Neoplasms

Why do cancer rates increase with age?

-productions of t cells decrease - been exposed to more carcinogens *Age is the biggest single risk factor for cancer. Risk increases significantly after age 50, and half of all cancers occur at age 66 and above. According to the National Cancer Institute, one quarter of new cancer diagnoses are in people aged 65 to 74. *As we age, there's more time for damage in our cells to build up, and more chance that some of this damage might eventually lead to cancer. R

cancer treatments

1. Surgical intervention 2. Chemotherapy 3. Radiation 4. Bio/Immunotherapy 5. Tumor vaccines

How does cancer Kill?

1.Infection 2. Organ failure 3. GI obstruction 4. Brain lesions 5. Malnutrition 6. Electrolyte abnormalities **-crowding out normal cells -invading other organs -secreting poisonous chemicals Cancer can kill when it invades essential organs, like your liver, lungs, or brain, and stops them from functioning properly. These complications could be due to primary cancer that starts in an essential organ, such as brain cancer. Or it could be cancer that has metastasized from one area to another.

biopsy

A biopsy is the removal of tissue from any part of the body to examine it for disease. Some may remove a small tissue sample with a needle while others may surgically remove a suspicious nodule or lump. Most needle biopsies are performed on an outpatient basis with minimal preparation. Needle- aspiration

Major Characteristics of Benign Neoplasms

A slow progressive rate of growth that may come to a standstill or regress An expansive manner of growth Inability to metastasize to distant sites Composed of well differentiated cells that resemble the cells of the tissue in the origin.

Chemotherapy

Drugs are given in combinations designed to attack a cancer from many different weaknesses at the same time and to limit the dose and therefore the toxicity of the any single agent. * 3 goals-

Abnormalities of Malignant Neoplasm Cell Cycle

Fast G1 Phase Not programmed to die Replication in fast as well G2 Phase: suppressor genes are inactive

PET Scan Prognostic and Diagnostic Uses

How a PET scan diagnostic? Highlights the areas that are infected with cancer. How a PET scan prognostic? Shows the progression/remission.

How Benign Neoplasms become Pathological

Hyperplasia- to become neoplastic, a normal cell must develop mutations that allow it to no longer obey boundaries of adjacent cells, thus allowing for uncontrolled growth, and the neoplasm must be able to produce its own blood supply. If the neoplasm is malignant, the cells must also gain the ability to invade the basement membrane and surrounding tissue, enter the blood stream, and spread to and grow within distant organs.

Treatments for Benign Neoplasms

Meds, Sx, Excision

carcinoma in situ

Pre-invasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin

Explain Inflammations relationship with Cancer

ROS produced by infiltrated inflammatory cells are the major cause for carcinogenesis. We assumed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) would be key molecules that stimulate carcinogenic process since ROS act on both initiation and promotion of cancer. Laymen's - Inflammation increases risk of cancer (Crohn's, etc.)

TMN System and Importance

T- size of tumor spread N- lymph node involvement M- presence of metastasis Important: It is used to stage and grade the tumors monitors progression/ regression as well.

Major carcinogens

Tobacco Asbestos Uv rays Alcohol Pollution Engine exhaust Cig smoke

Localized Cancer S/S

change in confirmation of tissue localized pain obstruction of blood or lymphatic flow tissue necrosis can lead to infections HIS; Actinic, Keratosis, Leukoplakia CIN

Immortalization Defined

due to mutation, cells can keep undergoing division indefinitely. The cells can therefore be grown for prolonged periods in vitro.

tumor suppressor genes

encode proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate proliferation. They are also known as anti-oncogenes.

Systemic Cancer S/S

fatigue syndrome of cachexia anemia leukopenia thrombocytopenia infection generalized pain - usually, late signs - inflammation/ compress ion/ tissue disruption

Carcinogenesis

formation of cancer ie- sis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. The process is characterized by changes at the cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division.

protooncogenes

genes that direct protein synthesis/ cellular growth.

Malignant Neoplasm

invades and destroy near by tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Metastasize and tend to grow rapidly and tend to be widespread malignant neoplasm potentially causes death. Important: So the rapid growth of malignant tumors can compressed blood vessels and cause ischemia and tissue injury.

Diagnostic Tools/Workup's for Cancer

lab work, Imaging tests used in diagnosing cancer may include a computerized tomography (CT) scan, bone scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scan, ultrasound and X-ray, among others. Biopsy.

oncogenes

mutant genes or overexpressed protooncogenes. Has to be activated by protooncogenes.

DNA repair genes

regulate cell processes and repair errors in DNA duplication.

Infiltration

s the movement of cancer cells from their normal location into the surrounding non-cancerous tissue. Another word for infiltration is invasion. Infiltration is an important feature that pathologists look for when trying to decide if a tumour is benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

tumor markers

substances that produced by both benign and malignant cells that are either present in or on cells or found in blood, spinal fluid, or urine.

Major Characteristics of Benign Neoplasms

tend to grow rapidly and spread widely have the potential to kill regardless of their original location. Tend to compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply, causing ischemia and tissue necrosis. Rob normal tissues of essential nutrients Liberate enzymes and toxins that destroy tumor tissue and normal tissue. The differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms: Cell characteristics Manner of growth Rate of growth Potential for metastasizing or spreading Tendency to cause tissue damage Capacity to cause death

Mestasis (definition and signs)

the spread of cancer cells from the site of the original tumor to distant tissues and organs through the body. It is the major cause of death from cancer. Signs of Metastasis: the cancer has spread to another part of the bod pain and fractures, when cancer has spread to the bone. headache, seizures, or dizziness, when cancer has spread to the brain. shortness of breath, when cancer has spread to the lung. jaundice or swelling in the belly, when cancer has spread to the liver.

Abnormal Processes in Tumor/Malignant Cells

tumor cells escape immune system. Multiplies into a tumor mass. Compresses nearby tissues and limits blood flow. Causes inflammation Rapid metabolic rates results in necrotic center. Cells break off and gain access to blood stream and they migrate.

Benign neoplasm

typical compose of well differentiated cells their usually slow progressive rate of growth. They are usually localized the site of origin. They don't metastasize they develop a fibrous capsule that helps takes a surgical. They are less of a health threat and the well being is usually not threatened by a benign tumor such as malignant tumor. They cause death less often, they may interfere with vital functions depending on atomic position of location. Benign tumors: are also known for their ability to cause alteration in their body functions normally producing hormones * capsule helps contain neoplasm- ie prevents spread and easier to remove via sx