NERVOUS SYSTEM

Which THREE of the following are the major factors that determine and maintain the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

, ovement of cations out of the cell through leakage channels in the plasma membrane, Ion gradients maintained by the sodium/potassium pump, Anions trapped in the cytosol

Which ONE of the following voltages best describes the typical threshold voltage for a neuron?

-55mV

Anatomically, the spinal cord can be divided into what number of spinal segments, each of which gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves?

31

Which ONE of the following categories of nerve fibre usually conducts action potentials at the fastest speeds?

A type

Which ONE of the following nerves is the sixth cranial nerve?

Abducens nerve

Which ONE of the following types of neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic fibres?

Acetylcholine

Name ONE of the commisural tracts which connect the two sides of the brain?

Anterior commissure, Posterior commissure, Corpus callosum

Which ONE of the following is the middle layer of the meninges?

Arachnoid mater

What is the anatomical term for the involuntary nervous system that is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Autonomic nervous system

What is the term for the single process that arises from the hillock of the cell body of a neuron and terminates at the synapse?

Axon

Which of the following categories of nerve fibre are myelinated?

B type, A type

Arrange the following stages of the generation of an action potential in the correct order, starting from the state of the neuron at rest?

B: graded potentials depolarize plasma membrane to -55mV, E: voltage gated Na channels open, membrane depolarized +30mV, A: voltage gated Na channels close, voltage gated K channels open, C: K+ ions flood out of neuron, membrane potential below -90mV, D: voltage gated K channels close, membrane potential -70mV

Which ONE of the following is the part of the brain from which most of the cranial nerves arise?

Brainstem

The brachial plexus is formed from the ventral roots of spinal nerves emerging at which ONE of the following vertebral levels?

C5-T1

Arrange the following events describing transmission across chemical synapse in the correct order?

C: action potential causes presynaptic membrane to depolarize, A: voltage gated Ca channels open on the presynaptic neuron, E: increased intracellular Ca, increases release of glutamate, B: glutamate diffuses across synapse to ligand-gated ion channels, F: Na+ ions enter the postsynaptic neuron, depolarizing it, • D: depolarization to threshold generates new action potential

Which of the following are the TWO major anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

CNS, PNS

What is the anatomical term for the collection of nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral spinal cord that fill the vertebral canal caudal to the termination of the spinal cord?

Cauda equina

Which FOUR of the following structures comprise the major regions of the brain?

Cerebrum, Brainstem, Cerebellum, Diencephalon

Which ONE of the following is the major descending tract involved in relaying information from the cerebral cortex of the brain to skeletal muscle controlling voluntary movement?

Corticospinal tract

Which ONE of the following best describes the nerves conveying preganglionic parasympathetic fibres?

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X; spinal nerves from vertebral levels S1-S3

Arrange the following parts of the ventricular system in the correct order, starting with the site of CSF production?

D: lateral ventricles, G: interventricular foramina, A: third ventricle, E: cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain, F: fourth ventricle, C: median aperture, B: subarachnoid space

Which TWO of the following reflexes might you expect to be initiated if you accidentally trod on a sharp pebble while barefoot?

Extensor reflex, Flexor reflex

The receptors for smell, taste and touch belong to which ONE of the following categories?

Exteroceptors

Which ONE of the following cranial nerves conveys motor information to the muscles of facial expression?

Facial nerve

Which ONE of the following nerves is the largest nerve that arises from the lumbar plexus?

Femoral nerve

Which THREE of the following structures are major components of the basal ganglia?

Globus pallidus, Putamen, Caudate nucleus

Match each of the following transmitter substances to the most fitting description?

Glutamate- inhibitory in the CNS, GABA- excitatory at the neuromuscular junction, norepinephrine -excitatory in the CNS, Acetylcholine- acts upon metabotropic receptors in the CNS and PNS

Which ONE of the following is a collective term for tissue composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, neuroglia and unmyelinated axons?

Gray matter

Nuclei in which ONE of the following brain regions are the major regulators of autonomic tone?

Hypothalamus

Which ONE of the following numerals represents the cranial nerve that controls the muscles that regulate the aperture of the pupil and the shape of the lens?

III

Which ONE of the following cranial nerves conveys sensory information from the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus to the brain?

IX

What is the anatomical term used to describe a reflex where the reflex action occurs on the same side of the body that the stimulus was perceived?

Ipsilateral reflex

The spinal cord terminates at the medullary cone at which ONE of the following vertebral levels?

L2

The hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus are all considered part of which ONE of the following?

Limbic system

Which ONE of the following best describes where interoceptors are commonly found?

Lining blood vessels

Which ONE of the following types of receptor is associated with a G protein?

Metabotropic

Which of the following are common effector organs stimulated by the nervous system?

Muscle, Glands

Receptors that respond to painful stimuli belong to which ONE of the following categories?

Nociceptors

Bipolar neurons are the most likely to be found in which TWO of the following?

Olfactory bulbs, Retina of the eye

The process of myelination is carried out by which of the following types of glial cells?

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

Which of the following substances readily diffuse across the blood brain barrier?

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Alcohol

Which ONE of the following divisions of the ANS typically has long preganglionic fibres that synapse at autonomic ganglia within the wall of the target organ?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following are regulated by the enteric nervous system?

Peristalsis, Glandular secretions into the gut

Which ONE of the following nerves of the cervical plexus innervates the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve

Which of the following brain regions comprise the brainstem?

Pons, Midbrain, Medulla oblongata

Which ONE of the following regions is most closely associated with the primary sensory cortex?

Postcentral gyrus

Which of the following describe events in the postsynaptic neuron at an inhibitory synapse?

Postsynaptic neuron hyperpolarizes, Reduced likelihood of an action potential, Large chloride ion influx

The receptors that provide information about the relative position of body parts and movement belong to which ONE of the following categories?

Proprioceptors

What is the anatomical term for the region within the medulla where 90% of the fibres within the corticospinal tracts cross over to the opposite side of the brainstem?

Pyramidal decussation

Which ONE of the following types of neuroglial cells are widespread throughout the PNS?

Schwann cells

What is the anatomical term for the nerve that divides to form the common fibular and tibial nerves?

Sciatic nerve

The dorsal roots emerging from the posterolateral sides of the spinal cord are formed from which ONE of the following types of nerve fibres?

Sensory fibres

Arrange the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

Sensory receptors, Sensory neurons, Synapses and interneurons,

Which ONE of the following drains the majority of the dural venous sinus and exits the skull via the jugular foramen?

Sigmoid sinus

Which TWO of the following receive cholingergic postganglionic sympathetic innervation?

Some blood vessels within skeletal muscle, Sweat glands

Which ONE of the following is NOT a part of the peripheral nervous system?

Spinal cord

Which TWO of the following are the components of the central nervous system?

Spinal cord, Brain

The knee jerk reflex belongs to which ONE of the following categories?

Spinal reflex

Which ONE of the following conveys sensory information about pain, pressure, non-discriminative touch and temperature to the brain?

Spinothalamic tract

Which ONE of the following extrinsic eye muscles is supplied by the trochlear nerve?

Superior oblique

Match each division of the autonomic nervous system to its role?

Sympathetic = fight or flight, Parasympathetic = rest and digest

Sympathetic preganglionic fibres emerge from the spinal cord at which ONE of the following vertebral levels?

T1-L3

Which ONE of the following terms best describes the adding together of postsynaptic potentials generated in quick succession at the same location to produce a stronger postsynaptic potential?

Temporal summation

What is the term for the dural fold that projects horizontally b/w the cerebellum inferiorly and the cerebrum superiorly?

Tentorium cerebelli

Which of the following are closely regulated by the nuclei within the hypothalamus?

Thermoregulation, Numerous endocrine systems, Water balance

The ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves are the major branches of which cranial nerve?

Trigeminal nerve

Which ONE of the following cranial nerves conveys general sensory information from the majority of the face to the brain?

Trigeminal nerve

Match the following descriptions of motor function to the appropriate cranial nerve?

Trigeminal nerve (V) = 1 innervates most of the muscles of mastication, Abducens nerve (VI) = 2 innervates the lateral rectus muscle, Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) = 3 innervates muscles of pharynx and stylopharyngeus, Spinal root of accessory nerve (XI) = 4 innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, Hypoglossal nerve (XII) = 5 innervates most muscles of the tongue

Which ONE of the following cranial nerves transmits parasympathetic preganglionic fibres to the majority of the viscera of the body?

Vagus nerve

Which of the following cranial nerves leave the cranium via the jugular foramen?

Vagus nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve, Accessory nerve

Which ONE of the following cranial nerves leaves the head and neck region to innervate much of the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

X

What is the term for the type of action potential conduction that seems to 'jump' between the nodes of Ranvier?

saltatory conduction