those involved in the incident. The purpose of an incident report is threefold: to identify ways to prevent recurrences of incidents, to identify patterns of care problems, and to identify facts surrounding each incident. An incident report doesn't protect the nurse from a lawsuit.

A nurse plans a conference to discuss the care plan for an infant admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of nonorganic failure to thrive. Appropriate participants in the care conference include the: 1. registered nurse (RN), physician, social worker, and infant's parents. 2. social worker, RN, occupational therapist, and dietitian. 3. infant's primary caregiver, RN, physician, and occupational therapist. 4. registered dietitian, RN, physician, and infant's primary caregiver.

4. registered dietitian, RN, physician, and infant's primary caregiver. RATIONALE : The registered dietitian, RN, physician, and infant's primary caregiver are crucial interdisciplinary team members who should participate in this care conference. The dietitian can address nutritional needs. The primary caregiver can provide input. The social worker and occupational therapist may become involved after the infant's condition improves, but they aren't crucial members of the team at this point.

When caring for a 12-month-old infant with dehydration and metabolic acidosis, the nurse expects to see: 1. a reduced white blood cell (WBC) count. 2. a decreased platelet count. 3. shallow respirations. 4. tachypnea.

4. tachypnea. RATIONALE: The nurse would expect to see tachypnea because the body compensates for metabolic acidosis via the respiratory system, which tries to eliminate the buffered acids by increasing alveolar ventilation through deep, rapid respirations. Altered WBC and platelet counts aren't specific signs of metabolic imbalance.

A child, age 5, takes amoxicillin (Amoxil) orally three times per day to treat otitis media. For the most accurate calculation of a safe dosage, the nurse should use: 1. the child's weight in kilograms. 2. Young's rule based on the child's age. 3. Clark's rule based on the child's weight in pounds. 4. the child's body surface area.

4. the child's body surface area. RATIONALE: Using a child's body surface area may be the most accurate method for calculating safe drug dosages because body surface area is thought to parallel the child's organ growth and maturation and metabolic rate. Using the child's weight in kilograms, Young's rule based on the child's age, or Clark's rule based on the child's weight in pounds is likely to yield less accurate dosages.

A nurse is providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to a child, age 4. The nurse should: 1. compress the sternum with both hands at a depth of 1½″ to 2″ (4 to 5 cm). 2. deliver 12 breaths/minute. 3. perform only two-person CPR. 4. use the heel of one hand for sternal compressions.

4. use the heel of one hand for sternal compressions. RATIONALE: The nurse should use the heel of one hand and compress one-third to one-half the depth of the chest. The nurse should use the heels of both hands clasped together and compress the sternum 1½″ to 2″ for an adult. For a small child, two-person rescue may be inappropriate. For a child, the nurse should deliver 20 breaths/minute instead of 12 breaths/minute.

A nurse is preparing to administer the first dose of tobramycin (Nebcin) to an adolescent with cystic fibrosis. The order is for 3 mg/kg I.V. daily in three divided doses. The client weighs 95 lb. How many milligrams should the nurse administer per dose? Record your answer using one decimal place. Answer: milligrams

43.2 milligrams RATIONALE: To perform this dosage calculation, the nurse should first convert the client's weight to kilograms using this formula: 1 kg/2.2 lb = X kg/95 lb 2.2X = 95 X = 43.2 kg Then, she should calculate the client's daily dose using this formula: 43.2 kg × 3 mg/kg = 129.6 mg Lastly, the nurse should calculate the divided dose: 129.6 mg ÷3 doses = 43.2 mg/dose

A nurse is preparing a dose of amoxicillin for a 3-year-old child with acute otitis media. The child weighs 33 lb. The dosage ordered is 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours. The concentration of the drug is 250 mg/5 ml. How many milliliters should the nurse administer? Record your answer using a whole number. Answer: milliliters

5 milliliters RATIONALE: To calculate the child's weight in kilograms, the nurse should use the following formula: 2.2 lb/1 kg = 33 lb/X kg X = 33 ÷ 2.2 X = 15 kg. Next, the nurse should calculate the daily dosage for the child: 50 mg/kg/day × 15 kg = 750 mg/day. To determine divided daily dosage, the nurse should know that "every 8 hours" means 3 times per day. So, she should perform that calculation in this way: Total daily dosage ÷ 3 times per day = Divided daily dosage 750 mg/day ÷ 3 = 250 mg The drug's concentration is 250 mg/5 ml, so nurse should administer 5 ml.

Which statement made by the mother of a child with cystic fibrosis should indicate to a nurse that the mother is in need of further teaching regarding the administration of pancreatic enzymes? A) "I'll crush the capsules and mix with my child's food." B) "The capsule can be broken and its contents sprinkled onto food." C) "I may need to give more enzymes with larger meals." D) "I will administer the enzymes 30 minutes after the meal."

A) "I'll crush the capsules and mix with my child's food." Rationale - This statement by the mother indicates more teaching is needed, since crushing the capsule would destroy the enteric coating on the enzyme beads, leading to their destruction in the acid environment of the stomach.

A school-age child visits a school nurse with complaints of dizziness and shaking. The nurse confirms that the child has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus when the child becomes diaphoretic and begins to faint. What should be the nurse's first action? A) Administer an injection of glucagon. B) Activate EMS. C) Squeeze glucose gel into the cheek. D) Test the child's blood sugar.

A) Administer an injection of glucagon. Rationale - The child is demonstrating symptoms of severe hypoglycemia and the nurse must administer an emergency dose of glucagon to prevent the child from going into shock.

A 7-year-old child is hospitalized for a tonsillectomy. What are priority nursing actions when caring for this child after surgery? Select all that apply. A) Advancing diet as tolerated. B) Encouraging coughing to clear the throat. C) Monitoring PT and PTT. D) Administering pain medication around the clock. E) Suctioning mouth and throat frequently.

A) Advancing diet as tolerated. C) Monitoring PT and PTT. D) Administering pain medication around the clock. Rationale - Following tonsillectomy, the child may begin oral intake after surgery, beginning with ice chips and progressing as tolerated to avoid vomiting, which could injure the surgical site. Increased bleeding times put the child at risk for hemorrhage at the tonsillectomy site, which could compromise the airway. The nurse should expect that the child will have pain from the tonsillectomy. Pain control is best achieved with around-the-clock dosing. Without adequate pain control, the child may cry, putting stress on the surgical site.

Which nursing intervention should a nurse perform on a young child suspected of having a diagnosis of acute epiglottitis whose oxygen saturation measures 93% on room air? A) Allow the child to sit in a position of comfort. B) Provide small amounts of liquid orally via a syringe. C) Inspect the child's nares to assess degree of swelling. D) Apply 100% oxygen via mask.

A) Allow the child to sit in a position of comfort. Rationale - The child with acute epiglottitis is likely to be restless and agitated due to the progressive airway obstruction. The child should be allowed to maintain a position of com- fort (e.g., sitting upright) to avoid further agitation and impaired oxygenation.

Which would be an abnormal finding when doing a well-child checkup on a 1-week-old infant? A) An audible "clunk" during the Ortolani test. B) Symmetrical gluteal folds when the infant is held upright. C) Negative Barlow test. D) Symmetrical knee height when the infant is supine.

A) An audible "clunk" during the Ortolani test. Rationale - An audible, low-pitched, "clunk" during the Ortolani test is caused by the sound of the femur head exiting or entering the acetabulum, indicating hip dislocation.

A school nurse is creating an informational brochure for parents regarding the treatment of head lice. What form of treatment should the nurse caution against? A) Applying repeated doses of permethrin for as long as it takes until the infestation clears. B) Washing all clothing and linens in hot water followed by drying them in a hot dryer. C) Wearing gloves when washing the child's hair or inspecting for nits. D) Removing nits daily from the child's hair with a fine- tooth comb.

A) Applying repeated doses of permethrin for as long as it takes until the infestation clears. Rationale - Although permethrin is an over-the-counter medication for the treatment of pediculosis (head lice), repeated doses may become toxic over time; parents should be cautioned against such treatments. A nurse should stress that nonpharmacologic treatments such as nit removal may be more effective and pose less risk to the child.

A nurse prepares to administer a chelating agent to a child with lead poisoning. Which laboratory tests should be obtained prior to the administration of this agent? A) BUN and creatinine. B) PT, PTT. C) Urine specific gravity. D) CBC.

A) BUN and creatinine. Rationale - The chelating agent binds with lead and is excreted by the kidneys; therefore, normal kidney function should be established beforehand; blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine provide the best evidence of function.

A nurse would be most correct in withholding digoxin (Lanoxin) prescribed to an infant if the heart rate falls below which parameter? A) Below 100 beats per minute. B) Below 120 beats per minute. C) Below 140 beats per minute. D) Below 160 beats per minute.

A) Below 100 beats per minute. Rationale - digoxin (Lanoxin) should be withheld if the heart rate of the infant falls below 90 to 110 beats per minute (bpm). If digoxin (Lanoxin) is given when the infant's heart rate is 100, the resulting cardiac output may not be adequate.

Which orders should a nurse question for a 5-month-old infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who is hospitalized awaiting the second stage of surgical repair? Select all that apply. A) Call physician for oxygen saturations below 85%. B) Daily weights. C) Hold digoxin (Lanoxin) for heart rate less than 80 beats per minute. D) Strict I&O. E) Enfamil formula ad lib.

A) Call physician for oxygen saturations below 85%. C) Hold digoxin (Lanoxin) for heart rate less than 80 beats per minute. E) Enfamil formula ad lib. Rationale - The nurse should question an order that requires the nurse to call the physician for an oxygen saturation that is appropriate for an infant waiting surgical repair for a severe cyanotic heart defect. This parameter is too low. The heart rate should be at least 100 when administering digoxin (Lanoxin) to an infant. An infant with a con- genital heart defect frequently requires formula with extra calories per ounce. Regular Enfamil formula would not provide sufficient calories.

While suctioning a child with a tracheostomy tube in place, a nurse discovers that the suction catheter will not advance inside the tracheostomy tube and the child is becoming pale and anxious, with noticeable suprasternal retractions. What should be the nurse's priority action? A) Change the tracheostomy tube at once. B) Instill normal saline into the tracheostomy tube and attempt suctioning again. C) Obtain a pulse oximetry reading. D) Auscultate lung sounds.

A) Change the tracheostomy tube at once. Rationale - The child is displaying symptoms of respiratory distress due to tracheostomy occlusion since the nurse is unable to pass the catheter through the tracheostomy tube. This is an emergency requiring the nurse to promptly change the tracheostomy tube.

A nurse is working with a nursing student in the care of a young child status post-appendectomy. The student checks the current order of IV gentamicin and discovers the ordered dose is above the safe dose range based on the child's weight. What should be the nurse's first action? A) Check the child's recent lab work. B) Contact the physician. C) Order a hearing test. D) Obtain an order for BUN and creatinine.

A) Check the child's recent lab work. Rationale - The nurse should first check the child's recent laboratory work to see if a gentamicin level has been done. The physician may have increased the dose of IV gentamicin above the safe dose range if the child's gentamicin level fell below that which is effective. The safe dose range is the starting point for this medication, but the dose is then increased or decreased to achieve therapeutic blood levels.

A nurse enters the room of a child following the placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The child is sitting up in bed, crying, and has vomited a small amount on the bed linens. What are the priority nursing actions? Select all that apply. A) Complete a neurological assessment. B) Place the child in the supine position. C) Administer the antiemetic as ordered. D) Complete a pain assessment. E) Increase the child's IV rate.

A) Complete a neurological assessment. C) Administer the antiemetic as ordered. D) Complete a pain assessment. Rationale - The nurse should assess the child thoroughly to determine whether the child's neurological status has changed since the last assessment. Nausea and vomiting are common following neurosurgery. The antiemetic should be administered because vomiting needs to be prevented since it increases intracranial pressure (ICP). Determining the child's pain level should be part of the physical assessment. It is expected that the child may have pain from this surgery.

A hospitalized child is experiencing sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis. The child is currently receiving an intra- venous (IV) fluid bolus, pain medication every 4 hours, and warm compresses to the extremities per physician orders. During the midday assessment, the child reports no pain. Which action should a nurse take? A) Continue to apply warm compresses per physician order. B) Hold the next dosage of pain medication. C) Hold the next round of warm compresses. D) Contact the physician for a change in orders.

A) Continue to apply warm compresses per physician order. Rationale - The child is currently receiving a fluid bolus, which may be providing temporary improvement of pain symptoms. Ongoing application of warm compresses will continue to promote circulation in the extremities, thereby preventing pain. Once the fluid bolus is completed, the nurse should reassess the child's pain and circulation.

A child is admitted with acute exacerbation of asthma. A physician orders 100% oxygen via mask. Which physician order should be a nurse's next priority? A) Continuous inhaled albuterol. B) IV Solu-Medrol 2 mg/kg loading dose. C) IV fluids at maintenance rate. D) Chest x-ray.

A) Continuous inhaled albuterol. Rationale - The nurse's priority is to alleviate airway inflammation, and administration of a beta agonist such as albuterol is recommended.

An infant is admitted for probable pyloric stenosis. A physician orders IV fluids and makes the infant NPO pending a surgical consult. The infant is crying vigorously and the parents express frustration that they cannot feed their baby even though the surgery is not yet definite. Which is the best action for the nurse to take now? A) Explain to the parents that feeding an infant with pyloric stenosis can lead to electrolyte imbalances from possible vomiting. B) Offer the parents a pacifier for the infant. C) Place a call to the surgeon to find out how long it will be before the consult. D) Feed the infant a small amount of Pedialyte since the surgical repair for this condition will most likely not occur until the following day.

A) Explain to the parents that feeding an infant with pyloric stenosis can lead to electrolyte imbalances from possible vomiting. Rationale - The best action for the nurse is to help the parents under- stand that the NPO status is to avoid vomiting. This message should be delivered while expressing empathy for the situation.

A physician prescribes digoxin (Lanoxin) for a toddler with congestive heart failure (CHF). Before administering the medication, it is most important for the nurse to: A) First obtain an apical heart rate. B) Determine the serum potassium. C) Review the child's admission electrocardiogram (ECG). D) Mix the medication with a pleasant-tasting food.

A) First obtain an apical heart rate Rationale - Apical heart rate must be obtained by the nurse prior to the administration of digoxin (Lanoxin) to a child. Unless otherwise prescribed, the medication is typically withheld for a heart rate below 90 to 110 bpm in young children

An infant is admitted to a pediatric unit with labored breathing and moderate amounts of thick nasal secretions. What nursing intervention is most likely to improve the infant's oxygenation? A) Frequent suctioning of the nares with a nasal olive. B) Providing supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula. C) Strict monitoring of oxygen saturation levels. D) Placing the child in an infant seat.

A) Frequent suctioning of the nares with a nasal olive. Rationale - Infants are obligatory nose breathers. A nurse should attempt to keep nasal passages open through frequent suctioning with a nasal olive.

When teaching a class on home safety to new parents, on which type of exposure should a nurse focus as the primary cause of lead poisoning in children? A) Ingesting paint dust or chips from an old home. B) Having a parent who works near lead products. C) Riding in a car that uses leaded gasoline. D) Chewing on pencils with lead tips.

A) Ingesting paint dust or chips from an old home. Rationale - The primary means of lead exposure in children results from ingestion. The presence of lead-based paint should be suspect- ed in homes built prior to the late 1970s when these paints were discontinued. Children can ingest paint chips or dust by chewing on contaminated surfaces such as windowsills, and they can become exposed by playing in contaminated soil.

A school-age child visits a school nurse and states that a family member has been behaving inappropriately by touching the child near the groin area. What should be the school nurse's priority action? A) Make a report to the proper child protective authorities as mandated by law. B) Contact the child's parents to share what the child has reported. C) Question the child to determine all of the details of the inappropriate touching. D) Provide the child with a safe and calm environment in which to continue the discussion.

A) Make a report to the proper child protective authorities as mandated by law. Rationale - The nurse's priority is to fulfill the legal duties of a mandated reporter by contacting the agency responsible for taking reports of suspected child abuse.

An infant in a newborn nursery is identified as having phenylketonuria (PKU). What is the best initial source of nutrients for an infant with this diagnosis? A) Maternal breast milk. B) Pregestimil. C) Lofenalac. D) Isomil.

A) Maternal breast milk Rationale - The child with PKU is missing the enzyme needed to digest the amino acid phenylalanine. Maternal breast milk has many beneficial properties and it contains low levels of phenylalanine. Therefore, breast milk should be given until laboratory findings demonstrate the child is not tolerating the breast milk.

A nurse is caring for a child with acute glomerulonephritis. Which nursing assessment should be the nurse's first priority when caring for this child? A) Obtaining a daily weight. B) Palpating extremities frequently for edema. C) Assessing urine for hematuria. D) Obtaining the child's blood pressure every shift.

A) Obtaining a daily weight. Rationale - The primary concern in the child with glomerulonephritis is the monitoring of fluid balance. The nurse should obtain a weight for this child at the same time and on the same scale daily to monitor for changes.

Which conditions in children and/or adolescents should a nurse identify as being associated with metabolic alkalosis? Select all that apply. A) Pyloric stenosis. B) Diabetes. C) Renal failure. D) Bulimia nervosa. E) Aspirin ingestion.

A) Pyloric stenosis. D) Bulimia nervosa. Rationale - Children with pyloric stenosis experience loss of stomach acid from excessive vomiting. Children with bulimia nervosa vomit frequently, resulting in a loss of stomach acid.

A 13-year-old client diagnosed with beta-thalassemia is hospitalized for blood transfusion. What are the priority nursing diagnoses related to this child's care? Select all that apply. A) Risk for infection. B) Impaired elimination. C) Risk for injury. D) Disturbed body image. E) Chronic pain. F) Activity intolerance.

A) Risk for infection. C) Risk for injury. D) Disturbed body image. F) Activity intolerance. Rationale - Children with beta-thalassemia are at increased risk for infection due to the impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of their blood. These children are at risk for injury from an increased destruction of red blood cells. As red blood cells die, iron is released with deposits in the liver and spleen, enlarging these organs and impairing their function while also causing vomiting from abdominal pressure. These children may experience bone deformities, growth retardation, and delayed maturation of the sexual organs. These symptoms (e.g., broad forehead, short stature, immature appearance) may be troubling for an adolescent, whose main concern is to fit in with the peer group. Chronic hypoxia results from the production of abnormal red blood cells. If the body does not have sufficient red blood cell production, oxygen is not supplied to the tissues adequately, leading to activity intolerance and fatigue.

What assessment findings should a nurse expect in a child with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis? Select all that apply. A) Severe hematuria. B) Pallor. C) Decreased urine specific gravity. D) Weight gain. E) Headache. F) Massive proteinuria.

A) Severe hematuria. B) Pallor. D) Weight gain. E) Headache. Rationale - The child with acute glomerulonephritis has large amounts of red blood cells in the urine due to ruptured glomerular capillaries. Pallor is a symptom of acute glomerulonephritis as a result of anemia. The child with acute glomerulonephritis gains weight due to fluid retention. The child with acute glomerulonephritis may have a headache as a result of hypertension caused by hypervolemia.

Which symptom(s), if present in a child, should a nurse recognize as being characteristic of Kawasaki disease? Select all that apply. A) Strawberry tongue. B) High fever. C) Irritability. D) Cough. E) Desquamation of the extremities. F) Elevated ESR.

A) Strawberry tongue. B) High fever. C) Irritability. E) Desquamation of the extremities. F) Elevated ESR. Rationale - Strawberry tongue is a symptom of Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome), occur- ring as the skin of the tongue sloughs off, leaving a bright red tongue with white spots. A symptom of Kawasaki disease is high fever lasting more than 5 days. Irritability is a symptom of Kawasaki disease. The child with Kawasaki disease may experience peeling of the hands (on palms and fingertips) and feet (on soles and tips of toes) following the initial inflammatory rash on these areas. An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a symptom of Kawasaki disease. Elevated ESR is indicative of an inflammatory process, which would include Kawasaki disease.

In developing a plan of care for a hospitalized preschooler, a nurse recognizes that it is most essential to consider: A) That the child may believe the hospitalization is a punishment. B) Ways to provide visitation from peers. C) How to incorporate play activities with other children. D) Ways to promote privacy and independence.

A) That the child may believe the hospitalization is a punishment. Rationale - Preschoolers may perceive hospitalization as a punishment. The nurse should create a plan of care that reassures the child and helps the child understand the reasons for hospitalization.

When providing client teaching to the caregivers of a young child with sickle cell disease, a nurse should stress that: A) The child's diet should include whole grains and leafy green vegetables. B) Immunizations should be delayed until the child enters school. C) There is a 50% chance that the child's future offspring will have sickle cell anemia. D) The parents should request IV Demerol if the child is hospitalized with pain crisis.

A) The child's diet should include whole grains and leafy green vegetables. Rationale - These foods are high in fiber and folic acid. Fiber prevents constipation, a potential side effect of pain medication, and folic acid is needed for healthy red blood cell production.

A nurse is planning to teach a group of 10-year-old children about drug and alcohol prevention. Which characteristics of this age group are important for the nurse to consider when developing the teaching plan? Select all that apply. A) These children are achievement-oriented. B) They expect good behavior to be rewarded. C) Their problem-solving approach tends to be concrete and systematic. D) The central persons in their lives tend to be friends. E) These children are nearing puberty.

A) These children are achievement-oriented. B) They expect good behavior to be rewarded. C) Their problem-solving approach tends to be concrete and systematic. D) The central persons in their lives tend to be friends. E) These children are nearing puberty. Rationale - This is a developmental characteristic of the school-age child. The teaching plan should include activities that allow the children to succeed, such as games with a drug-free focus. This is a developmental characteristic of the school-age child. The teaching plan should provide for rewards (e.g., giving children pencils with fun slogans in exchange for signing a no-drug pledge form). This is a developmental characteristic of the school-age child. The teaching plan should include basic steps for avoiding substance abuse, such as ways to refuse substances when offered by peers. This is a developmental characteristic of the school-age child. The teaching plan should remind children that the majority of their peers do not abuse illicit substances. This is a developmental characteristic of the school-age child. The teaching plan should include discussions regarding physical and emotional consequences of substance abuse in boys and girls.

A nurse is caring for a child with tetralogy of Fallot. Which assessment findings should the nurse expect? Select all that apply. A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD). B) Atrial septal defect (ASD). C) Overriding aorta. D) Pulmonic stenosis. E) Right ventricular hypertrophy. F) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). G) Left-to-right shunting of blood. H) Aortic stenosis

A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD). C) Overriding aorta. D) Pulmonic stenosis. E) Right ventricular hypertrophy. G) Left-to-right shunting of blood. Rationale - A VSD is one of the components of tetralogy of Fallot. An overriding aorta is one of the components of tetralogy of Fallot. Pulmonic stenosis is one of the components of tetralogy of Fallot. Right ventricular hypertrophy is one of the components of tetralogy of Fallot. The blood flows from left to right in a child with tetralogy of Fallot through the VSD.

A nurse teaches a child with spina bifida how to perform urinary self-catheterization. Which steps should the nurse include in the teaching? Place each correct step in sequential order. A) Wash hands. B) Open latex catheter package. C) Lubricate tip of catheter. D) Wash catheter with soap and water. E) Cleanse perineum with Betadine swabs.

A) Wash hands. C) Lubricate tip of catheter. D) Wash catheter with soap and water. Rationale - The first step because the child should wash hands prior to the procedure to prevent infection. The second step because lubricating jelly should be applied. After insertion and removal of the catheter, the third (and last) step is to cleanse the catheter for storage

A child diagnosed with hypopituitarism is to begin receiving daily injections. At what time should a nurse instruct the child's parents to administer the injection each day? A) Before breakfast. B) At bedtime. C) With lunch. D) Any time the child prefers.

B) At bedtime. Rationale - The child will be receiving growth hormone injections and these should be timed to simulate the body's normal growth hormone peak that occurs within the first 2 hours of sleep.

Nursing care of the child with Kawasaki disease is challenging because of: a. the child's irritability. b. predictable disease course. c. complex antibiotic therapy. d. the child's ongoing requests for food.

ANS: A Patient irritability is a hallmark of Kawasaki disease and the most challenging problem. A quiet environment is necessary to promote rest. The diagnosis is often difficult to make, and the course of the disease can be unpredictable. Intravenous gamma globulin and salicylates are the therapy of choice, not antibiotics. The child often is reluctant to eat. Soft foods and fluids should be offered to prevent dehydration.

Which of the following defects results in obstruction to blood flow? a. Aortic stenosis b. Tricuspid atresia c. Atrial septal defect d. Transposition of the great arteries

ANS: A Aortic stenosis is a narrowing or stricture of the aortic valve, causing resistance to blood flow in the left ventricle, decreased cardiac output, left ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular congestion. Tricuspid atresia results in decreased pulmonary blood flow. The atrial septal defect results in increased pulmonary blood flow. Transposition of the great arteries results in mixed blood flow.

In which of the following conditions are all the formed elements of the blood simultaneously depressed? a. Aplastic anemia b. Sickle cell anemia c. Thalassemia major d. Iron deficiency anemia

ANS: A Aplastic anemia refers to a bone marrow-failure condition in which the formed elements of the blood are simultaneously depressed. Sickle cell anemia is a hemoglobinopathy in which normal adult hemoglobin is partly or completely replaced by abnormal sickled hemoglobin. Thalassemia major is a group of blood disorders characterized by deficiency in the production rate of specific hemoglobin chains. Iron deficiency anemia results in a decreased amount of circulating red cells.

Which of the following explains why iron deficiency anemia is common during infancy? a. Cow's milk is a poor source of iron. b. Iron cannot be stored during fetal development. c. Fetal iron stores are depleted by 1 month of age. d. Dietary iron cannot be started until 12 months of age.

ANS: A Children between the ages of 12 and 36 months are at risk for anemia, since cow's milk is a major component of their diet and it is a poor source of iron. Iron is stored during fetal development, but the amount stored depends on maternal iron stores. Fetal iron stores are usually depleted by ages 5 to 6 months. Dietary iron can be introduced by breast-feeding, iron-fortified formula, and cereals during the first 12 months of life.

Seventy-two hours after cardiac surgery, a young child has a temperature of 38.4o C (101.1° F). The nurse should do which of the following? a. Report findings to practitioner. b. Apply a hypothermia blanket. c. Keep child warm with blankets. d. Record temperature on assessment flow sheet.

ANS: A In the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery, the body temperature may increase to 37.8° C (100° F) as part of the inflammatory response to tissue trauma. If the temperature is higher or fever continues after this period, it is most likely a sign of an infection, and immediate investigation is indicated. Hypothermia blanket is not indicated for this level of temperature. Blankets should be removed from the child to keep the temperature from increasing. The temperature should be recorded, but the practitioner must be notified for evaluation.

Which of the following structural defects constitute tetralogy of Fallot? a. Pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy b. Aortic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy c. Aortic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, left ventricular hypertrophy d. Pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, aortic hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy

ANS: A Tetralogy of Fallot has these four characteristics: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

A school-age child is admitted in vasoocclusive sickle cell crisis (pain episode). The child's care should include which of the following? a. Hydration, pain management b. Oxygenation, factor VIII replacement c. Electrolyte replacement, administration of heparin d. Correction of alkalosis and reduction of energy expenditure

ANS: A The management of crises includes adequate hydration, pain management, minimization of energy expenditures, electrolyte replacement, and blood component therapy if indicated. Factor VIII is not indicated in the treatment of vasoocclusive sickle cell crisis. Oxygen may prevent further sickling, but it is not effective in reversing sickling because it cannot reach the clogged blood vessels. Also, prolonged oxygen can reduce bone marrow activity. Heparin is not indicated in the treatment of vasoocclusive sickle cell crisis. Electrolyte replacement should accompany hydration. The acidosis will be corrected as the crisis is treated. Energy expenditure should be minimized to improve oxygen utilization. Acidosis, not alkalosis, results from hypoxia, which also promotes sickling.

The primary nursing intervention to prevent bacterial endocarditis is which of the following? a. Counsel parents of high-risk children. b. Institute measures to prevent dental procedures. c. Encourage restricted mobility in susceptible children. d. Observe children for complications, such as embolism and heart failure.

ANS: A The objective of nursing care is to counsel the parents of high-risk children about the need for both prophylactic antibiotics for dental procedures and maintaining excellent oral health. The child's dentist should be aware of the child's cardiac condition. Dental procedures should be done to maintain a high level of oral health. Restricted mobility in susceptible children is not indicated. Parents are taught to observe for unexplained fever, weight loss, or change in behavior.

A parent of a 7-year-old girl with a repaired ventricular septal defect (VSD) calls the cardiology clinic and reports that the child is just not herself. Her appetite is decreased, she has had intermittent fevers around 38o C (100.4o F), and now her muscles and joints ache. Based on this information you advise the mother to: a. immediately bring the child to clinic for evaluation. b. come to the clinic next week on a scheduled appointment. c. treat the symptoms with acetaminophen and fluids, since it is most likely a viral illness. d. recognize that the child is trying to manipulate the parent by complaining of vague symptoms.

ANS: A These are the insidious symptoms of bacterial endocarditis. Since the child is in a high-risk group for this disorder (VSD repair), immediate evaluation and treatment are indicated to prevent cardiac damage. With appropriate antibiotic therapy, bacterial endocarditis is successfully treated in approximately 80% of the cases. The child's complaints should not be dismissed. The low-grade fever is not a symptom that the child can fabricate.

A cardiac defect that allows blood to shunt from the (high pressure) left side of the heart to the (lower pressure) right side can result in: a. cyanosis. b. congestive heart failure. c. decreased pulmonary blood flow. d. bounding pulses in upper extremities.

ANS: B As blood is shunted into the right side of the heart, there is increased pulmonary blood flow and the child is at high risk for congestive heart failure. Cyanosis usually occurs in defects with decreased pulmonary blood flow. Bounding upper extremity pulses are a manifestation of coarctation of the aorta.

The nurse should recognize that congestive heart failure (CHF) is which of the following? a. Disease related to cardiac defects b. Consequence of an underlying cardiac defect c. Inherited disorder associated with a variety of defects d. Result of diminished workload imposed on an abnormal myocardium

ANS: B CHF is the inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the systemic circulation at normal filling pressures to meet the body's metabolic demands. CHF is not a disease but rather a result of the inability of the heart to pump efficiently. CHF is not inherited. CHF occurs most frequently secondary to congenital heart defects in which structural abnormalities result in increased volume load or increased pressures on the ventricles.

Iron overload is a side effect of chronic transfusion therapy. Treatment to minimize this complication includes: a. magnetic therapy. b. infusion of deferoxamine. c. hemoglobin electrophoresis. d. washing red blood cells (RBCs) to reduce iron.

ANS: B Deferoxamine infusions in combination with vitamin C allow the iron to remain in a more chelatable form. The iron can then be excreted more easily. Use of magnets does not remove additional iron from the body. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to confirm the diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies; it does not affect iron overload. Washed RBCs remove white blood cells and other proteins from the unit of blood; they do not affect the iron concentration.

The regulation of red blood cell (RBC) production is thought to be controlled by: a. hemoglobin. b. tissue hypoxia. c. reticulocyte count. d. number of RBCs.

ANS: B Hemoglobin does not directly control RBC production. If there is insufficient hemoglobin to adequately oxygenate the tissue, then erythropoietin may be released. When tissue hypoxia occurs, the kidneys release erythropoietin into the bloodstream. This stimulates the marrow to produce new RBCs. Reticulocytes are immature RBCs. The "retic" count can be used to monitor hematopoiesis. The number of RBCs does not directly control production. In congenital cardiac disorders with mixed blood flow or decreased pulmonary blood flow, RBC production continues secondary to tissue hypoxia.

The nurse is caring for a child with persistent hypoxia secondary to a cardiac defect. The nurse recognizes the risk of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) occurring. Which of the following is an important objective to decrease this risk? a. Minimize seizures. b. Prevent dehydration. c. Promote cardiac output. d. Reduce energy expenditure.

ANS: B In children with persistent hypoxia, polycythemia develops. Dehydration must be prevented in hypoxemic children because it potentiates the risk of strokes. Minimizing seizures, promoting cardiac output, and reducing energy expenditure will not reduce the risk of cerebrovascular accidents.

John is a 6-year-old child scheduled for a cardiac catheterization. Preoperative teaching should be which of the following? a. Directed at his parents because he is too young to understand b. Adapted to his level of development so that he can understand c. Done several days before the procedure so he will be prepared d. Provide details about the actual procedures so he will know what to expect

ANS: B Preoperative teaching should always be directed to the child's stage of development. The caregivers also benefit from these explanations. The parents may ask additional questions, which should be answered, but the child needs to receive the information based on developmental level. This age-group will not understand in-depth descriptions. School-age children should be prepared close to the time of the cardiac catheterization.

Which of the following is a condition in which the normal adult hemoglobin is partly or completely replaced by abnormal hemoglobin? a. Aplastic anemia b. Sickle cell anemia c. Thalassemia major d. Iron deficiency anemia

ANS: B Sickle cell anemia is one of a group of diseases collectively called hemoglobinopathies, in which normal adult hemoglobin is replaced by abnormal hemoglobin. Aplastic anemia is a lack of cellular elements being produced. Thalassemia major refers to a variety of inherited disorders characterized by deficiencies in production of certain globulin chains. Iron deficiency anemia affects red cell size and depth of color but does not involve abnormal hemoglobin.

Which of the following should the nurse consider when preparing a school-age child and the family for heart surgery? a. Unfamiliar equipment should not be shown. b. Let child hear the sounds of a cardiac monitor, including alarms. c. Explain that an endotracheal tube will not be needed if the surgery goes well. d. Discussion of postoperative discomfort and interventions is not necessary before the procedure.

ANS: B The child and family should be exposed to the sights and sounds of the intensive care unit (ICU). All positive, nonfrightening aspects of the environment are emphasized. The family and child should make the decision about a tour of the unit if it is an option. The child should be shown unfamiliar equipment and its use demonstrated on a doll. Carefully prepare the child for the postoperative experience, including intravenous lines, incision, endotracheal tube, expected discomfort, and management strategies.

The parents of a 3-year-old child with congenital heart disease are afraid to let their child play with other children because of possible overexertion. The nurse's reply should include which of the following? a. Parents can meet all the child's needs. b. Child needs opportunities to play with peers. c. Constant parental supervision is needed to avoid overexertion. d. Child needs to understand that peers' activities are too strenuous.

ANS: B The child needs opportunities for social development. Children are able to regulate and limit their activities based on their energy level. Parents must be encouraged to seek appropriate social activities for the child, especially before kindergarten. The child needs to have activities that foster independence.

A nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which laboratory test would the nurse be least likely to obtain? A) Urine specific gravity. B) Blood glucose. C) Serum sodium. D) Urine osmolality.

B) Blood Glucose Obtaining a blood glucose level is not expected for a child diagnosed with SIADH since the priority measures involve blood and urine osmolality. Blood glucose is a likely laboratory test in a child with diabetes insipidus.

Which of the following is descriptive of most cases of hemophilia? a. X-linked recessive deficiency of platelets causing prolonged bleeding b. X-linked recessive inherited disorder in which a blood clotting factor is deficient c. Autosomal dominant deficiency of a factor involved in the blood-clotting reaction d. Y-linked recessive inherited disorder in which the red blood cells become moon shaped

ANS: B The inheritance pattern in 80% of all the cases of hemophilia is X-linked recessive. The two most common forms of the disorder are factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia A, or classic hemophilia) and factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B, or Christmas disease). The disorder involves coagulation factors, not platelets. The disorder does not involve red cells or the Y chromosome.

Ventricular septal defect has the following blood flow pattern: a. Mixed blood flow b. Increased pulmonary blood flow c. Decreased pulmonary blood flow d. Obstruction to blood flow from ventricles

ANS: B The opening in the septal wall allows for blood to flow from the higher pressure left ventricle into the lower pressure right ventricle. This left-to-right shunt creates increased pulmonary blood flow. The shunt is one way, from high pressure to lower pressure; oxygenated and unoxygenated blood do not mix. The outflow of blood from the ventricles is not affected by the septal defect.

The nurse notices that a child is increasingly apprehensive and has tachycardia after heart surgery. The chest tube drainage is now 8 ml/kg/hr. Which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? a. Apply warming blankets. b. Notify the practitioner of these findings. c. Give additional pain medication per protocol. d. Encourage child to cough, turn, and deep breathe.

ANS: B The practitioner is notified immediately. Increases of chest tube drainage to more than 3 ml/kg/hr for more than 3 consecutive hours or 5 to 10 ml/kg in any 1 hour may indicate postoperative hemorrhage. Increased chest tube drainage with apprehensiveness and tachycardia may indicate cardiac tamponade—blood or fluid in the pericardial space constricting the heart—which is a life-threatening complication. Warming blankets are not indicated at this time. Additional pain medication can be given before the practitioner drains the fluid, but the notification is the first action. Encouraging the child to cough, turn, and deep breathe should be deferred until after evaluation by the practitioner.

A child with sickle cell anemia (SCA) develops severe chest and back pain, fever, a cough, and dyspnea. The first action by the nurse is to: a. administer 100% oxygen to relieve hypoxia. b. notify practitioner, since chest syndrome is suspected. c. infuse intravenous antibiotics as soon as cultures are obtained. d. give ordered pain medication to relieve symptoms of pain episode.

ANS: B These are the symptoms of chest syndrome, which is a medical emergency. Notifying the practitioner is the priority action. Oxygen may be indicated; however, it does not reverse the sickling that has occurred. Antibiotics are not indicated initially. Pain medications may be required, but evaluation by the practitioner is the priority.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The nurse is caring for a child with Kawasaki disease in the acute phase. Which of the following clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to observe? a. Osler nodes b. Cervical lymphadenopathy c. Strawberry tongue d. Chorea e. Erythematous palms f. Polyarthritis

ANS: B, C, E Clinical manifestations of Kawasaki disease in the acute phase include cervical lymphadenopathy, a strawberry tongue, and erythematous palms. Osler nodes are a clinical manifestation of endocarditis. Chorea and polyarthritis are seen in rheumatic fever.

Decreasing the demands on the heart is a priority in care for the infant with congestive heart failure (CHF). In evaluating the infant's status, which of the following is indicative of achieving this goal? a. Irritability when awake b. Capillary refill of more than 5 seconds c. Appropriate weight gain for age d. Positioned in high Fowler position to maintain oxygen saturation at 90%

ANS: C Appropriate weight gain for an infant is indicative of successful feeding and a reduction in caloric loss secondary to the CHF. Irritability is a symptom of CHF. The child also uses additional energy when irritable. Capillary refill should be brisk and within 2 to 3 seconds. The child needs to be positioned upright to maintain oxygen saturation at 90%. Positioning is helping to decrease respiratory effort, but the infant is still having difficulty with oxygenation.

In a child with sickle cell anemia (SCA), adequate hydration is essential to minimize sickling and delay the vasooclusion and hypoxia-ischemia cycle. The nurse teaches the parents to: a. encourage drinking. b. keep accurate records of output. c. check for moist mucous membranes. d. monitor the concentration of the child's urine.

ANS: C Children with SCA have impaired kidney function and cannot concentrate urine. Parents are taught signs of dehydration and ways to minimize loss of fluid to the environment. Encouraging drinking is not specific enough for parents. The nurse should give the parents and child a target fluid amount for each 24-hour period. Accurate monitoring of output may not reflect the child's fluid needs. Without the ability to concentrate urine, the child needs additional intake to compensate. Dilute urine and specific gravity are not valid signs of hydration status in children with SCA.

Which of the following statements best describes β-thalassemia major (Cooley anemia)? a. It is an acquired hemolytic anemia. b. Inadequate numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) are present. c. Increased incidence occurs in families of Mediterranean extraction. d. It commonly occurs in individuals from West Africa.

ANS: C Individuals who live near the Mediterranean Sea and their descendants have the highest incidence of thalassemia. Thalassemia is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. An overproduction of RBCs occurs. Although numerous, the red cells are relatively unstable. Sickle cell disease is common in blacks of West African descent.

The nurse finds that a 6-month-old infant has an apical pulse of 166 beats/min during sleep. The nurse should do which of the following? a. Administer oxygen. b. Record data on nurses' notes. c. Report data to the practitioner. d. Place child in high Fowler position.

ANS: C One of the earliest signs of CHF is tachycardia (sleeping heart rate >160 beats/min) as a direct result of sympathetic stimulation. The practitioner needs to be notified for evaluation of possible CHF. Although oxygen or a semiupright position may be indicated, the first action is to report the data to the practitioner.

The nurse is teaching the family of a child, age 8 years, with moderate hemophilia about home care. The initial therapy for a joint injury is: a. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). b. DDAVP (synthetic vasopressin). c. intravenous (IV) infusion of factor VIII concentrates. d. elevation and application of ice to involved joint.

ANS: C Parents are taught home infusion of factor VIII concentrate. For moderate and severe hemophilia, prompt IV administration is essential to prevent joint injury. NSAIDs are effective for pain relief. They must be given with caution because they inhibit platelet aggregation. A factor VIII level of 30% is necessary to stop bleeding. DDAVP can raise the factor VIII level fourfold. Moderate hemophilia is defined by a factor VIII activity of 4.9. A fourfold increase would not meet the 30% level. Ice and elevation are important adjunctive therapy, but factor VIII is necessary.

The parents of a child with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are concerned about subsequent children having the disease. The nurse should know that: a. SCA is not inherited. b. all siblings will have SCA. c. each sibling has a 25% chance of having SCA. d. there is a 50% chance of siblings having SCA.

ANS: C SCA is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. In this inheritance pattern, each child born to these parents has a 25% chance of having the disorder, a 25% chance of having neither SCA nor the trait, and a 50% chance of being heterozygous for SCA (sickle cell trait). SCA is an inherited hemoglobinopathy.

A mother states that she brought her child to the clinic because the 3-year-old girl was not keeping up with her siblings. During physical assessment, the nurse notes that the child has pale skin and conjunctiva and has muscle weakness. The hemoglobin on admission is 6.4 g/dl. After notifying the practitioner of the results, the nurse's priority intervention is to: a. reduce environmental stimulation to prevent seizures. b. have the laboratory repeat the analysis with a new specimen. c. minimize energy expenditure to decrease cardiac workload. d. administer intravenous fluids to correct the dehydration.

ANS: C The child has a critically low hemoglobin value. The expected range is 11.5 to 15.5 g/dl. When the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood decreases slowly, the child is able to compensate by increasing cardiac output. With the increasing workload of the heart, additional stress can lead to cardiac failure. Reduction of environmental stimulation can help minimize energy expenditure, but seizures are not a risk. A repeat hemoglobin analysis is not necessary. The child does not have evidence of dehydration. If intravenous fluids are given, they can further dilute the circulating blood volume and increase the strain on the heart.

The clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia (SCA) are primarily the result of which of the following? a. Decreased blood viscosity b. Deficiency in coagulation c. Increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction d. Greater affinity for oxygen

ANS: C The clinical features of SCA are primarily the result of increased RBC destruction and obstruction caused by the sickle-shaped RBCs. When the sickle cells change shape, they increase the viscosity in the area where they are involved in the microcirculation. SCA does not have a coagulation deficit. Sickled red cells have decreased oxygen-carrying capacity and transform into the sickle shape in conditions of low oxygen tension.

A child with severe anemia requires a unit of red blood cells (RBCs). The nurse explains to the child that the transfusion is necessary to: a. allow her parents to come visit her. b. fight the infection that she now has. c. increase her energy so she will not be so tired. d. help her body stop bleeding by forming a clot (scab).

ANS: C The indication for RBC transfusion is risk of cardiac decompensation. When the number of circulating RBCs is increased, tissue hypoxia decreases, cardiac function is improved, and the child will have more energy. Parental visiting is not dependent on transfusion. The decrease in tissue hypoxia will minimize the risk of infection. There is no evidence that the child is currently infected. Forming a clot is the function of platelets.

Which of the following should the nurse include when teaching the mother of a 9-month-old infant about administering liquid iron preparations? a. Give with meals. b. Stop immediately if nausea and vomiting occur. c. Adequate dosage will turn the stools a tarry green color. d. Allow preparation to mix with saliva and bathe the teeth before swallowing.

ANS: C The nurse should prepare the mother for the anticipated change in the child's stools. If the iron dose is adequate, the stools will become a tarry green color. A lack of color change may indicate insufficient iron. The iron should be given in two divided doses between meals when the presence of free hydrochloric acid is greatest. Iron is absorbed best in an acidic environment. Vomiting and diarrhea may occur with iron administration. If these occur, the iron should be given with meals, and the dosage reduced and gradually increased as the child develops tolerance. Liquid preparations of iron stain the teeth; they should be administered through a straw and the mouth rinsed after administration.

After returning from cardiac catheterization, the nurse determines that the pulse distal to the catheter insertion site is weaker. The nurse should do which of the following? a. Elevate affected extremity. b. Notify practitioner of the observation. c. Record data on assessment flow record. d. Apply warm compresses to insertion site.

ANS: C The pulse distal to the catheterization site may be weaker for the first few hours after catheterization, but should gradually increase in strength. Documentation of the finding provides a baseline. The extremity is maintained straight for 4 to 6 hours. This is an expected change. The pulse is monitored. If there are neurovascular changes in the extremity, the practitioner is notified. The site is kept dry. Warm compresses are not indicated.

When caring for the child with Kawasaki disease, the nurse should know which of the following? a. Aspirin is contraindicated. b. Principal area of involvement is the joints. c. Child's fever is usually responsive to antibiotics within 48 hours. d. Therapeutic management includes administration of gamma globulin and salicylates.

ANS: D High-dose intravenous gamma globulin and salicylate therapy is indicated to reduce the incidence of coronary artery abnormalities when given within the first 10 days of the illness. Aspirin is part of the therapy. Mucous membranes, conjunctiva, changes in the extremities, and cardiac involvement are seen. The fever of Kawasaki disease is unresponsive to antibiotics. It is responsive to antiinflammatory doses of aspirin and antipyretics.

A chest x-ray examination is ordered for a child with suspected cardiac problems. The child's parent asks the nurse, "What will the x-ray show about the heart?" The nurse's response should be based on knowledge that the x-ray film will do which of the following? a. Show bones of chest but not the heart b. Evaluate the vascular anatomy outside of the heart c. Show a graphic measure of electrical activity of the heart d. Provide information on heart size and pulmonary blood flow patterns

ANS: D Chest x-ray films provide information on the size of the heart and pulmonary blood flow patterns. The bones of the chest are visible on the chest x-ray film, but the heart and blood vessels are also seen. Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive technique that allows for evaluation of vascular anatomy outside of the heart. A graphic measure of electrical activity of the heart is provided by electrocardiography.

Because of the risks associated with administration of factor VIII concentrate, the nurse would teach the client's family to recognize and report which of the following? A.Yellowing of the skin B.Constipation C.Abdominal distention D.Puffiness around the eyes

Answer: A Because factor VIII concentrate is derived from large pools of human plasma, the risk of hepatitis is always present. Clinical manifestations of hepatitis include yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera. Use of factor VIII concentrate is not associated with constipation, abdominal distention, or puffiness around the eyes.

The physician suggests that surgery be performed for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) to prevent which of the following complications? a. Hypoxemia b. Right-to-left shunt of blood c. Decreased workload on left side of heart d. Pulmonary vascular congestion

ANS: D In PDA, blood flows from the higher pressure aorta into the lower pressure pulmonary vein, resulting in increased pulmonary blood flow. This creates pulmonary vascular congestion. Hypoxemia usually results from defects with mixed blood flow and decreased pulmonary blood flow. The shunt is from left to right in a PDA. The closure would stop this. There is increased workload on the left side of the heart with a PDA.

Which of the following statements best describes iron deficiency anemia in infants? a. It is caused by depression of the hematopoietic system. b. It is easily diagnosed because of infant's emaciated appearance. c. It results from a decreased intake of milk and the premature addition of solid foods. d. Clinical manifestations are related to a reduction in the amount of oxygen available to tissues.

ANS: D In iron deficiency anemia the child's clinical appearance is a result of the anemia, not the underlying cause. Usually the hematopoietic system is not depressed. The bone marrow produces red cells that are smaller and contain less hemoglobin than normal red cells. Children who are iron deficient from drinking excessive quantities of milk are usually pale and overweight. They are receiving sufficient calories, but are deficient in essential nutrients. The clinical manifestations result from decreased intake of iron-fortified solid foods and an excessive intake of milk.

The infant with congestive heart failure (CHF) has a need for: a. decreased fat. b. increased fluids. c. decreased protein. d. increased calories.

ANS: D Infants with CHF have a greater metabolic rate because of poor cardiac function and increased heart and respiratory rates. Their caloric needs are greater than those of average infants, yet their ability to take in calories is diminished by their fatigue. The diet should include increased protein and increased fat to facilitate the child's intake of sufficient calories. Fluids must be carefully monitored because of the CHF.

For children who do not have a matched sibling bone marrow donor, the therapeutic management of aplastic anemia includes: a. antibiotics. b. antiretroviral drugs. c. iron supplementation. d. immunosuppressive therapy.

ANS: D It is thought that aplastic anemia may be an autoimmune disease. Immunosuppressive therapy, including antilymphocyte globulin, antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and methylprednisone, has greatly improved the prognosis for patients with aplastic anemia. Antibiotics are not indicated as the management. They may be indicated for infections. Antiretroviral drugs and iron supplementation are not part of the therapy.

A 3-month-old infant has a hypercyanotic spell. The nurse's first action should be which of the following? a. Assess for neurologic defects. b. Prepare family for imminent death. c. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation. d. Place child in the knee-chest position.

ANS: D The first action is to place the infant in the knee-chest position. Blow-by oxygen may be indicated. Neurologic defects are unlikely. Preparing the family for imminent death or beginning cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be unnecessary. The child is assessed for airway, breathing, and circulation. Often, calming the child and administering oxygen and morphine can alleviate the hypercyanotic spell.

The therapeutic management of children with β-thalassemia major consists primarily of which of the following? a. Oxygen therapy b. Supplemental iron c. Adequate hydration d. Frequent blood transfusions

ANS: D The goal of medical management is to maintain sufficient hemoglobin (>9.5 g/dl) to prevent bone marrow expansion. This is achieved through a long-term transfusion program. Oxygen therapy and adequate hydration are not beneficial in the overall management of thalassemia. The child does not require supplemental iron. Iron overload is a problem because of frequent blood transfusions, decreased production of hemoglobin, and increased absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

An 8-year-old girl is receiving a blood transfusion when the nurse notes that she has developed precordial pain, dyspnea, distended neck veins, slight cyanosis, and a dry cough. These manifestations are most suggestive of which of the following complications? a. Air embolism b. Allergic reaction c. Hemolytic reaction d. Circulatory overload

ANS: D The signs of circulatory overload include distended neck veins, hypertension, crackles, dry cough, cyanosis, and precordial pain. Signs of air embolism are sudden difficulty breathing, sharp pain in the chest, and apprehension. Urticaria, pruritus, flushing, asthmatic wheezing, and laryngeal edema are signs and symptoms of allergic reactions. Hemolytic reactions are characterized by chills, shaking, fever, pain at infusion site, nausea, vomiting, tightness in chest, flank pain, red or black urine, and progressive signs of shock and renal failure.

The nurse is caring for a school-age girl who has had a cardiac catheterization. The child tells the nurse that her bandage is "too wet." The nurse finds the bandage and bed soaked with blood. The most appropriate initial nursing action is which of the following? a. Notify the physician. b. Place child in Trendelenburg position. c. Apply a new bandage with more pressure. d. Apply direct pressure above catheterization site.

ANS: D When bleeding occurs, direct continuous pressure is applied 2.5 cm (1 inch) above the percutaneous skin site to localize pressure on the vessel puncture. The physician can be notified and a new bandage with more pressure can be applied after pressure is applied. The nurse can have someone else notify the physician while the pressure is being maintained. Trendelenburg position would not be a helpful intervention. It would increase the drainage from the lower extremities.

The school nurse sees a 14-year-old child who presents with fatigue and a nagging cough of three weeks' duration that has become productive with thick mucus and is much worse at night. The school nurse suspects pertussis (whooping cough), because vaccine protection wanes in 5-10 years. What is the school nurse's first nursing action? A) Isolate the child and contact the parents. B) Report the case to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). C) Encourage fluids to prevent dehydration. D) Provide emotional support to parents.

Answer: A Isolation is necessary to prevent the disease from spreading to classmates by aerosolized droplet infection. The case is not reportable until a positive culture is returned. The remaining interventions are important, but are not the first nursing action, because the entire school population might be at risk.

Which of the following assessments in a child with hemophilia would lead the nurse to suspect early hemarthrosis? A.Child's reluctance to move a body part B.Cool, pale, clammy extremity C.Eccymosis formation around a joint D.Instability of a long bone in passive movement

Answer: A Bleeding into the joints in the child with hemophilia leads to pain and tenderness, resulting in restricted movement. Therefore, an early sign of hemarthrosis would be the child's reluctance to move a body part. If the bleeding into the joint continues, the area becomes hot, swollen, and immobile—not cool, pale, and clammy. Ecchymosis formation around a joint would be difficult to assess. Instability of a long bone on passive movement is not associated with joint hemarthrosis.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which statements by the mother of a toddler would lead the nurse to suspect that the child has iron-deficiency anemia? A."He drinks over 3 cups of milk per day." B."I can't keep enough apple juice in the house; he must drink over 10 ounces per day." C."He refuses to eat more than 2 different kinds of vegetables." D."He doesn't like meat, but he will eat small amounts of it." E."He sleeps 12 hours every night and take a 2-hour nap."

Answer: A, B. Toddlers should have between 2 and 3 cups of milk per day and 8 ounces of juice per day. If they have more than that, then they are probably not eating enough other foods, including iron-rich foods that have the needed nutrients.

The mother of a child with tetralogy of Fallot asks the nurse why her child has clubbed fingers. The nurse bases the response on the understanding that clubbing is due to which of the following? a) Anemia. b) Peripheral hypoxia. c) Delayed physical growth. d) Destruction of bone marrow.

Answer: B Clubbing of the fingers is one common finding in the child with persistent hypoxia leading to tissue changes in the body because of the low oxygen content of the blood (hypoxemia). It apparently results from tissue fibrosis and hypertrophy from the hypoxemia and from an increase in capillaries in the area, which occur as the body attempts to improve blood supply. Clubbing of the fingers is associated with polycythemia, not anemia. Polycythemia results from the body's attempt to increase oxygen levels in the tissues. The child may be small for his or her chronological age, but clubbing does not result from slow physical growth. Destruction of the bone marrow is not related to this congenital heart malformation. Instead, bone marrow is actively producing erythrocytes to compensate for the chronic hypoxia.

A child suspected of having sickle cell disease is seen in a clinic, and laboratory studies are performed. A nurse checks the lab results, knowing that which of the following would be increased in this disease? A.Platelet count B.Hematocrit level C.Reticulocyte count D.Hemoglobin level

Answer: C A diagnosis is established based on a complete blood count, examination for sickled red blood cells in the peripheral smear, and hemoglobin electrophoresis. Laboratory studies will show decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and a decreased platelet count, and increased reticulocyte count, and the presence of nucleated red blood cells. Increased reticulocyte counts occur in children with sickle cell disease because the life span of their sickled red blood cells is shortened.

The nurse explains to the parents of a 1-year-old child admitted to the hospital in a sickle cell crisis that the local tissue damage the child has on admission is caused by which of the following? A.Autoimmune reaction complicated by hypoxia B.Lack of oxygen in the red blood cells C.Obstruction to circulation D.Elevated serum bilirubin concentration

Answer: C Characteristic sickle cells tend to cause "log jams" in capillaries. This results in poor circulation to local tissues, leading to ischemia and necrosis. The basic defect in sickle cell disease is an abnormality in the structure of RBCs. The erythrocytes are sickle-shaped, rough in texture, and rigid. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disease, not an autoimmune reaction. Elevated serum bilirubin concentrations are associated with jaundice, not sickle cell disease.

Which of the following would the nurse identify as the priority nursing diagnosis during a toddler's vasoocclusive sickle cell crisis? A.Ineffective coping related to the presence of a life-threatening disease B.Decreased cardiac output related to abnormal hemoglobin formation C.Pain related to tissue anoxia D.Excess fluid volume related to infection

Answer: C For the child in a sickle cell crisis, pain is the priority nursing diagnosis because the sickled cells clump and obstruct the blood vessels, leading to occlusive and subsequent tissue ischemia. Although ineffective coping may be important, it is not the priority. Decreased cardiac output is not a problem with this type of vasoocclusive crisis. Typically, a sickle cell crisis can be precipitated by a fluid volume deficit or dehydration.

Which of the following disorders results from a deficiency of factor VIII? A.Sickle cell disease B.Christmas disease C.Hemophilia A D.Hemophilia B

Answer: C Hemophilia A results from a deficiency of factor VIII. Sickle cell disease is caused by a defective hemoglobin molecule. Christmas disease, also called hemophilia B, results in a factor IX deficiency.

A nurse is preparing for the admission of a child with a diagnosis of acute-stage Kawasaki disease. On assessment of the child, the nurse expects to note which clinical manifestation of the acute stage of the disease? a) cracked lips b) a normal appearance c) conjunctival hyperemia d) desquamation of the skin

Answer: C In the acute stage, the child has a fever, conjunctival hyperemia, red throat, swollen hands, rash, and enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes. In the subacute stage, cracking lips and fissures, desquamation of the skin on the tips of the fingers and toes, joint pain, cardiac manifestations, and thrombocytosis occur. In the convalescent stage, the child appears normal, but signs of inflammation may be present.

A clinic nurse instructs the mother of a child with sickle cell disease about the precipitating factors related to pain crisis. Which of the following, if identified by the mother as a precipitating factor, indicates the need for further instructions? A.Infection B.Trauma C.Fluid overload D.Stress

Answer: C Pain crisis may be precipitated by infection, dehydration, hypoxia, trauma, or physical or emotional stress. The mother of a child with sickle cell disease should encourage fluid intake of 1 ½ to 2 times the daily requirement to prevent dehydration.

The mothers asks the nurse why her child's hemoglobin was normal at birth but now the child has S hemoglobin. Which of the following responses by the nurse is most appropriate? A."The placenta bars passage of the hemoglobin S from the mother to the fetus." B."The red bone marrow does not begin to produce hemoglobin S until several months after birth." C."Antibodies transmitted from you to the fetus provide the newborn with temporary immunity." D."The newborn has a high concentration of fetal hemoglobin in the blood for some time after birth."

Answer: D Sickle cell disease is an inherited disease that is present at birth. However, 60% to 80% of a newborns hemoglobin is fetal hemoglobin, which has a structure different from that of hemoglobin S or hemoglobin A. Sickle cell symptoms usually occur about 4 months after birth, when hemoglobin S begins to replace the fetal hemoglobin. The gene for sickle cell disease is transmitted at the time of conception, not passed through the placenta. Some hemoglobin S is produced by the fetus near term. The fetus produces all its own hemoglobin from the earliest production in the first trimester. Passive immunity conferred by maternal antibodies is not related to sickle cell disease, but this transmission of antibodies is important to protect the infant from various infections during early infancy.

A child diagnosed with tetralogy of fallot becomes upset, crying and thrashing around when a blood specimen is obtained. The child's color becomes blue and respiratory rate increases to 44 bpm. Which of the following actions would the nurse do first? a) obtain an order for sedation for the child b) assess for an irregular heart rate and rhythm c) explain to the child that it will only hurt for a short time d) place the child in knee-to-chest position

Answer: D. the child is experiencing a "tet spell" or hypoxic episode. Therefore the nurse should place the child in a knee-to-chest position. Flexing the legs reduces venous flow of blood from lower extremities and reduces the volume of blood being shunted through the interventricular septal defect and the overriding aorta in the child with tetralogy of fallot. As a result, the blood then entering the systemic circulation has higher oxygen content, and dyspnea is reduced. Flexing the legs also increases vascular resistance and pressure in the left ventricle. An infant often assumes a knee-to-chest position to relieve dyspnea. If this position is ineffective, then the child may need sedative. Once the child is in this position, the nurse may assess for an irregular heart rate and rhythm. Explaining tho the child that it will only hurt for a short time does nothing to alleviate hypoxia.

Which child would be the best roommate for a 9-year- old child with myelodysplasia who is hospitalized for a foot infection? A) A 13-year-old with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. B) A 10-year-old with a fractured femur. C) An 8-year-old status post-appendectomy. D) A 6-year-old with bacterial meningitis.

B) A 10-year-old with a fractured femur. Rationale - This child is close in age and development and is likely to be immobilized in the injured leg due to a cast and/or traction. Since the child with myelodysplasia is likely to have impaired mobility in the infected foot or even complete paralysis of both lower extremities, these children share similar limitations and the nursing staff can encourage them to play video games or participate in suitable activities.

An infant is hospitalized following a febrile seizure. When a nurse teaches the infant's family about the prevention of future seizures, what would be the nurse's best recommendation? A) Place the child in a tepid bath during the next febrile illness. B) Administer antipyretics around the clock the next time the child has a fever. C) Contact the physician for antibiotics if the child becomes feverish again. D) Take the child's temperature frequently during the next illness.

B) Administer antipyretics around the clock the next time the child has a fever. Rationale - Febrile seizures are thought to occur when a child who is ill has a sudden high fever. To prevent this situation, the parents should be instructed to administer an antipyretic around the clock during the next febrile illness.

In doing a child's admission assessment, which signs and symptoms should a nurse recognize as most likely related to rheumatic fever? A) Vomiting and diarrhea. B) Arthralgia and muscle weakness. C) Conjunctivitis and red, cracked lips. D) Bradycardia and hypotension.

B) Arthralgia and muscle weakness. Rationale - Symptoms of rheumatic fever include muscle weakness and arthralgia

A nurse is preparing to administer an unpleasant-tasting liquid medication to a toddler. What is the best method for administering this medication? A) Mix the medication with a cup of ice cream to mask the taste. B) Ask the child to choose between two types of fluids as a chaser. C) Request the parents hold the child firmly so the nurse can place the medication into the mouth. D) Offer the child a toy out of the toy box as a reward if the child agrees to take the medication.

B) Ask the child to choose between two types of fluids as a chaser. Rationale - The child should be given a choice of fluid chaser to wash the unpleasant taste out of the mouth following ingestion of the medication. The child is not given a choice of whether or not to take the medication.

A child with status post-Harrington rod placement for the correction of scoliosis is being cared for on the pediatric unit. The child suddenly experiences facial sweating and complains of a headache. A nurse notes also a slower heart rate on the monitor. What action should the nurse take first? A) Call the surgeon immediately. B) Assess patency of the urinary catheter. C) Administer pain medication as ordered. D) Complete a neurological assessment.

B) Assess patency of the urinary catheter. Rationale - The child is experiencing symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia, an excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system that is a potential complication of spinal cord surgery. Since bladder distention can lead to this problem, the nurse should first assess the urinary catheter for obstruction or malfunction.

While preparing for an admission, a nurse hears the alarm sound on the cardiac monitor of a child in the next bed. The nurse views the screen and sees what appears to be ventricular fibrillation. What is the best initial action by the nurse? A) Call out for help. B) Assess the child. C) Begin chest compressions. D) Press the "Code Blue" button.

B) Assess the child. Rationale - The nurse should first assess the child's physical condition before assuming that the monitor is accurate. The monitor could be displaying an artifact as a result of the child's activity.

An RN and LVN/LPN are working as a team on a pediatric unit. Which task should the RN perform rather than delegating to the LVN/LPN? A) Obtain a 12-lead ECG on a 10-year-old. B) Change the dressing and examine the decubitus ulcer of a preschooler. C) Administer a gavage feeding to an infant with failure to thrive. D) Check the blood sugar of a teen in DKA.

B) Change the dressing and examine the decubitus ulcer of a preschooler. Rationale - The RN should change the wound dressing and assess the condition of the decubitus.

An infant is hospitalized for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Which medication should a nurse anticipate to be part of the child's treatment plan? A) Insulin. B) Cortisone. C) Growth hormone. D) Thyroid hormone.

B) Cortisone. Rationale - The child with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is given cortisone to stop the increased production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thereby inhibiting adrenocorticoid secretion and virilization of girls/early genital development in boys.

A nurse is performing discharge teaching with the parents of a preschooler diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. What part of the teaching plan will best assist the parents to prevent future pulmonary infections in this child? A) Teaching the parents proper administration of pancreatic enzymes. B) Emphasizing the need for regular and consistent chest physiotherapy. C) Stressing the need to seek prompt medical attention for increased work of breathing. D) Instructing the parents to monitor the child's daily fluid intake for adequacy.

B) Emphasizing the need for regular and consistent chest physiotherapy. Rationale - Chest physiotherapy (CPT) is essential to help loosen sticky respiratory secretions and facilitate sputum removal in the child with cystic fibrosis. Failure to implement this treatment would create a ready environment for pulmonary infection

Which assessment findings would cause a nurse to withhold scheduled immunizations in a child? Select all that apply. A) Current cold symptoms (e.g., runny nose, cough). B) History of recent blood transfusion. C) Currently taking corticosteroids. D) Mild diarrhea without symptoms of dehydration. E) Family history of penicillin allergy. F) Positive for HIV.

B) History of recent blood transfusion. C) Currently taking corticosteroids. F) Positive for HIV. Rationale - Antibodies present in the transfused blood can inhibit the immune response to the immunization. Corticosteroids can suppress the immune response, limiting the effectiveness of immunization. A child with HIV should not receive immunizations that contain live viruses (e.g., varicella), as these may lead to infection.

A nurse is caring for a child newly diagnosed with congen- ital heart disease. The nurse should monitor the child with the understanding that the earliest sign of heart failure is: A) Audible lung crackles. B) Increased heart rate. C) Weight gain. D) Generalized edema.

B) Increased heart rate. Rationale - The body tries to compensate for a failing heart by first increasing the heart rate as a way to increase circulating blood volume.

A child, hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome, has been receiving corticosteroids for a week. What should the nurse recognize as early evidence that the child is responding well to treatment? A) Decreased general edema. B) Increased urinary output. C) Improved general appetite D) Hemoglobin and hematocrit within normal limits

B) Increased urinary output. Rationale - The earliest sign that a child with nephrotic syndrome is improving is an increase in urine output.

A child with type 1 diabetes is being prepared for dis- charge from a hospital. What should a nurse include as part of the teaching regarding diabetes care? A) Expect hypoglycemic episodes to always occur after meals. B) Insulin dosage may need to be decreased during sports activities. C) The child should not self-administer injections until the teen years. D) Insulin should never be administered during febrile illnesses.

B) Insulin dosage may need to be decreased during sports activities. Rationale - The body becomes more sensitive to insulin with physical activity, and it may be necessary to reduce the child's insulin dosage with sports participation.

A toddler with Kawasaki disease is being evaluated by a primary care clinic nurse 1 week following discharge. The nurse understands that it is a priority to instruct the parents to contact the clinic immediately if the child: A) Throws frequent temper tantrums. B) Is exposed to someone with chickenpox. C) Experiences night terrors. D) Develops a low-grade fever.

B) Is exposed to someone with chickenpox. Rationale - Children with Kawasaki disease are placed on aspirin therapy, so exposure to chickenpox puts the child at risk for Reye syndrome.

A client is attending a newborn discharge class and asks a nurse about the bump on the infant's head. Upon assessment, the neonate has a large, diffuse swelling on the left occiput that crosses the sagittal suture line. The nurse should explain to the mother that: Select all that apply. A) This is a collection of blood under the skull bone of the infant. B) It is edematous swelling that overlies the periosteum. C) It leads to hyperbilirubinemia in the infant. D) It will require no treatment to resolve. E) It is caused by pressure on the fetal head before delivery.

B) It is edematous swelling that overlies the periosteum. D) It will require no treatment to resolve. E) It is caused by pressure on the fetal head before delivery. Rationale - Caput succedaneum is an edematous swelling that overlies the periosteum. The only management is observation. No treatment is needed for caput succedaneum. Caput succedaneum is the result of pressure on the fetal head before delivery.

A nurse admits a teenager in sickle cell crisis to a pediatric unit. The child has an elevated heart rate but normal blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature. The child has an oxygen saturation of 98% on room air and rates pain in the extremities at an 8 on a 1-to-10 numeric pain rating scale. Which actions should the nurse perform at this time? Prioritize the nurse's actions by placing each correct intervention in priority order. A) Administer oxygen. B) Obtain the child's weight. C) Administer IV fluids as ordered. D) Monitor I&O. E) Obtain an order for pain medication via PCA. F) Apply cool, moist compresses to extremities.

B) Obtain the child's weight. C) Administer IV fluids as ordered. E) Obtain an order for pain medication via PCA. D) Monitor I&O. Rationale - The nurse must first obtain an accurate weight before determining safe dosages of ordered medications and IV fluids. Additionally, the child's weight will be used to determine whether I&O are meeting appropriate targets. IV fluid administration is a priority treatment for the child in sickle cell crisis. After the child's weight is obtained, the nurse may safely administer the ordered IV fluids, being sure to calculate that the amount and rate is appropriate. The nurse should monitor intake and output for adequacy since hydration status is an important part of this child's assessment. I&O monitoring should take place after the child has been weighed and is started on IV fluids and medications. The child needs effective pain management, yet this is a lower priority than fluid administration. A teenager with a chronic painful condition is an excellent candidate for PCA (patient-controlled analgesia).

A nurse visits the home of a young child to administer the Denver II developmental assessment. The child is unable to perform several required items, and the parent expresses concern regarding the child's performance. What is the best way for the nurse to respond to the parent's concerns? A) Reassure the parent that the Denver II is not a measure of the child's IQ. B) Offer the parent some skill-building activities and explain that the child will be reassessed in 2 weeks. C) Advise the parent that the child's primary physician will be notified and will make any necessary referrals. D) Tell the parent that it is not unusual for children to fail the Denver II.

B) Offer the parent some skill-building activities and explain that the child will be reassessed in 2 weeks. Rationale - A "suspect" Denver II should be repeated in 1 to 2 weeks to rule out factors such as fatigue or illness that may influence the child's performance. The parent is also provided some skill-building activities to enjoy with the child to encourage development.

A nurse is working with a nursing student in caring for an infant who has just returned from the surgical recovery area following a cleft lip repair. Which action by the nursing student should cause the nurse to intervene? A) Placement of elbow restraints on the infant. B) Offering the parents a regular bottle with which to feed the infant. C) Positioning the infant in the semi-Fowler's position. D) Advising the parents of a plan to administer pain medication around the clock.

B) Offering the parents a regular bottle with which to feed the infant. Rationale - The infant should not be fed using a regular bottle. Postoperative feedings for the child with a cleft lip should be administered through special feeders to minimize trauma to the suture line. Since a cleft lip repair involves only the child's upper lip, the nurse should perform interventions that reduce the risk of damage or infection at the operative location.

A school nurse is preparing to teach a group of teenagers how to prevent meningitis. What aspect of meningitis prevention should the nurse be certain to include in the presentation? A) Getting a meningitis vaccine is the only way to guarantee prevention. B) Refraining from sharing food and drinks is a good way to prevent meningitis infection. C) Avoiding team sports is one way to stop the spread of meningitis infection. D) Meningitis prevention methods should be employed whenever children are in crowds.

B) Refraining from sharing food and drinks is a good way to prevent meningitis infection. Rationale - Meningitis is primarily spread through contact with droplets that arise from the nasopharynx of a person who is infected. Teenagers should be taught to not share food, drinks, or any other item that touches the nose or mouth of another person.

A nurse attempts to give a newborn infant the first bottle feeding. While sucking, the infant becomes cyanotic and coughs, and formula is seen coming out of the infant's nose. What should be the nurse's first action? A) Auscultate the lungs. B) Suction the child's airway. C) Obtain an order for an x-ray. D) Contact the physician.

B) Suction the child's airway. Rationale - The nurse's first action should be to clear the child's airway of formula. Since this is the infant's first feeding, the nurse should suspect a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and should not attempt to feed the child again.

An infant is brought to an emergency department with a chief complaint of nausea and vomiting. Which nursing assessment finding should indicate to a nurse that the infant's dehydration is severe? A) The infant is lethargic with a urinary output of less than 1 mL/kg/hr. B) The infant has weak pulses, poor skin turgor, and cool, mottled skin. C) The infant has warm skin, increased pulse, and capillary refill of 2 seconds. D) The infant is irritable, with dry mucous membranes and increased respirations.

B) The infant has weak pulses, poor skin turgor, and cool, mottled skin. Rationale - These symptoms describe a child with significantly diminished circulation as a result of dehydration. An infant with severe dehydration has weak to absent pulses, poor skin turgor, and cool, discolored skin.

The parents of a child recently discharged with acute spasmodic laryngitis contact a nurse to report that the child continues to have croupy coughing spells at nighttime but is otherwise fine. What should the nurse recommend? A) Contact the child's physician for another round of antibiotics. B) Treat the spasms by sitting in the bathroom while a hot shower runs. C) Bring the child back to the emergency department as soon as possible. D) Elevate the child's head at bedtime using pillows.

B) Treat the spasms by sitting in the bathroom while a hot shower runs. Rationale - The humidity of the shower will create an environment that is soothing to the child's airway. Cool-mist humidifiers are also recommended for the child's room to relieve the symptoms of spasmodic croup. Any of the croup syndromes may be treated with humidified air. In the case of acute spasmodic laryngitis, both warm mist and cool mist are acceptable interventions since the problem is airway spasm rather than severe inflammation.

The parents of a 2-year-old child ask a nurse how to best assist the child to accomplish developmental tasks at this age. What is the best response by the nurse? A) "Make sure that the child's siblings insist that the child share toys at playtime." B) "Since the child understands the word 'no,' use this word frequently to establish house rules." C) "Ask grandparents and other child care providers to follow your home schedule as much as possible." D) "Attend to the child quickly during temper tantrums by hugging and offering reassurance."

C) "Ask grandparents and other child care providers to follow your home schedule as much as possible." Rationale - Toddlers prefer predictable schedules and routines. The child will feel more comfortable if the home schedule is implemented when away from the parents.

A nurse and nursing student are caring for a child who sustained a head injury as a result of a fall from a play structure. The nurse knows the nursing student is pre- pared to care for the child when the student states: A) "I will be sure to let you know if the child's pupils become fixed and dilated." B) "I will keep the child straight in the supine position." C) "I will look for any changes in the child's respirations, pulse, or blood pressure." D) "I will notify the physician if the child becomes sleepy."

C) "I will look for any changes in the child's respirations, pulse, or blood pressure." Rationale - This statement is evidence that the student understands that alterations in any of these vital signs could be an indication of worsening condition and should be promptly noted.

What should be the expected weight of an infant at 12 months of age whose birth weight was 3600 grams? A) 5600 grams. B) 7200 grams. C) 11 kilograms. D) 15 kilograms.

C) 11 kilograms. Rationale - An infant is expected to triple its birth weight in the first year of life; therefore, 11 kilograms (11,000 grams) is the best answer of the options given.

When preparing an intramuscular injection for a 1-week-old infant, which needle would be the most appropriate for the nurse to select? A) 18 G, 7/8 inch. B) 21G,1inch. C) 25G,5/8inch. D) 25G,11/2inch.

C) 25G,5/8inch. Rationale - The most appropriate needle to select for use in administering IM injection to a 1-week-old infant would be a 25 gauge, 5/8 inch long.

A child with type 1 diabetes is receiving insulin based on carbohydrate intake. The child's insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio is 15:1. Of the items listed on the child's lunch menu shown below, the child ate 2 slices of bread, a slice of cheese, a glass of milk, a cup of soup, and half of a banana. How many units of insulin should the nurse administer based on the client's carbohydrate count? Round to the nearest whole number. Food Item with Carbohydrate level: Banana 22g Glass of low-fat milk 10g Bread slice 15g Cheese slice Free Cup of soup 10g A) 2 units. B) 3 units. C) 4 units. D) 5 units.

C) 4 units Rationale - 4 units of insulin would be required to metabolize 61 carbohydrates based on an insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio of 15:1.

A charge nurse is seated in front of a bank of cardiac monitors on a pediatric unit. There are four children receiving cardiac monitoring. Which finding should the charge nurse communicate at once to the child's nurse? A) A heart rate of 50 in a 15-year-old adolescent who is sleeping. B) A heart rate of 190 in a 1-month-old infant who is crying. C) A heart rate of 160 in a 2-year-old child who is walk- ing in the hallway. D) A heart rate of 75 in a 5-year-old child who is watch- ing television.

C) A heart rate of 160 in a 2-year-old child who is walk- ing in the hallway. Rationale - The normal heart rate in a 2-year-old child is from 80 to 120 beats per minute. Even though the child is active, this heart rate is quite high and should be investigated further.

A clinic nurse prepares to perform a physical assessment on a preschool child. What are the appropriate actions for the nurse to take when preparing for and perform- ing the examination? Prioritize the nurse's actions by placing each correct step in sequential order. A) Allow child to keep underpants on. B) Allow child to undress in private. C) Ask child's preference for parental involvement. D) Inspect ears, eyes, and mouth. E) Proceed in head-to-toe direction. F) Gain cooperation with bright objects as a distraction.

C) Ask child's preference for parental involvement. A) Allow child to keep underpants on. E) Proceed in head-to-toe direction. D) Inspect ears, eyes, and mouth. Rationale - The preschool child may feel more comfortable keeping underpants on during the assessment because a common fear of preschoolers is genital mutilation. The nurse should first ask the child if the parents should participate in the procedure. The child should be given options for parent participation, such as whether parents should be present, if the child would like help undressing, and if the child would prefer to sit on the parent's lap or sit alone on the examination table. Although the nurse proceeds in a head-to-toe direction, inspecting eyes, ears, and mouth is invasive and is best performed at the end of the assessment in order to not disrupt the rest of the examination. The nurse should proceed in a head-to-toe direction while keeping the most invasive assessments for the end.

When visiting the home of a school-age child who is dying, what would be the best action by a hospice nurse? A) Speak softly (whisper) when speaking in the child's presence. B) Provide as little interaction with the child as possible. C) Avoid correcting the child who is in denial about dying. D) Rely on the parents for pain assessment.

C) Avoid correcting the child who is in denial about dying. Rationale - Many children use denial as a defense mechanism in the face of their own death. A nurse should not take away the child's defenses; rather, the nurse should be honest when answering the child's questions while allowing the child to accept death when ready.

A nurse is planning to teach a child safety class to a group of new parents. When preparing a lesson regarding car seats, what should the nurse recommend? A) Children should be seated in the rear of the car until 6 years of age. B) Infants should face forward in an infant seat until 20 pounds. C) Children should face the rear of the car until as close to 1 year of age as possible. D) Make sure to use the automobile air bags as these enhance the safety of car seats.

C) Children should face the rear of the car until as close to 1 year of age as possible. Rationale - Infants should face the rear of the vehicle until they weigh 20 pounds, from birth to as close to the first birthday as possible.

What is the priority nursing diagnosis for an infant receiving treatment for hyperbilirubinemia? A) Imbalanced body temperature. B) Alteration in elimination. C) Deficient fluid volume. D) Interrupted family processes.

C) Deficient fluid volume. Rationale - An infant with hyperbilirubinemia will have increased fluid needs due to increased insensible fluid losses from phototherapy treatment and increased fluid losses resulting from loose stools as the bilirubin is eliminated through the bowels. Failure to monitor and treat potential fluid volume imbalances can quickly put the infant at risk for dehydration.

A 3-year-old child is hospitalized with multiple fractures as a result of a car accident. What is the best way for a nurse to assess this child's pain level? A) Ask the child to rate pain using a numeric pain rating scale. B) Rely on vital sign measurements as a way to verify pain ratings. C) Employ the FACES pain scale with every nursing assessment. D) Try to have the child describe the pain's intensity and quality.

C) Employ the FACES pain scale with every nursing assessment. Rationale - The FACES pain rating scale can be used with children as young as 3 years of age, and pain should be investigated with every nursing assessment.

A nurse assesses the respiratory status of an infant. Which finding should be of most concern to the nurse? A) Tachypnea. B) Scattered rhonchi. C) Expiratory grunt. D) Abdominal breathing.

C) Expiratory grunt. Rationale - Grunting respirations indicate that the infant is attempt- ing to increase positive airway pressure to prevent airway collapse.

A nurse is caring for a newborn infant diagnosed with hypospadias. The parents ask when the surgical repair will be complete. The nurse knows that the most likely time for completion of the surgical repair will be: A) Within the first month of life. B) Not until the child reaches puberty. C) Nearer the child's first birthday. D) Before the child begins school.

C) Nearer the child's first birthday. Rationale - The surgical repair of hypospadias generally begins within the first few months of life and continues in stages, finishing between 6 and 18 months of age, before the child begins toilet training.

A nurse prepares to insert a nasogastric tube in a 10-month-old child. Which actions should the nurse take to complete this procedure? Prioritize the nurse's actions by placing each correct step in sequential order. A) Aspirate gastric contents. B) Have the child begin a bottle feeding. C) Place child supine with head and neck elevated. D) Inject 10 mL of air into the tube while auscultating the stomach. E) Tape tube securely to infant's cheek. F) Measure from the infant's earlobe to the area of the stomach.

C) Place child supine with head and neck A) Aspirate gastric contents. E) Tape tube securely to infant's cheek. Rationale - The child should first be placed on the back with the chest elevated prior to NG tube placement, to prevent aspiration if the child gags during the procedure Once the tube is inserted, placement must be verified by both auscultation and aspiration of gastric contents. . Taping the tube to the cheek after it has been inserted prevents the child from being able to get fingers around the tube and pull it out.

In assessing the reflexes of a 15-month-old child, which finding would indicate that the child is experiencing normal development? A) Positive Babinski reflex. B) Asymmetric tonic neck reflex. C) Positive patellar reflex. D) Presence of doll's eye reflex.

C) Positive patellar reflex. Rationale - A positive patellar reflex is part of a normal assessment. The reflex is obtained when the practitioner strikes the patellar tendon, causing the leg to kick.

A newborn arrives in a neonatal intensive care unit with a myelomeningocele. A physician writes orders to keep the infant in the prone position. A nurse should know that the most important rationale behind this order is to: A) Prevent infection. B) Promote circulation in the lower extremities. C) Prevent trauma to the meningeal sac. D) Promote comfort.

C) Prevent trauma to the meningeal sac. Rationale - The most important rationale for the prone position is to prevent damage to the meningeal sac, which could result in damage to the nerves and infection.

A nurse assesses a child who is 12 hours status post- tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The child reports feeling nauseated and shows the nurse a moderate amount of red-tinged vomitus in the emesis basin. Which action should the nurse take first? A) Administer an antiemetic as ordered. B) Offer the child ice chips as tolerated. C) Report the findings to the physician. D) Apply bilateral pressure to the child's neck.

C) Report the findings to the physician. Rationale - The appearance of moderate red-tinged vomitus could indicate hemorrhage in the surgical area. The physician should be notified immediately of this potentially harmful complication.

The mother of a child asks a clinic nurse how to safety- proof the home. What should the nurse recognize as the most effective means to prevent accidental poisoning? A) Keep the Poison Control Center phone number near the phone. B) Store poisons in the garage rather than in the home. C) Scan the home from the child's eye level and remove accessible toxins. D) Tell children where toxic substances are kept and instruct them not to go there.

C) Scan the home from the child's eye level and remove accessible toxins. Rationale - The parents should bend down and view the home from the child's eye level to better examine potential access to poisonous substances. This includes checking all storage areas inside and outside the home that are easily accessible and those that may be reached by children when climbing

The parent of a young child phones an advice nurse to report that the child is ill. The child has a reddish pin- point rash most concentrated in the axilla and groin areas, a high fever, flushed cheeks, and abdominal pain. The parent also reports that the child's tongue is dark red with white spots. A nurse should recognize these symptoms as indicative of which infection? A) Mumps. B) Measles. C) Scarlet fever. D) Varicella.

C) Scarlet fever. Rationale - These symptoms are classic for scarlet fever. The child develops a high fever, abdominal pain, flushed cheeks, and strawberry tongue, as well as a generalized pinpoint red rash that is more concentrated in the axillae and groin.

A charge nurse is creating nursing assignments for a pediatric unit when one of the oncoming nurses calls to say, "Sorry, I'll be a few minutes late since I have a child home ill with the chickenpox." What type of assignment would be most acceptable for the nurse who will be late? A) Any assignment is fine as long as the nurse wears a mask. B) The nurse needs an assignment that does not include children with neutropenia. C) The nurse should not be given an assignment and should be called off. D) Any care assignment is acceptable, without restrictions.

C) The nurse should not be given an assignment and should be called off. Rationale - The nurse has been exposed to someone with varicella (chickenpox). The charge nurse must first determine the nurse's varicella immune status before permitting the nurse to provide care.

A nursing student prepares to administer eyedrops to a young child. What action by the nursing student should cause a registered nurse to intervene? A) The student positions the child supine with head extended. B) After administration, the student asks the child to close eyes and move them around. C) The student schedules medication administration to occur just before lunchtime. D) Prior to administration, the student pulls the lower lid down, forming a sac.

C) The student schedules medication administration to occur just before lunchtime. Rationale - Eyedrops should be administered when they are least likely to interfere with an activity that requires effective vision. A nurse should intervene and advise the student that the child should eat lunch first.

Which response to hospitalization is a nurse most likely to observe in a 4-year-old child? A) Fearfulness of loud noises and sudden movements. B) Frequent crying outbursts and agitation. C) Urinary frequency and fear of mutilation. D) Boredom or loneliness.

C) Urinary frequency and fear of mutilation. Rationale - Preschoolers have great concerns over body mutilation and may demonstrate somatic symptoms as a response to the stress of hospitalization.

A child is receiving chemotherapy for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Which morning laboratory result must a nurse report immediately to the physician? A) Absolute neutrophil count of 1200. B) Platelet count of 150,000. C) Urine dipstick positive for heme. D) WBC count of 4500.

C) Urine dipstick positive for heme. Rationale - A positive urine dipstick for the presence of red blood cells could indicate hemorrhagic cystitis, a com- plication of chemotherapy agents, including cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. This finding should be communicated immediately to the physician.

A child arrives in an emergency department with a chief complaint of asthma exacerbation. Which assessment information is most important for the nurse to obtain first? A) Whether the child has been taking asthma medications as prescribed. B) When the child began having symptoms. C) Whether the child is able to speak in full sentences. D) The child's ABG levels.

C) Whether the child is able to speak in full sentences. Rationale - The nurse should first assess the child's airway to determine the severity of respiratory symptoms. One way to assess shortness of breath is to determine whether the child speaks in full sentences, short phrases, or barely at all.

When providing anticipatory guidance to the parents of a child with hemophilia, a nurse should stress that: A) Active range-of-motion exercise should be used to treat sore joints. B) Aspirin should be given for minor bumps and bruises. C) Warm compresses should be applied to wounds to promote circulation. D) A soft toothbrush should be used to promote oral health.

D) A soft toothbrush should be used to promote oral health. Rationale - A soft toothbrush will prevent trauma to the child's gums (i.e., bleeding) while keeping the teeth clean.

An LVN/LPN from an orthopedic unit is floated to a child health unit. In creating assignments, which child should the charge nurse avoid assigning to the LVN/LPN? A) A 10-year-old in traction for a fractured femur. B) An 8-year-old child with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. C) A 4-year-old with osteogenesis imperfecta. D) A teenager receiving chemotherapy for osteosarcoma.

D) A teenager receiving chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. Rationale - The child with osteosarcoma is receiving chemotherapy, which requires continuous monitoring for complications. This child would not be an appropriate client for the LVN/LPN due to the need for frequent assessment by a registered nurse.

A child is admitted for treatment of lead poisoning. A nurse recognizes that the priority nursing diagnosis for this child is: A) Alteration in comfort related to abdominal pain. B) Alteration in nutrition related to pica. C) Pain related to chelation therapy. D) Alteration in neurologic functioning.

D) Alteration in neurologic functioning. Rationale - The priority nursing diagnosis for this child is alteration in neurologic functioning due to the effects of lead on the central nervous system.

A clinic nurse has a follow-up appointment with an adolescent with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). What topic should be the nurse's top priority? A) Sleep patterns. B) Participation in daily exercise. C) Information regarding JIA support groups. D) Avoidance of alcohol use.

D) Avoidance of alcohol use. Rationale - Adolescents with JIA are frequently prescribed medications that are taxing to the liver, including NSAIDs, such as naproxen sodium, and SAARDs (slower- acting antirheumatic drugs), such as methotrexate. Alcohol abuse could cause serious complications when taking these medications. A nurse's top priority takes into consideration that the adolescent is facing increasing peer pressure to drink alcohol, which could lead to hepatotoxicity.

A school nurse advises the dietary staff that a special lunch tray must be created for a student who has celiac disease. What recommendation should the nurse provide to the dietary staff? A) Make sure the student has a whole-grain bread roll each day. B) The child may have cake if the staff is celebrating someone's birthday. C) The child's pizza should be topped with a variety of vegetables. D) Beans and rice are suitable side dishes for this student.

D) Beans and rice are suitable side dishes for this student. Rationale - Beans and rice are acceptable foods for a child with celiac disease, who requires a gluten-free diet.

A nurse prepares to administer spironolactone (Aldactone) to an infant with congenital heart disease. The nurse understands that the main purpose of this medication is to: A) Preserve the patent ductus arteriosus. B) Cause vasodilation of the blood vessels. C) Prevent the secretion of potassium. D) Block aldosterone, which leads to diuresis.

D) Block aldosterone, which leads to diuresis. Rationale - Spironolactone (Aldactone) is a diuretic that blocks aldosterone. Use of this medication is common among children with congenital heart disease for the prevention and treatment of congestive heart failure.

A child recovering from abdominal surgery removes the nasogastric tube accidentally. A nurse replaces the nasogastric tube and places it to low wall suction. Two hours later, the nurse discovers that there is no drainage from the tube. What should be the nurse's first action? A) Ask the child to change position. B) Place an urgent call to the surgeon. C) Flush the tube with 10 mL of sterile water. D) Check the suction mechanism and settings.

D) Check the suction mechanism and settings. Rationale - The most likely cause of poor drainage is ineffective suction. The suction tubing may have become dislodged or the settings may have been altered. A nurse should inspect this first, then continue to problem-solve if needed.

A child hospitalized with hydrocephalus is being treated with an externalized ventricular drain (EVD). A nurse begins the afternoon assessment and discovers that the drain is positioned several inches below the child's ear level. What should be the nurse's priority action? A) Raise the drain to the child's ear level. B) Leave the drain as is and monitor the CSF drainage hourly. C) Quickly elevate the head of the bed. D) Clamp the drain and complete a neurological assessment.

D) Clamp the drain and complete a neurological assessment. Rationale - The external ventricular drain (EVD) should be at the level of the ventricles, or at the child's ear level. When the EVD is too low, CSF can drain quickly and lead to neurologic complications. A nurse should prevent the CSF from draining any further and assess the child.

The parents of a newborn infant ask a nurse how to prevent future ear infections. What is the best advice the nurse should provide these parents? A) Avoid crowds during the winter months. B) Allow the baby to bottle-feed in the supine position. C) Make sure the baby receives the DTaP vaccine as scheduled. D) Continue breastfeeding as close to the baby's first birthday as possible.

D) Continue breastfeeding as close to the baby's first birthday as possible. Rationale - Infants who are exclusively breastfed have a decreased incidence of otitis media (ear infections) compared to those who are formula-fed.

A nurse visits the home of a toddler. With what aspect of the home environment would the nurse be most concerned? A) Power cords plugged into capped electrical outlets. B) Presence of a television in the child's bedroom. C) A swimming pool located in the backyard. D) Cooking pot handle turned toward the front of the stove.

D) Cooking pot handle turned toward the front of the stove. Rationale - Toddlers like to reach for objects. Having pot handles turned toward the front of the stove creates the potential for the child to pull the pot and its contents onto the child, causing a severe burn injury. The parents should be instructed to turn handles toward the back of the stove and consider placing a safety guard at the front of the stove.

A 12-month-old child with infantile eczema is seen at the clinic for several open lesions on the arms and legs. What should a nurse caution the child's parents against? A) Initiating a diet free of milk products. B) The use of topical hydrocortisone cream. C) Adding cornstarch to bath water. D) Immunization during eczema exacerbations.

D) Immunization during eczema exacerbations. Rationale - The child should not receive immunizations during an acute exacerbation of eczema (atopic dermatitis), as this may lead to complications such as allergic reaction. The child with atopic dermatitis is experiencing an inflammatory response. Care should be directed at relieving inflammation and avoiding exposure to substances thought to trigger an immune response.

A nurse performs a head-to-toe assessment on a newborn. Which finding should be of greatest concern to the nurse? A) Capillary refill time of 2 seconds. B) Transient mottling of the skin. C) Irregular respirations. D) Negative Babinski reflex.

D) Negative Babinski reflex. Rationale - The newborn should have a positive Babinski, or plantar, reflex. This reflex occurs when the toes extend in response to the stroking of the sole of the foot. A negative finding should occur in older infants and adults and is noted when the toes demonstrate a flexor response.

A nurse is caring for a child with meningococcemia who is on a ventilator. This morning, the nurse finds the child's mother sitting at the bedside, crying. The mother tells the nurse, "I thought it was the flu. This is my fault because I should have come to the hospital earlier." What is the best action by the nurse in response to the mother's statements? A) Tell the mother not to worry since many parents and even physicians frequently mistake meningitis symptoms for other infectious conditions. B) Make a referral to social services. C) Call the child's father and explain that the mother needs emotional support from him. D) Remind the mother that she did seek proper treatment as soon as she became concerned, and review the special care the child is receiving now.

D) Remind the mother that she did seek proper treatment as soon as she became concerned, and review the special care the child is receiving now. Rationale - The mother's statement expresses guilt feelings about the child's condition. A nurse needs to validate that the mother did seek treatment appropriately, and assist the mother to focus on what is happening now to help her child recover.

A nurse performs a scoliosis screening at a local school. Which assessment finding by the nurse would least likely result in a scoliosis referral? A) Unilateral rib hump noted when the child is bent forward. B) Asymmetrical hip height noted when the child is standing erect. C) Uneven wear noted on the bottom of the child's pant legs. D) Rounded shoulders noted when the child is standing erect.

D) Rounded shoulders noted when the child is standing erect. Rationale - The nurse is least likely to refer a child for scoliosis follow-up based on an assessment finding of rounded shoulders. This finding may simply reflect the child's poor posture or in severe cases may indicate the condition of kyphosis, not scoliosis.

A young child diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia is prescribed a liquid iron supplement. A nurse provides the parents with instructions on administration and should be certain to advise them that: A) The medication should be given along with the child's morning cereal breakfast. B) The child may experience some pale-colored stools. C) The child should be permitted to sip the medication from a medicine cup. D) The medication can be mixed with a small amount of fruit juice.

D) The medication can be mixed with a small amount of fruit juice. Rationale - Iron is best absorbed in the presence of vitamin C. The liquid iron supplement may be mixed with fruit juices such as orange juice to make the medication more palat- able while also increasing the absorption.

A nurse should suspect Hirschsprung's disease in a child who has which type of stooling pattern? A) Pale gray stools. B) Currant-jelly stools. C) Loose, yellow stools. D) Thin, ribbon-like stools.

D) Thin, ribbon-like stools. Rationale - The child with Hirschsprung's disease will have infrequent stools that appear thin and ribbon-like.

A 1-day-old infant, born at 39 weeks' gestation, weighs 4 pounds, 7 ounces at birth. A pediatrician diagnoses the neonate with intrauterine growth restriction (IGR). An RN observes the newborn to be irritable, difficult to con- sole, restless, fist-sucking, and demonstrating a high- pitched, shrill cry. Based on these assessment data, the RN should: A) Increase stimulation of the baby by handling the infant as much as possible. B) Schedule routine feeding times every 3 to 4 hours. C) Encourage stimulation by rubbing the infant's back and head. D) Tightly swaddle the infant in a flexed position.

D) Tightly swaddle the infant in a flexed position. Rationale - Tightly swaddling the baby promotes the infant's comfort and security and decreases the stimulation that may contribute to the infant's irritability.

After a child has a cardiopulmonary arrest, which drug would the nurse expect to administer? 1. Dopamine (Inocor) 2. Epinephrine 3. Sodium bicarbonate 4. Atropine

RATIONALE: After successful resuscitation, dopamine would be given as an infusion to increase cardiac output and maintain blood pressure. Epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, and atropine are first-round drugs that are used during a cardiopulmonary arrest.

A nurse is conducting a physical examination on an infant. Identify the anatomical landmark she should use to measure chest circumference.

RATIONALE: Chest circumference is most accurately measured by placing the measuring tape around the infant's chest with the tape covering the nipples. If measured above or below the nipples, a false measurement is obtained.

A nurse and a nursing assistant are caring for a group of adolescents. Which task could the nurse safely delegate to the nursing assistant? 1. Helping a girl into a wheelchair 2. Administering acetaminophen (Tylenol) for a fever 3. Assisting a physician during the first postoperative dressing change 4. Reviewing discharge instructions for an adolescent recently diagnosed with diabetes

RATIONALE: Moving a client into a wheelchair is within the scope of practice of the nursing assistant. Only licensed personnel are authorized to administer medications. A registered nurse should personally assess the client's surgical wound so she can monitor for adverse changes. Also, the registered nurse should provide adequate client education about a newly diagnosed disease to ensure complete compliance; the nursing assistant may not have the knowledge to do so.

When teaching school-age children important injury prevention strategies, the nurse must use creativity to gain cooperation because children tend not to comply with: 1. wearing safety apparel (helmets, knee pads, elbow pads). 2. learning to swim. 3. saying "no" when offered illegal or dangerous drugs. 4. learning "stranger danger."

RATIONALE: School-age children are subject to peer pressure, and they would rather not participate in a sport if they must wear safety apparel that provokes taunts from peers. Therefore, the nurse should discuss stylishness, comfort, and social acceptance because these are major determinants of compliance. School-age children like to swim and may work hard to perfect that skill. This age-group will usually listen to reasons for not taking illegal drugs and will adhere to group rules for not tolerating drug use. Regarding stranger danger, this age-group simply needs to be reminded of potential dangers.

A nurse is performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an infant. Identify the area where the nurse should assess for a pulse.

RATIONALE: The brachial pulse should be assessed when performing infant CPR. The carotid pulse, which is used in children and adults, is extremely difficult to locate in an infant because of his short neck.

A nurse is caring for a 17-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis who has been admitted to the hospital to receive antibiotics and respiratory treatment for exacerbation of a lung infection. The girl has a number of questions about her future and the consequences of the disease. Which statements about the course of cystic fibrosis are true? Select all that apply. 1. Breast development is delayed. 2. The client is at risk for developing diabetes. 3. Pregnancy and child-bearing aren't affected. 4. Normal sexual relationships can be expected. 5. Only males carry the gene for the disease. 6. By age 20, the client should be able to decrease the frequency of respiratory treatment.

1. Breast development is delayed. 2. The client is at risk for developing diabetes. 4. Normal sexual relationships can be expected. RATIONALE: Cystic fibrosis delays growth and the onset of puberty. Children with cystic fibrosis tend to be smaller than average size and develop secondary sex characteristics later in life. In addition, clients with cystic fibrosis are at risk for developing diabetes mellitus because the pancreatic duct becomes obstructed as pancreatic tissues are destroyed. Clients with cystic fibrosis can expect to have normal sexual relationships, but fertility becomes difficult because thick secretions obstruct the cervix and block sperm entry. Males and females carry the gene for cystic fibrosis. Pulmonary disease commonly progresses as the client ages, requiring additional respiratory treatment — not less.

A child is to receive valproic acid (Depakote) 10 mg/kg by mouth each day. When teaching the parents about the medication regimen, the nurse should use which approach? 1. Conduct brief teaching sessions, provide written materials during each visit, and repeat information as appropriate. 2. Ask the parents to spend an entire day at the facility so they can learn every detail about their child's care. 3. Call the parents at home and explain everything, allowing time for them to ask questions. 4. Send the parents the drug's package insert so they can become familiar with the medication.

1. Conduct brief teaching sessions, provide written materials during each visit, and repeat information as appropriate. RATIONALE: The nurse should provide simple instructions in short sessions, provide written materials, repeat information, and allow time for questions because these are the most effective teaching methods. Asking the parents to spend the day at the facility, calling the parents at home, and sending the parents the drug's package insert are ineffective teaching strategies because they may be overwhelming for the parents and frustrating for the nurse.

A 10-month-old infant with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) experiences a cyanotic episode. To improve oxygenation during such an episode, the nurse should place the infant in which position? 1. Knee-to-chest 2. Fowler's 3. Trendelenburg's 4. Prone

1. Knee-to-chest RATIONALE: TOF involves four defects: pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular-septal defect (VSD), and dextroposition of the aorta with overriding of the VSD. Pulmonary stenosis decreases pulmonary blood flow and right-to-left shunting via the VSD, causing desaturated blood to circulate. The nurse should place the child in the knee-to-chest position because this position reduces venous return from the legs and increases systemic vascular resistance, maximizing pulmonary blood flow and improving oxygenation status. Fowler's, Trendelenburg's, and the prone positions don't improve oxygenation.

Before performing an otoscopic examination on a child, where should the nurse palpate for tenderness? 1. Tragus, mastoid process, and helix 2. Helix, umbo, and tragus 3. Tragus, cochlea, and lobule 4. Mastoid process, incus, and malleus

1. Tragus, mastoid process, and helix RATIONALE: Before inserting the otoscope, the nurse should palpate the child's external ear, especially the tragus and mastoid process, and should pull the helix backward to determine the presence of pain or tenderness. The umbo, incus, and malleus (parts of the middle ear) and the cochlea (part of the inner ear) aren't palpable.

A 4-year-old child has recently been diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). What information about ALL should the nurse provide when educating the client's parents? Select all that apply. 1. Leukemia is a rare form of childhood cancer. 2. ALL affects all blood-forming organs and systems throughout the body. 3. Because of the increased risk of bleeding, the child shouldn't brush his teeth. 4. Adverse effects of treatment include sleepiness, alopecia, and stomatitis. 5. There's a 95% chance of obtaining remission with treatment. 6. The child shouldn't be disciplined during this difficult time.

2. ALL affects all blood-forming organs and systems throughout the body. 4. Adverse effects of treatment include sleepiness, alopecia, and stomatitis. 5. There's a 95% chance of obtaining remission with treatment. RATIONALE: In ALL, abnormal white blood cells (WBCs) proliferate, but they don't mature past the blast phase. These blast cells crowd out the healthy WBCs, red blood cells, and platelets in the bone marrow, leading to bone marrow depression. The blast cells also infiltrate the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lymph tissue. Common adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sleepiness, alopecia, anemia, stomatitis, mucositis, pain, reddened skin, and increased susceptibility to infection. There's a 95% chance of obtaining remission with treatment. Leukemia is the most common form of childhood cancer. The child schould continue to brush his teeth, but he should use a soft toothbrush to minimize trauma. The child still needs appropriate discipline and limits. A lack of consistent parenting may lead to negative behaviors and fear.

A physician diagnoses leukemia in a child, age 4, who complains of being tired and sleeps most of the day. Which nursing diagnosis reflects the nurse's understanding of the physiologic effects of leukemia? 1. Ineffective airway clearance related to fatigue 2. Activity intolerance related to anemia 3. Imbalanced nutrition: More than body requirements related to lack of activity 4. Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion related to central nervous system infiltration by leukemic cells

2. Activity intolerance related to anemia RATIONALE: A nursing diagnosis of Activity intolerance related to anemia reflects the nurse's understanding of leukemia's physiologic effects because a child with leukemia may experience anemia from bone marrow depression, such as from chemotherapy or replacement of normal bone marrow elements by immature white blood cells. Anemia results in fatigue, lack of energy, and activity intolerance. The nurse's findings don't support the other diagnoses of Ineffective airway clearance related to fatigue, Imbalanced nutrition: More than body requirements related to lack of activity, and Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion related to central nervous system infiltration by leukemic cells.

A school nurse is evaluating a 7-year-old child who is having an asthma attack. The child is cyanotic and unable to speak, with decreased breath sounds and shallow respirations. Based on these physical findings, the nurse should first: 1. monitor the child with a pulse oximeter in her office. 2. prepare to ventilate the child. 3. return the child to class. 4. contact the child's parent or guardian.

2. prepare to ventilate the child. RATIONALE: The nurse should recognize these physical findings as signs and symptoms of impending respiratory collapse. Therefore, the nurse's top priority is to assess airway, breathing, and circulation, and prepare to ventilate the child if necessary. The nurse should then notify the emergency medical systems to transport the child to a local hospital. Because the child's condition requires immediate intervention, simply monitoring pulse oximetry would delay treatment. This child shouldn't be returned to class. When the child's condition allows, the nurse can notify the parents or guardian.

A nurse must administer an oral medication to a 3-year-old child. The best way for the nurse to proceed is by saying: 1. "It's time for you to take your medicine right now." 2. "If you take your medicine now, you'll go home sooner." 3. "Here is your medicine. Would you like apple juice or grape drink after?" 4. "See how Jimmy took his medicine? He's a good boy. Now it's your turn."

3. "Here is your medicine. Would you like apple juice or grape drink after?" RATIONALE: Asking the child if he would like apple juice or grape drink is the best approach because involving the child promotes cooperation, and permitting the child to make choices provides a sense of control. Telling a child to take the medicine "right now" could provoke a negative response. Promising that the child will go home sooner could decrease the child's trust in nurses and physicians. Telling the child to "see how Jimmy took his medicine" is inappropriate because it compares one child with another and doesn't encourage cooperation.

A bottle-fed infant, age 3 months, is brought to the pediatrician's office for a well-child visit. During the previous visit, the nurse taught the mother about infant nutritional needs. Which statement by the mother during the current visit indicates effective teaching? 1. "I started the baby on cereals and fruits because he wasn't sleeping through the night." 2. "I started putting cereal in the bottle with formula because the baby kept spitting it out." 3. "I'm giving the baby iron-fortified formula and a fluoride supplement because our water isn't fluoridated." 4. "I'm giving the baby skim milk because he was getting so chubby."

3. "I'm giving the baby iron-fortified formula and a fluoride supplement because our water isn't fluoridated." RATIONALE: Iron-fortified formula supplies all the nutrients an infant needs during the first 6 months; however, fluoride supplementation is necessary if the local water supply isn't fluoridated. Before age 6 months, solid foods such as cereals aren't recommended because the GI tract tolerates them poorly. Also, a strong extrusion reflex causes the infant to push food out of the mouth. Mixing solid foods in a bottle with liquids deprives the infant of experiencing new tastes and textures and may interfere with development of proper chewing. Skim milk doesn't provide sufficient fat for an infant's growth.

Which is the priority intervention for a preschool child with epiglottiditis and a deteriorating respiratory status? 1. Administering oxygen by face mask 2. Administering parenteral antibiotics 3. Assisting with intubation 4. Monitoring the electrocardiogram for arrhythmias

3. Assisting with intubation RATIONALE: The most important intervention for a child with epiglottiditis is airway management because children are at high risk for developing abrupt airway obstruction. Therefore, intubation should be performed as soon as possible in a controlled environment. Children need supplemental oxygen, but most are so anxious that they will never allow a mask to stay in place. Provide humidified "blow-by" oxygen administered by the parent if possible. The child does need parenteral antibiotics; however, the priority is airway management. The most common rhythm in this client is sinus tachycardia related to compensation. However, monitoring for arrhythmias isn't a priority over airway management.

A nurse is caring for an 8-year-old child with acute asthma exacerbation. Which situation would be of greatest concern to the nurse? 1. The child's respiratory rate is now 24 breaths/minute. 2. Recent blood gas analysis indicates an oxygen saturation of 95%. 3. Before a respiratory therapy treatment, wheezing isn't heard on auscultation. 4. The child's mother reports that the child sometimes forgets to take the inhalers.

3. Before a respiratory therapy treatment, wheezing isn't heard on auscultation. RATIONALE: Typically, before a respiratory therapy treatment, wheezing has increased and the child has increased respiratory distress. No wheezing on auscultation is an indication that the child isn't moving air in and out and is in respiratory distress. A respiratory rate of 24 breaths/minute in an 8-year-old child is normal. An oxygen saturation of 95% is somewhat of a concern, possibly indicating that the child needs oxygen or needs to clear the airways. However, this finding is a lower priority than no wheezing on auscultation. The fact that the mother makes the 8-year-old child responsible for taking medications is of concern and needs to be investigated, but this isn't as important at this time as the lack of wheezing.

An infant undergoes surgery to remove a myelomeningocele. To detect complications as early as possible, the nurse should stay alert for which postoperative finding? 1. Decreased urine output 2. Increased heart rate 3. Bulging fontanels 4. Sunken eyeballs

3. Bulging fontanels RATIONALE: Because an infant's fontanels remain open, the skull may expand in response to increased intracranial pressure, a possible postoperative complication. Decreased urine output and sunken eyeballs (signs of dehydration) and a decrease in heart rate are rarely seen as postoperative complications of myelomenigocele removal.

When a toddler with croup is admitted to the facility, a physician orders treatment with a mist tent. As the parent attempts to put the toddler in the crib, the toddler cries and clings to the parent. What should the nurse do to gain the child's cooperation with the treatment? 1. Turn off the mist so the noise doesn't frighten the toddler. 2. Let the toddler sit on the parent's lap next to the mist tent. 3. Encourage the parent to stand next to the crib and stay with the child. 4. Put the side rail down so the toddler can get into and out of the crib unaided.

3. Encourage the parent to stand next to the crib and stay with the child. RATIONALE: The nurse should encourage the parent to stand next to the crib and stay with the child. This approach promotes compliance with treatment while minimizing the toddler's separation anxiety. Because the mist helps thin secretions and make them easier to clear, turning off the mist or letting the toddler sit next to the mist tent defeats the treatment's purpose. To prevent falls, the nurse should keep the side rails up and shouldn't permit the toddler to climb into and out of the crib.

A toddler with hemophilia is hospitalized with multiple injuries after falling off a sliding board. X-rays reveal no bone fractures. When caring for the child, what is the nurse's highest priority? 1. Administering platelets as ordered 2. Taking measures to prevent infection 3. Frequently assessing the child's level of consciousness (LOC) 4. Discussing a safe play environment with the parents

3. Frequently assessing the child's level of consciousness (LOC) RATIONALE: In hemophilia, one of the factors required for blood clotting is absent, significantly increasing the risk of hemorrhage after injury. Therefore, the nurse must assess the child frequently for signs and symptoms of intracranial bleeding, such as an altered LOC, slurred speech, vomiting, and headache. To manage hemophilia, the absent blood clotting factor is replaced via I.V. infusion of factor, cryoprecipitate, or fresh frozen plasma; this may be done prophylactically or after a traumatic injury. Platelet transfusions aren't necessary. Clients with hemophilia aren't at increased risk for infection. Discussing a safe play environment with the parents is important but isn't the highest priority.

A mother of a preschooler recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes makes an urgent call to the pediatrician's office. She says her child had an uncontrollable temper tantrum while playing and now is lethargic and hard to rouse. The nurse should instruct the mother to take which action first? 1. Obtain a urine sample and measure the glucose level. 2. Force the child to drink orange juice. 3. Measure the child's blood glucose level. 4. Call 911 because this situation is an emergency.

3. Measure the child's blood glucose level. RATIONALE: In a child with type 1 diabetes, behavioral changes may signal either hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Measuring the blood glucose level is the only way to determine which condition is present and, therefore, should be the mother's first action. Urine glucose measurement doesn't accurately reflect the current blood glucose level. Forcing a lethargic child to drink fluids could cause aspiration. After measuring the child's blood glucose level, the mother may need to take additional emergency measures such as administering insulin or a simple glucose source. If the child doesn't respond to these measures, she may need to call for emergency help.

A mother and infant are admitted to the emergency department following a motor vehicle crash. The infant is unresponsive to verbal and tactile stimuli, his pupils are dilated, and a nurse observes lacerations on his head, neck, and upper torso. The infant's mother is experiencing respiratory distress and is being treated in another room in the emergency department. The nurse learns that the parents are divorced and have joint custody of the infant. The father arrives in the emergency department. The nurse should: 1. contact social services to establish contact with the next of kin and obtain consent to treat the mother and infant. 2. ask the infant's father to sign consents for emergency treatment of the mother and infant. 3. ask the infant's father to sign consent for emergency treatment of the infant. 4. contact social services to establish contact with the court to obtain consent to treat the infant.

3. ask the infant's father to sign consent for emergency treatment of the infant. RATIONALE: The father may give consent for treatment of the infant, but he may not give consent to treat the mother (his former wife). The mother's next of kin should be contacted for consent. Because the father may give consent for the infant to be treated, it isn't necessary to contact the court at this time.

A nurse is caring for a 10-year-old child with cystic fibrosis. The child's parents tell the nurse that they're having difficulty coping with their child's disease. Which action should the nurse take? 1. Tell the parents they should be glad their child has lived this long. 2. Point out to the parents ways in which they might have done things differently. 3. Counsel the parents on not having any more children because they could also have cystic fibrosis. 4. Encourage the parents to allow their child to follow as normal a childhood as possible.

4. Encourage the parents to allow their child to follow as normal a childhood as possible. RATIONALE: The nurse should encourage the parents to treat their child as much like a normal child as possible. The nurse should avoid being critical of how parents handle their child's condition. Children with cystic fibrosis can live productive lives well into adulthood, so telling the parents they're lucky their child has lived this long not only is rude, it's inappropriate. Although each child the couple has has a 25% chance of having cystic fibrosis, it isn't appropriate for the nurse to counsel the parents. If they express uncertainty about having more children, the nurse should refer them to their physician or a genetic counselor.

A 6-month-old infant is brought to the clinic. The mother reports the infant has been lethargic. The infant's anterior fontanel is sunken. What other assessment data are a priority for the nurse to collect? 1. Temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate 2. Pulse, respiratory rate and skin turgor 3. Respiratory rate, skin and turgor 4. Pulse, skin turgor, and number of wet diapers the infant had in the last 24 hours

4. Pulse, skin turgor, and number of wet diapers the infant had in the last 24 hours RATIONALE: A sunken fontanel indicates dehydration. The nurse should assess pulse, skin turgor, and the number of wet diapers the infant had in the past 24 hours. These findings help evaluate the extent of dehydration. Temperature and respiratory rate may also be assessed, but these assessments don't provide the same detail about dehydration as pulse, skin turgor, and number of wet diapers.

A 4-month-old infant is taken to the pediatrician by his parents because they're concerned about his frequent respiratory infections, poor feeding habits, frequent vomiting, and colic. The physician notes that the infant has failed to gain expected weight and recommends that the infant have a sweat test performed to detect possible cystic fibrosis. To prepare the parents for the test, the nurse should explain that: 1. the baby will need to fast before the test. 2. a sample of blood will be necessary. 3. a low-sodium diet is necessary for 24 hours before the test. 4. a low-intensity, painless electrical current is applied to the skin.

4. a low-intensity, painless electrical current is applied to the skin. RATIONALE: Because cystic fibrosis clients have elevated levels of sodium and chloride in their sweat, a sweat test is performed to confirm this disorder. The nurse should explain to the parents that after pilocarpine (a cholinergic medication that induces sweating) is applied to a gauze pad and placed on the arm, a low-intensity, painless electrical current is applied for several minutes. The arm is then washed off, and a filter paper is placed over the site with forceps to collect the sweat. Elevated levels of sodium and chloride are diagnostic of cystic fibrosis. No fasting is necessary before this test and no blood sample is required. A low-sodium diet isn't required before the test.

A toddler develops acute otitis media and is ordered cefpodoxime proxetil (Vantin) 5 mg/kg P.O. every 12 hours. If the child weighs 22 lb (10 kg), how many milligrams will the nurse administer with each dose? 1. 50 mg 2. 100 mg 3. 110 mg 4. 220 mg

1. 50 mg RATIONALE: The dose is 5 mg/kg and the child weighs 10 kg. To determine the dose, the nurse would calculate: 5 mg/1 kg × 10 kg = 50 mg per dose.

A nurse-manager in a pediatric intensive care unit notices an increase in nosocomial infections. What should the nurse do next? 1. Gather data on possible reasons for this increase. 2. Report the issue to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3. Notify infection control that staff members aren't wearing gloves. 4. Talk with the hospital administrator about her concerns.

1. Gather data on possible reasons for this increase. RATIONALE: Gathering data about the reasons for infection or injury is within the scope of nursing practice. It wouldn't be appropriate for the nurse to contact infection control or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at this time. After gathering supporting data, the nurse should speak with the hospital administrator about her concerns and findings.

Twenty-four hours after birth, a neonate hasn't passed meconium. The nurse suspects which condition? 1. Hirschsprung's disease 2. Celiac disease 3. Intussusception 4. Abdominal wall defect

1. Hirschsprung's disease RATIONALE: Failure to pass meconium is an important diagnostic indicator for Hirschsprung's disease. Hirschsprung's disease is a potentially life-threatening congenital large-bowel disorder characterized by the absence or marked reduction of parasympathetic ganglion cells in a segment of the colorectal wall; narrowing impairs intestinal motility and causes severe, intractable constipation leading to partial or complete colonic obstruction. Celiac disease, intussusception, and abdominal wall defects aren't associated with failure to pass meconium.

A nurse is teaching the mother of an ill child about childhood immunizations. The nurse should tell the mother that live virus vaccines are contraindicated in children with: 1. diabetes mellitus. 2. leukemia. 3. asthma. 4. cystic fibrosis.

2. leukemia. RATIONALE: The nurse should tell the mother that live virus vaccines shouldn't be administered to children with leukemia because they cause immunosuppression. Inactivated — rather than live — viruses should be administered. Children with diabetes mellitus, asthma, or cystic fibrosis can receive live virus vaccines because they aren't immunosuppressed.

When assessing a child with bronchiolitis, which finding does the nurse expect? 1. Clubbed fingers 2. Barrel chest 3. Barking cough and stridor 4. Productive cough

4. Productive cough RATIONALE: Bronchiolitis causes a productive cough. Clubbed fingers and a barrel chest are more likely in a client with chronic respiratory problems. A barking cough is associated with croup.

According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of adolescence is the development of a sense of identity. A nurse can best promote the development of a hospitalized adolescent by: 1. emphasizing the need to follow the facility regimen. 2. allowing parents and siblings to visit frequently. 3. arranging for tutoring in school work. 4. encouraging peer visitation.

4. encouraging peer visitation. RATIONALE: Peer visitation gives the adolescent an opportunity to continue along his path toward independence and identity. Knowledge of the facility regimen prepares the adolescent for upcoming procedures but doesn't affect his development. To achieve a sense of identity, the adolescent must gain independence from his family. Tutoring may help him maintain a positive self-image relative to his schoolwork but doesn't affect his development.

A 3-year-old child is to receive 500 ml of dextrose 5% in normal saline solution over 8 hours. At what rate (in milliliters/hour) should the nurse set the infusion pump? Record your answer using one decimal place. Answer: milliliters/hour

62.5 milliliters/hour RATIONALE: To calculate the rate per hour for the infusion, the nurse should divide 500 ml by 8 hours: 500 ml ÷ 8 hours = 62.5 ml/hour.

A 30-month-old toddler is being evaluated for a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Identify the area where a VSD occurs.

RATIONALE: A VSD is a small hole between the right and left ventricles. It's a common congenital heart defect and accounts for 20% to 30% of all heart lesions.

A preschooler is scheduled to have a Wilms' tumor removed. Identify the area of the urinary system where a Wilms' tumor is located.

RATIONALE: A Wilms' tumor, also known as a nephroblastoma, is a tumor located on the kidney. It's most commonly found in children ages 2 to 4.

A 4-year-old child is brought to the emergency department in cardiac arrest. The staff performs cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Identify the area where the child's pulse should be checked.

RATIONALE: The carotid artery should be used to check for a pulse when performing CPR on children and adults. The brachial pulse should be used when performing CPR on an infant.

Parents bring their infant to the clinic, seeking treatment for vomiting and diarrhea that has lasted for 2 days. On assessment, the nurse detects dry mucous membranes and lethargy. What other finding suggests a fluid volume deficit? 1. A sunken fontanel 2. Decreased pulse rate 3. Increased blood pressure 4. Low urine specific gravity

1. A sunken fontanel RATIONALE: In an infant, signs of fluid volume deficit (dehydration) include sunken fontanels, increased pulse rate, and decreased blood pressure. They occur when the body can no longer maintain sufficient intravascular fluid volume. When this happens, the kidneys conserve water to minimize fluid loss, which results in concentrated urine with a high specific gravity.

A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with suspected croup. Which assessment finding reflects increasing respiratory distress? 1. Intercostal retractions 2. Bradycardia 3. Decreased level of consciousness (LOC) 4. Flushed skin

1. Intercostal retractions RATIONALE: Clinical manifestations of respiratory distress include tachypnea, tachycardia, restlessness, dyspnea, intercostal retractions, and cyanosis. Bradycardia, LOC, and flushed skin aren't signs of increasing respiratory distress.

A mist tent contains a nebulizer that creates a cool, moist environment for an infant with an upper respiratory tract infection. The cool humidity helps the infant breathe by: 1. decreasing respiratory tract edema. 2. avoiding anxiety. 3. drying secretions. 4. increasing fluid intake.

1. decreasing respiratory tract edema. RATIONALE: The cool humidity of the mist tent helps the infant breathe by decreasing respiratory tract edema. The confinement of the mist tent can increase anxiety, not avoid it. Also, the tent liquefies secretions, rather than drying them, and it doesn't increase the infant's fluid intake.

Where should a nurse instill an ophthalmic ointment in a 6-year-old child? 1. The sclera 2. The lower conjunctival sac 3. The upper conjunctival sac 4. The outer canthus

2. The lower conjunctival sac RATIONALE: Ophthalmic ointment is best instilled in the lower conjunctival sac.

When assessing a child, age 3 months, who has been diagnosed with heart failure, the nurse expects which finding? 1. Bounding peripheral pulses 2. A gallop heart rhythm 3. Widened pulse pressure 4. Bradycardia

2. A gallop heart rhythm RATIONALE: Heart failure may cause a gallop heart rhythm in a child. Bounding peripheral pulses, widened pulse pressure, and bradycardia aren't associated with heart failure.

A hospitalized infant, age 10 months, begins to choke while eating and quickly becomes unconscious. A foreign object isn't visible in the infant's airway, but respirations are absent and the pulse is 50 beats/minute and thready. The nurse attempts rescue breathing, but the ventilations are unsuccessful. What should the nurse do next? 1. Deliver five back blows. 2. Deliver five chest thrusts. 3. Perform chest compressions. 4. Deliver five abdominal thrusts.

1. Deliver five back blows. RATIONALE: If rescue breathing is unsuccessful in a child younger than age 1, the nurse should deliver five back blows, followed by five chest thrusts, to try to expel the object from the obstructed airway. The nurse shouldn't perform chest compressions because the infant has a pulse and because chest compressions are ineffective without a patent airway for ventilation. The nurse shouldn't use abdominal thrusts for a child younger than age 1 because they can injure the abdominal organs.

At a previous visit, the parents of an infant with cystic fibrosis received instruction in the administration of pancrelipase (Pancrease). At a follow-up visit, which finding in the infant suggests that the parents require more teaching about administering the pancreatic enzymes? 1. Fatty stools 2. Liquid stools 3. Bloody stools 4. Normal stools

1. Fatty stools RATIONALE: Pancreatic enzymes normally aid in food digestion in the intestine. In a child with cystic fibrosis, however, these natural enzymes cannot reach the intestine because mucus blocks the pancreatic duct. Without these enzymes, undigested fats and proteins produce fatty stools. If the parents were administering the pancreatic enzymes correctly, the child would have stools of normal consistency. Noncompliance doesn't cause liquid or bloody stools.

A 2½-year-old child is being treated for left lower lobe pneumonia. In what position should the nurse position the toddler to maximize oxygenation? 1. Prone 2. Left lateral 3. Supine 4. Right lateral

4. Right lateral RATIONALE: The toddler should be positioned on his right side because gravity contributes to increased blood flow to the right lung, thereby allowing for better gas exchange. Positioning the child prone, supine, or in the left lateral position doesn't allow for better gas exchange in this child.

An 8-year-old child has just returned from the operating room after having a tonsillectomy. The nurse is preparing to do a postoperative assessment. The nurse should be alert for which signs and symptoms of bleeding? Select all that apply. 1. Frequent clearing of the throat 2. Breathing through the mouth 3. Frequent swallowing 4. Sleeping for long intervals 5. Pulse rate of 98 beats/minute 6. Bright red vomitus

1. Frequent clearing of the throat 3. Frequent swallowing 6. Bright red vomitus RATIONALE: A classic sign of bleeding after tonsillectomy is frequent swallowing; this sign occurs because blood drips down the back of the throat, tickling it. Other signs include frequent clearing of the throat and vomiting of bright red blood. Vomiting of dark blood may be seen if the child swallowed blood during surgery but doesn't indicate postoperative bleeding. Breathing through the mouth is common because of dried secretions in the nares. Sleeping for long intervals is normal after a client receives sedation and anesthesia. A pulse rate of 98 beats/minute is in the normal range for this age-group.

A child, age 3, is brought to the emergency department in respiratory distress caused by acute epiglottiditis. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to assess? 1. Severe sore throat, drooling, and inspiratory stridor 2. Low-grade fever, stridor, and a barking cough 3. Pulmonary congestion, a productive cough, and a fever 4. Sore throat, a fever, and general malaise

1. Severe sore throat, drooling, and inspiratory stridor RATIONALE: A child with acute epiglottiditis appears acutely ill and clinical manifestations may include drooling (because of difficulty swallowing), severe sore throat, hoarseness, a high temperature, and severe inspiratory stridor. A low-grade fever, stridor, and barking cough that worsens at night are suggestive of croup. Pulmonary congestion, productive cough, and fever along with nasal flaring, retractions, chest pain, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds, and crackles indicate pneumococcal pneumonia. A sore throat, fever, and general malaise point to viral pharyngitis.

Which of the following is the recommended immunization schedule for diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis (DTaP)? 1. Birth, 2 months, 6 months, 15 to 18 months, and 10 to 12 years 2. 1 month, 2 months, 6 months, 15 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years 3. 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years 4. Birth, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 4 to 6 years

3. 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years RATIONALE: According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Committee on Infectious Diseases, the DTaP vaccine should be administered at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years (before the start of school).

Which assessment finding in a 4-month-old infant is a concern? 1. The abdominal wall is rising with inspiration. 2. The respiratory rate is between 30 and 35 breaths/minute. 3. The infant's skin is mottled during examination. 4. The spaces between the ribs (intercostal) are delineated during inspiration.

4. The spaces between the ribs (intercostal) are delineated during inspiration. RATIONALE: The presence of intercostal retractions is a sign of respiratory distress from an obstruction or a disease such as pneumonia, which causes the infant to have to work to breathe. Infants and children up to age 7 are abdominal breathers; after that age, they change to an adult pattern of breathing, which uses the diaphragmatic and thoracic muscles. A normal respiratory rate for an infant up to age 1 is 20 to 40 breaths/minute; a rate between 30 and 35 breaths/minute is within this normal range. An infant's skin can become mottled if the infant is left uncovered during the examination; this change isn't a cause for concern.

A nurse is assessing an 8-month-old child for signs of neurologic deficit and increased intracranial pressure (ICP). These signs include: 1. a depressed fontanel. 2. slurred speech. 3. tachycardia. 4. an altered level of consciousness.

4. an altered level of consciousness. RATIONALE: One sign of neurologic deficit in an 8-month-old child includes a decreased or altered level of consciousness. The fontanel would bulge — not depress — if he had increased ICP. Slurred speech isn't a sign of increased ICP in an infant because the child isn't able to speak at this age. However, a change in cry may be noted. Bradycardia — not tachycardia — is a sign of increased ICP.

A physician orders an I.V. infusion of dextrose 5% in quarter-normal saline solution to be infused at 7 ml/kg/hour for a 10-month-old infant. The infant weighs 22 lb. How many milliliters per hour should the nurse infuse of the ordered solution? Record your answer using a whole number. Answer: milliliters per hour

70 milliliters per hour RATIONALE: To perform this dosage calculation, the nurse should first convert the infant's weight to kilograms: 2.2 lb/kg = 22 lb/X kg X = 22 ÷ 2.2 X = 10 kg Next, she should multiply the infant's weight by the ordered rate: 10 kg × 7 ml/kg/hour = 70 ml/hour

A child is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. When planning the child's care, the nurse understands that the primary goal of treatment is to: 1. manage urinary changes by monitoring fluid intake and output and observing for hematuria. 2. reduce the excretion of urinary protein. 3. help prevent cardiac or renal failure by carefully monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance. 4. decrease edema and hypertension through bed rest and fluid restriction.

2. reduce the excretion of urinary protein. RATIONALE: The primary goal of treatment for a child with nephrotic syndrome is to reduce excretion of urinary protein and maintain protein-free urine. Nephrotic syndrome isn't associated with hematuria, cardiac failure, or hypertension. Fluid restriction isn't warranted.

A nurse is caring for a toddler in respiratory distress. She is gathering supplies to help with endotracheal intubation. The nurse knows the physician will use an uncuffed endotracheal tube because the: 1. vocal cords provide a natural seal. 2. trachea is shorter. 3. larynx is anterior and cephalad. 4. cricoid cartilage is the narrowest part of the larynx.

4. cricoid cartilage is the narrowest part of the larynx. RATIONALE: An uncuffed endotracheal tube is used because the cricoid cartilage in the toddler is the narrowest part of the larynx and provides a natural seal. This aspect keeps the endotracheal tube in place without requiring a cuff. The vocal cords are narrower in an adult. Although the trachea is shorter and the larynx is anterior and cephalad, these aren't reasons to choose an uncuffed tube.

A toddler is being prepared for surgery. Who is responsible for obtaining informed consent? 1. The attending physician 2. The floor nurse 3. The operating room nurse 4. The nursing student

1. The attending physician RATIONALE: The child's physician is legally responsible for obtaining consent and making sure the parents are well informed. This step includes telling the parents why the child needs the procedure, providing accurate information about the procedure, and explaining the risks involved. The floor nurse may serve as a witness to the parent's signature, and is obligated to inform the physician if the parent doesn't seem informed. The operating room nurse must make sure that the informed consent form has been signed; however, it isn't her responsibility to obtain the consent. Nursing students aren't legally allowed to obtain consent, nor should they act as witnesses.

A mother tells the nurse that she wants to begin toilet training her 22-month-old child. The most important factor regarding toilet training that the nurse should stress to her is: 1. developmental readiness of the child. 2. consistency in approach. 3. the mother's positive attitude. 4. developmental level of the child's peers.

1. developmental readiness of the child. RATIONALE: The most important factor is developmental readiness because if the child isn't developmentally ready, both the child and parent will become frustrated. Consistency is important when toilet training is started; the mother's positive attitude is important when the child is determined to be ready. Developmental levels of children are individualized and comparison to peers isn't useful.

A nurse is caring for a 4-year-old boy who needs a blood transfusion. The physician tells the nurse that the boy's parents must give informed consent. The nurse should: 1. inform the physician that he is legally responsible for obtaining informed consent. 2. recognize that the physician is busy and obtain the consent. 3. perform the procedure without a signed consent form. 4. simply explain the procedure to the child and his parents before performing it.

1. inform the physician that he is legally responsible for obtaining informed consent. RATIONALE: Obtaining informed consent is the physician's responsibility. A nurse should never perform a procedure without informed consent. If a procedure is performed without this signed document, the nurse, physician, and facility could face legal consequences.

A 4-year-old child is receiving dextrose 5% in water and half-normal saline solution at 100 ml/hour. The nurse should suspect that the child's I.V. fluid intake is excessive if assessment reveals: 1. worsening dyspnea. 2. gastric distention. 3. nausea and vomiting. 4. a temperature of 102° F (38.9° C).

1. worsening dyspnea. RATIONALE: Dyspnea and other signs of respiratory distress signify fluid volume overload, which can occur quickly in a child as fluid shifts rapidly between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Gastric distention suggests excessive oral (not I.V.) fluid intake or infection. Nausea and vomiting or an elevated temperature may indicate a fluid volume deficit, not an excess.

After being hospitalized for status asthmaticus, a child, age 5, is discharged with prednisone (Deltasone) and other oral medications. Two weeks later, when the child comes to the clinic for a checkup, the nurse instructs the mother to gradually decrease the dosage of prednisone, which will be discontinued. The mother asks why prednisone must be discontinued. How should the nurse respond? 1. "Steroids increase the appetite, leading to obesity with prolonged use." 2. "Long-term steroid therapy may interfere with a child's growth." 3. "The child may develop a hypersensitivity to steroids with continued use." 4. "Prolonged steroid use may cause depression."

2. "Long-term steroid therapy may interfere with a child's growth." RATIONALE: Steroids suppress release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary gland, stopping production of endogenous hormones by the adrenal cortex. Because prolonged adrenal suppression may cause growth retardation in a child, the duration and dosage of steroid therapy must be kept to a minimum. Steroids also may cause central nervous system effects, such as euphoria, insomnia, and mood swings. Although steroids increase the appetite, this effect isn't the reason for limiting their use in children. Steroids are present in the body, so hypersensitivity isn't a problem, and they're likely to cause euphoria, not depression.

A 2-year-old child with a low blood level of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine comes to a liver transplant clinic for her appointment. The mother says the child hasn't been vomiting and hasn't had diarrhea, but she admits that her daughter doesn't like taking the liquid medication. Which statement by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. "Let your daughter take her medication only when she wants it; it's okay for her to miss some doses." 2. "Offer the medication diluted with chocolate milk or orange juice to make it more palatable." 3. "Insert a nasogastric (NG) tube and administer the medication using the tube as ordered by the physician." 4. "Give the ordered dose a little bit at a time over 2 hours to ensure administration of the medication."

2. "Offer the medication diluted with chocolate milk or orange juice to make it more palatable." RATIONALE: Because liquid cyclosporine has a very unpleasant taste, diluting it with chocolate milk or orange juice will lessen the strong taste and help the child take the medication as ordered. It isn't acceptable to miss a dose because the drug's effectiveness is based on therapeutic blood levels, and skipping a dose could lower the level. Cyclosporine shouldn't be given by NG tube because it adheres to the plastic tube and, thus, all of the drug may not be administered. Taking the medication over a period of time could negatively affect the blood level.

A child, age 6, is about to be discharged after treatment for acute rheumatic fever. Which statement by the parents indicates effective discharge teaching? 1. "We will keep our child in bed for at least a week." 2. "We will give our child penicillin every day for 5 years." 3. "We will measure our child's blood pressure every day." 4. "We will keep giving our child corticosteroids."

2. "We will give our child penicillin every day for 5 years." RATIONALE: Parents stating they will give penicillin indicates effective teaching because a child recovering from acute rheumatic fever must receive prophylactic penicillin for at least 5 years. Bed rest isn't indicated once the acute disease phase ends. Rheumatic fever doesn't call for blood pressure monitoring or corticosteroid therapy.

A nurse has received report on her clients and notices that they're of varying ages. To prepare for the shift, the nurse reviews Erik Erikson's five stages of psychosocial development. Place the stages in chronological order from infancy to adolescence. Use all options. 1. Initiative versus guilt. 2. Trust versus mistrust. 3. Industry versus inferiority. 4. Identity versus role confusion. 5. Autonomy versus shame and doubt.

2. Trust versus mistrust. 5. Autonomy versus shame and doubt. 1. Initiative versus guilt. 3. Industry versus inferiority. 4. Identity versus role confusion. RATIONALE: During the first stage of Erikson's five stages of psychosocial development, trust versus mistrust (birth to age 1), the child develops trust as the primary caregiver meets his needs. In the second stage, autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages 1 to 3), the child gains control of body functions and becomes increasingly independent. In the third stage, initiative versus guilt (ages 3 to 6), the child develops a conscience and learns about the world through play. In the fourth stage, industry versus inferiority (ages 6 to 12), the child enjoys working on projects with others, follows rules, and forms social relationships. As body changes begin to take place, the child enters the fifth stage, identity versus role confusion (ages 12 to 19), and becomes preoccupied with looks, how others view him, meeting peer expectation, and establishing his own identity.

A nurse is performing a psychosocial assessment on a 14-year-old adolescent. Which emotional response is typical during early adolescence? 1. Frequent anger 2. Cooperativeness 3. Moodiness 4. Combativeness

3. Moodiness RATIONALE: Moodiness may occur often during early adolescence. Frequent anger and combativeness are more typical of middle adolescence. Cooperativeness typically occurs during late adolescence.

A nurse is caring for a school-age child with cerebral palsy. The child has difficulty eating using regular utensils and requires a lot of assistance. Which referral is most appropriate? 1. Registered dietitian 2. Physical therapist 3. Occupational therapist 4. Nursing assistant

3. Occupational therapist RATIONALE: An occupational therapist helps physically disabled clients adapt to physical limitations and is most qualified to help a child with cerebral palsy eat and perform other activities of daily living. A registered dietitian manages and plans for the nutritional needs of children with cerebral palsy but isn't trained in modifying or fitting utensils with assistive devices. A physical therapist is trained to help a child with cerebral palsy gain function and prevent further disability but not to assist the child in performing activities of daily living. A nursing assistant can help a child eat; however, the nursing assistant isn't trained in modifying utensils.

After assessing a newly admitted 5-year-old child, the nurse makes the nursing diagnosis of Parental role conflict related to child's hospitalization. Which defining characteristic suggests this diagnosis? 1. Supportive child-parent interaction (speaking, listening, touching, and eye-to-eye contact) 2. Parents' active participation in child's physical or emotional care 3. Parents' expression of feelings of inadequacy in providing for their child's needs 4. Evidence of adaptation to parental role changes

3. Parents' expression of feelings of inadequacy in providing for their child's needs RATIONALE: Expression of feelings of inadequacy in providing for their child's needs is a defining characteristic of Parental role conflict related to child's hospitalization. Supportive child-parent interaction, parents' active participation in the child's care, and evidence of adaptation to parental role changes don't suggest this diagnosis.

An infant, age 8 months, has a tentative diagnosis of congenital heart disease. During physical assessment, the nurse measures a heart rate of 170 beats/minute and a respiratory rate of 70 breaths/minute. How should the nurse position the infant? 1. Lying on the back 2. Lying on the abdomen 3. Sitting in an infant seat 4. Sitting in high Fowler's position

3. Sitting in an infant seat RATIONALE: Because the infant's assessment findings suggest that respiratory distress is developing, the nurse should position the infant with the head elevated at a 45-degree angle to promote maximum chest expansion; an infant seat maintains this position. Placing an infant flat on the back or abdomen or in high Fowler's position could increase respiratory distress by preventing maximal chest expansion.

Family members and friends stage an intervention for an alcoholic adolescent. The intervention is successful when the adolescent: 1. breaks down and cries. 2. says, "I'm sorry. I'll never drink again." 3. is motivated to enter an alcohol rehabilitation program. 4. is willing to talk with his friends.

3. is motivated to enter an alcohol rehabilitation program. RATIONALE: Willingness to enter a rehabilitation program indicates that the adolescent is motivated to change. An intervention is an emotionally charged meeting; crying may be an indication of manipulation, rather than a sign that the intervention has succeeded. Relapses are common among alcoholics who simply stop drinking; success in overcoming alcoholism is more likely when a structured program is part of the rehabilitation process. Talking with friends doesn't indicate a successful intervention.

A nurse is finishing her shift on the pediatric unit. Because her shift is ending, which intervention takes top priority? 1. Changing the linens on the clients' beds 2. Restocking the bedside supplies needed for a dressing change on the upcoming shift 3. Documenting the care provided during her shift 4. Emptying the trash cans in the assigned client rooms

3. Documenting the care provided during her shift RATIONALE: Documentation should take top priority because it's the only way the nurse can legally claim that interventions were performed. Changing linens, restocking supplies, and emptying trash cans would be appreciated by the nurses on the oncoming shift but aren't mandatory and don't take priority over documentation.

A physician orders an antibiotic for a child, age 6, who has an upper respiratory tract infection. To avoid tooth discoloration, the nurse expects the physician to avoid prescribing which drug? 1. Penicillin 2. Erythromycin 3. Tetracycline 4. Amoxicillin

3. Tetracycline RATIONALE: Tetracycline should be avoided in children younger than age 8 because it may cause enamel hypoplasia and permanent yellowish gray to brownish tooth discoloration. Penicillin, erythromycin, and amoxicillin don't discolor the teeth.

When caring for an adolescent who's at risk for injury related to intracranial pathology, which action would maintain stable intracranial pressure (ICP)? 1. Turning the adolescent's head from side to side frequently 2. Keeping the adolescent's head in midline position while raising the head of the bed 15 to 30 degrees 3. Hyperextending the adolescent's head with a blanket roll 4. Suctioning frequently to maintain a clear airway

2. Keeping the adolescent's head in midline position while raising the head of the bed 15 to 30 degrees RATIONALE: Elevating the head of the bed while keeping the adolescent's head in midline position will facilitate venous drainage and avoid jugular compression. Turning the head, hyperextending the neck, and suctioning will increase ICP.

A nurse is assessing an I.V. in an infant. Which assessment finding is considered normal? 1. Erythema and pain 2. Edema 3. A lack of blood return 4. Blanching or streaking along the vein

3. A lack of blood return RATIONALE: Infants and children have small, fragile veins, making a lack of a blood return normal. Erythema, pain, edema at the site or around it, blanching, and streaking are signs of infiltration. The infusion should be discontinued immediately if any of these signs are observed

A child, age 4, fell and broke his arm and had a cast applied. Which of these statements by the child indicates an immediate risk for compartment syndrome? 1. "My arm hurts." 2. "I can't wiggle my fingers." 3. "I need to go home." 4. "Don't touch me."

2. "I can't wiggle my fingers." RATIONALE: Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome, such as motor weakness, reflect a deficit or deterioration of neuromuscular status in the involved area. Inability to wiggle fingers indicates an immediate risk for compartment syndrome because it could suggest neurovascular pressure or damage caused by edema following the injury. The other statements don't indicate risk for compartment syndrome.

The nurse on the adolescent unit delegates a task to the nursing assistant. After delegating the task, the nurse should: 1. allow adequate time for the nursing assistant to complete the task, then follow-up with her. 2. document in the chart that the task has been completed. 3. keep asking the nursing assistant if she has completed the task. 4. assume the nursing assistant has completed the task to her satisfaction.

1. allow adequate time for the nursing assistant to complete the task, then follow-up with her. RATIONALE: The nurse remains accountable for all of the client's care, including tasks that have been delegated to the nursing assistant. The nurse should allow the nursing assistant ample time to complete the task, then follow up with her to make sure she has completed the task. Documentation occurs after the task has been completed satisfactorily. When a task is delegated, it's important to allow team members the authority to complete the assigned task. However, the nurse should follow up with the nursing assistant to make sure she has completed the task satisfactorily; the nurse can't assume that has been done.

A child, age 5, with an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 65 is admitted to the facility for evaluation. When planning care, the nurse should keep in mind that this child: 1. is within the lower range of normal intelligence. 2. would have a diagnosis of mild mental retardation. 3. would have a diagnosis of moderate mental retardation. 4. would have a diagnosis of severe mental retardation.

2. would have a diagnosis of mild mental retardation. RATIONALE: The nurse should keep in mind that this child would have a diagnosis of mild mental retardation. According to the American Association on Mental Deficiency, a person with an IQ between 50 and 70 is classified as mildly mentally retarded. An IQ above 70 is considered normal. A person with an IQ between 36 and 50 is classified as moderately retarded. One with an IQ below 36 is severely impaired.

A nurse is planning a health teaching session for a group of parents with toddlers. When describing a toddler's typical eating pattern, the nurse should mention that many children of this age exhibit: 1. consistent table manners. 2. an increased appetite. 3. strong food preferences. 4. a preference for eating alone.

3. strong food preferences. RATIONALE: A toddler can't be expected to use consistent table manners and, generally, the appetite decreases during the toddler stage because of a slowed growth rate. A toddler typically enjoys socializing during meals and commonly imitates others.

The nurse is preparing a teaching plan for a 15-year-old adolescent who is 7 months pregnant. The nurse should reevaluate her teaching plan if she includes which teaching strategy? 1. Providing a one-on-one demonstration and requesting a return demonstration, using a live infant model 2. Initiating a teenage-parent support group with first- and second-time mothers 3. Using audiovisual aids that show discussions of feelings and skills 4. Providing age-appropriate reading materials

4. Providing age-appropriate reading materials RATIONALE: Because adolescents absorb less information through reading than through demonstration or discussion, providing age-appropriate reading materials is the least effective way to teach parenting skills to an adolescent. The other options engage more than one of the senses and therefore serve as effective teaching strategies.

Parents of a school-age child request anticipatory guidance. When developing a care plan to address this matter, the nurse should keep in mind that this child's cognitive development is characterized by: 1. magical thinking. 2. transductive reasoning. 3. abstract thought. 4. conservation skills.

4. conservation skills. RATIONALE: According to Piaget, a school-age child acquires cognitive operations to understand concepts related to objects, including conservation skills, classification skills, and combinational skills. Magical thinking and transductive reasoning are characteristic of the preschooler's preoperational thought. Abstract thought is characteristic of the adolescent's period of formal operations.

A 10-month-old child with recurrent otitis media is brought to the clinic for evaluation. To help determine the cause of the child's condition, the nurse should ask the parents: 1. "Does water ever get into the baby's ears during shampooing?" 2. "Do you give the baby a bottle to take to bed?" 3. "Have you noticed a lot of wax in the baby's ears?" 4. "Can the baby combine two words when speaking?"

2. "Do you give the baby a bottle to take to bed?" RATIONALE: In a young child, the eustachian tube is relatively short, wide, and horizontal, promoting drainage of secretions from the nasopharynx into the middle ear. Therefore, asking if the child takes a bottle to bed is appropriate because drinking while lying down may cause fluids to pool in the pharyngeal cavity, increasing the risk of otitis media. Asking if the parent noticed earwax, or cerumen, in the external ear canal is incorrect because wax doesn't promote the development of otitis media. During shampooing, water may become trapped in the external ear canal by large amounts of cerumen, possibly causing otitis external (external ear inflammation) as opposed to internal ear inflammation. Asking if the infant can combine two words is incorrect because a 10-month-old child isn't expected to do so.

The physician suspects tracheoesophageal fistula in a 1-day-old neonate. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for this child? 1. Avoiding suctioning unless cyanosis occurs 2. Elevating the neonate's head and giving nothing by mouth 3. Elevating the neonate's head for 1 hour after feedings 4. Giving the neonate only glucose water for the first 24 hours

2. Elevating the neonate's head and giving nothing by mouth RATIONALE: Because of the risk of aspiration, a neonate with a known or suspected tracheoesophageal fistula should be kept with the head elevated at all times and should receive nothing by mouth (NPO). The nurse should suction the neonate regularly to maintain a patent airway and prevent pooling of secretions. Elevating the neonate's head after feedings or giving glucose water are inappropriate because the neonate must remain on NPO status.

A nurse is teaching the parents of an infant with clubfeet about cast care. Which statement by the father indicates the need for further teaching? 1. "I hope this cast will cure his feet in the next several weeks." 2. "I know I will have to be careful when changing his diapers." 3. "We will have to be careful how we hold our baby." 4. "Immunizations will have to be delayed until the casts come off."

4. "Immunizations will have to be delayed until the casts come off." RATIONALE: The father's statement about delaying immunizations indicates the need for further teaching. Immunizations can be administered in the thighs because the casts cover only the lower legs and feet. The other responses are correct statements, indicating effective teaching.

A nurse suspects that a toddler, who is admitted to the pediatric unit, has been physically abused by his mother. What is the nurse required to do? 1. Talk with the child about she suspects. 2. Confront the mother with her suspicions. 3. Discuss the case with another nurse during lunch break. 4. Report the case to local authorities.

4. Report the case to local authorities. RATIONALE: The nurse is required to report the case to local authorities because every state in the United States has laws for mandatory reporting of suspected child abuse and neglect. These cases are then referred to local agencies, such as Child Protective Services, for investigation. Social workers should be consulted before approaching a child and discussing child abuse. Confronting the mother could increase the risk of harm to the child and to the nurse. Discussing the case with another nurse breaches the client's confidentiality.

A nurse is developing a plan to teach a mother how to reduce her infant's risk of developing otitis media. Which direction should the nurse include in the teaching plan? 1. Administer antibiotics whenever the infant has a cold. 2. Place the infant in an upright position when giving a bottle. 3. Avoid getting the infant's ears wet while bathing or swimming. 4. Clean the infant's external ear canal daily.

2. Place the infant in an upright position when giving a bottle. RATIONALE: Feeding an infant a bottle in an upright position reduces the pooling of formula or breast milk in the nasopharynx. Formula, in particular, provides a good medium for the growth of bacteria, which can travel easily through the short, horizontal eustachian tubes. Administering antibiotics whenever the infant has a cold, avoiding getting the ears wet, and cleaning the external ear canal daily don't reduce the risk of an infant developing otitis media.

A staffing agency is sending a licensed practical nurse (LPN) to cover a shift for a pediatric nurse who called out sick. The unit's nurse-manager isn't familiar with the LPN's clinical background or comfort level with pediatric clients. The nurse-manager should assign the LPN to: 1. an 8-year-old child admitted that morning with suspected Reye's syndrome. 2. a 9-year-old child receiving subcutaneous (subQ) insulin for treatment of diabetes mellitus. 3. a 10-year-old child who had a tonsillectomy that morning. 4. a 9-year-old child with Legg-Calve'-Perthes disease.

2. a 9-year-old child receiving subcutaneous (subQ) insulin for treatment of diabetes mellitus. RATIONALE: The nurse-manager should assign the LPN to the child with diabetes mellitus. Because he's receiving subQ insulin rather than I.V. insulin, his diabetes is likely stable. Reye's syndrome is an acute condition with the potential to progress into respiratory depression, seizures, loss of deep tendon reflexes, or other neurologic deficits. This child will require frequent nursing assessments. The child who had a tonsillectomy remains at risk for hemorrhage during the first 24 hours following surgery. Legg-Calve'-Perthes Disease is associated with impaired circulation to the femoral capital epiphysis. This condition requires aggressive monitoring.

A child, age 2, with a history of recurrent ear infections is brought to the clinic with a fever and irritability. To elicit the most pertinent information about the child's ear problems, the nurse should ask the parent: 1. "Does your child's ear hurt?" 2. "Does your child have any hearing problems?" 3. "Does your child tug at either ear?" 4. "Does anyone in your family have hearing problems?"

3. "Does your child tug at either ear?" RATIONALE: Although all of the options are appropriate questions to ask when assessing a young child's ear problems, questions about the child's behavior, such as "Does your child tug at either ear?" are most useful because a young child usually can't describe symptoms accurately.

Craniocerebral injury in a child differs substantially from craniocerebral trauma in an adult. Which statement identifies a difference between children and adults that could produce a life-threatening complication for a child? 1. Cerebral tissues in children are softer, thinner, and more flexible. 2. A child's skull can expand more than an adult's can. 3. Greater portions of a child's blood volume flows to the head. 4. Hematomas in children can include subdural, epidural, and intracerebral.

3. Greater portions of a child's blood volume flows to the head. RATIONALE: If hemorrhage is associated with a head injury and it goes undetected, a child may experience hypovolemic shock because a large portion of a child's blood volume goes to the head. In children, cerebral tissues are softer, thinner, and more flexible — conditions that actually permit diffusion of the impact. Because a child's skull can expand more than an adult's can, a greater amount of posttraumatic edema can occur without evidence of neurologic deficits. Subdural, epidural, and intracerebral hematomas are the different types of head injury that can occur in children and adults.

A 17-year-old adolescent with acute lymphocytic leukemia is discharged with written information about chemotherapy administration and his outpatient appointment schedule. He now is in the maintenance phase of chemotherapy but has missed clinic appointments for blood work and admits to omitting some chemotherapy doses. To improve his compliance, the nurse should include which intervention in the care plan? 1. Emphasizing the long-term consequences of noncompliance 2. Reprimanding the adolescent for failing to comply with his treatment 3. Letting the adolescent participate in his planning and scheduling of treatments 4. Threatening to discontinue care if he doesn't comply

3. Letting the adolescent participate in his planning and scheduling of treatments RATIONALE: Because the adolescent is striving for independence, health care providers should promote self-reliance whenever possible, such as by letting him participate in planning and scheduling his treatments. He can help establish realistic goals and evaluation outcomes as well as help schedule procedures and chemotherapy doses to minimize lifestyle disruptions. Adolescents are oriented in the present and have relatively little concern for the long-term consequences of their behavior. Reprimanding him or threatening to discontinue care isn't likely to improve compliance and isn't in his best interest.

A nurse in a clinic finds the mother of a 15-month-old child in tears. The mother states that her child doesn't love her because the child says "no" to everything. Which response is appropriate? 1. "Have you punished your child for saying 'no' to you?" 2. "This is normal at this age; it's best to ignore the behavior." 3. "Explain to your child that saying 'no' all of the time is inappropriate behavior." 4. "Saying 'no' is part of toddler development and is normal at this age."

4. "Saying 'no' is part of toddler development and is normal at this age." RATIONALE: Telling the mother that saying "no" is normal for a 15-month-old child is an appropriate response. The child's behavior doesn't mean that the child doesn't love the mother. It means the child is attempting to exert independence. Punishing the child isn't appropriate because this is a normal stage of development. Saying that it's best to ignore the behavior is also inappropriate because the child needs to learn about limits. Explaining to the child that his behavior is inappropriate isn't an age-appropriate response for this child.

Which assessment should alert a nurse that a hospitalized 7-year-old child is at high risk for a severe asthma exacerbation? 1. Oxygen saturation of 95% 2. Mild work of breath 3. Intercostal or substernal retractions 4. A history of steroid-dependent asthma

4. A history of steroid-dependent asthma RATIONALE: The child's history of steroid-dependent asthma is a contributing factor to making him at high risk for a severe exacerbation. The nurse must treat the situation as a severe exacerbation regardless of the severity of the current episode. Decreased oxygen saturation, cyanosis, retractions, and increase (not mild) work of breathing are all assessments of an asthma exacerbation, not risk factors for it. These findings should be treated with oxygen, nebulized respiratory treatments, and steroids. However, if a significant history of high-risk factors is absent, the episode can be treated without hospitalization and followed up with the pediatrician.

A 5-year-old preschooler suspected of having leukemia is admitted to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment. The physician orders a bone marrow aspiration. Place the interventions below in ascending chronological order according to their importance. Use all options. 1. Act out the procedure using a doll and biopsy kit. 2. Assure the child that the pain will go away. 3. Check the biopsy site for hemorrhage and infection. 4. Discuss the procedure with his parents. 5. Explain the discomforts that he'll feel.

4. Discuss the procedure with his parents. 1. Act out the procedure using a doll and biopsy kit. 5. Explain the discomforts that he'll feel. 2. Assure the child that the pain will go away. 3. Check the biopsy site for hemorrhage and infection. RATIONALE: The nurse must first discuss the procedure with the parents and encourage them to get involved with the plan for preparing the child. Next, the nurse should use play to teach the child about the procedure to help gain the child's confidence and put the child at ease. After the child is comfortable, the nurse can explain the discomfort he'll feel and then assure him that the pain will go away. Lastly, after the procedure, the nurse needs to check for bleeding, inflammation, and signs and symptoms of pain and infection.

A school-age child with fever and joint pain has just received a diagnosis of rheumatic fever. The child's parents ask the nurse whether anything could have prevented this disorder. Which intervention is effective in preventing rheumatic fever? 1. Immunization with the hepatitis B vaccine 2. Isolation of individuals with rheumatic fever 3. Use of prophylactic antibiotics for invasive procedures 4. Early detection and treatment of streptococcal infections

4. Early detection and treatment of streptococcal infections RATIONALE: Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease that follows a group A streptococcal infection. Therefore, early detection and treatment of streptococcal infections help prevent the development of rheumatic fever. Hepatitis B vaccine provides immunity against the hepatitis B virus — not streptococci. Because rheumatic fever isn't contagious, isolation measures aren't necessary. Prophylactic antibiotics are used before invasive procedures only in clients with a history of carditis to prevent bacterial endocarditis.

Which nursing action would be most successful in gaining a preschooler's cooperation in preparing for surgery? 1. Have the child take off his own underwear. 2. Encourage the child to use the hospital blanket as a transition object so his won't be lost. 3. Let the child choose which parent can accompany him to the preoperative waiting area. 4. Let the child choose whether to ride to the preoperative area on a stretcher or in a wagon.

4. Let the child choose whether to ride to the preoperative area on a stretcher or in a wagon. RATIONALE: Giving the child a choice would promote cooperation, and children commonly prefer a nonthreatening method of travel such as a wagon. Having the child take off his own underwear isn't appropriate because preschoolers commonly have a fear of genital mutilation; the child would likely resist removing his underwear. Children usually won't transfer feelings of security objects to another object such as a hospital blanket. Both parents are encouraged to accompany the child to the preoperative area, so having the child choose one parent isn't appropriate.

A nurse is caring for a child with tetralogy of Fallot. The child's mother becomes concerned when she visits her son and notices him sucking his thumb, a behavior that he had previously given up. What does this behavior indicate? 1. The child is depressed. 2. The child is in pain. 3. The child wants attention. 4. The child is responding to stress.

4. The child is responding to stress. RATIONALE: This behavior indicates the child is responding to stress. Regression (reverting back to previously outgrown behaviors) is a common response to stressful situations. The nurse should reassure the parents that thumb sucking and other regressive behaviors should disappear after the stressful situation is resolved. Thumb sucking isn't a sign of depression or pain or an attention-seeking behavior.

A toddler is hospitalized for treatment of injuries that the staff believes were caused by child abuse. A staff member states that the parents "shouldn't be allowed to visit because they caused the child's injuries." When responding to this staff member, the nurse should base the comments on which understanding? 1. The parents shouldn't be allowed to visit the child. 2. The parents shouldn't visit until the child is ready for discharge. 3. The parents should visit on a schedule established by the health care team and should be supervised during visits. 4. The parents should be encouraged to visit frequently and should be welcomed by the staff.

4. The parents should be encouraged to visit frequently and should be welcomed by the staff. RATIONALE: Abusive parents should be encouraged to visit their child frequently and should be welcomed by the staff. Many abusive parents love their children but lack effective parenting skills. The child's hospitalization offers an opportunity for the staff to demonstrate appropriate parenting behaviors to the parents.