Network+ N10-009
IEEE 802.11n wireless standard:
- 2.4 GHz frequency band. - 5.0 GHz frequency band. - Maximum data signaling rate of up to 600 Mbps. - Multiple Input / Multiple Output (MIMO).
IEEE 802.11ax (WiFi 6) wireless standard:
- 2.4 GHz frequency band. - 5.0 GHz frequency band. - Maximum data signaling rate of up to 9.607 Gbps. - Multi-User Multiple Input / Multiple Output (MU-MIMO).
IEEE 802.11b wireless standard:
- 2.4 GHz frequency range. - Maximum data signaling rate of 11 Mbps.
IEEE 802.11g wireless standard:
- 2.4 GHz frequency range. - Maximum data signaling rate of 54 Mbps.
IEEE 802.11a wireless standard:
- 5.0 GHz frequency band. - Maximum data signaling rate of 54 Mbps.
IEEE 802.11ac (WiFi 5) wireless standard:
- 5.0 GHz frequency band. - Maximum data signaling rate of up to 6.933 Gbps. - Multi-User Multiple Input / Multiple Output (MU-MIMO).
Frequency bands used by 802.11 networks include:
- 5.0 GHz. - 2.4 GHz.
Fibre Channel (FC):
- A high-speed data transfer protocol providing in-order, lossless delivery of raw block data. - Primarily used to connect computer data storage to servers in storage area networks (SAN) in commercial data centers.
Three-Tier Hierarchical Model:
- Access layer: Provides access points for hosts to connect to the network. - Distribution layer: Acts as an intermediary between the Core Layer and the Access Layer, and keeps local traffic confined to local networks. - Core layer: Handles and transports huge amounts of data quickly and reliably and connects multiple end networks together.
Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR):
- Allows network administrators to expand the number of network nodes assigned to an IP address. - Based on the idea that IP addresses can be allocated and routed based on their network prefix rather than their class.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):
- An IP network protocol used to determine if a particular service or host is available.
Content delivery network (CDN):
- An information system that serves content to Web pages over the Internet. - To reduce wait time, data is typically stored and served from many geographic locations.
Layer 7 - Application:
- Closest to the user. - Provides network services to the applications of the user, such as email, file transfer, and terminal emulation.
Layer 6 - Presentation:
- Ensures that info sent at application layer of one system is readable by the application layer of another system. - May translate between multiple data formats by using a common format.
Layer 5 - Session:
- Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts. - Synchronizes dialog between the presentation layers of the two hosts and manages their data exchange.
Plenum vs. Non-Plenum Cables:
- Plenum cables are engineered with fire-retardant materials, emitting minimal smoke and toxic fumes in case of fire. - Non-plenum cables often come at a lower cost than plenum cables.
IEEE 802.3bt:
- PoE++. - 4PPoE.
Public vs. private network:
- Public networks are "open" access networks prioritizing accessibility and availability over network performance and security. - Private networks are "closed" and secure networks prioritizing network safety, confidentiality, and performance over accessibility and ease of use.
Cellular:
- Radio network distributed over land through cells where each cell includes a fixed location transceiver known as base station. - These cells together provide radio coverage over larger geographical areas.
Layer 2 - Data link:
- Receives the packets and adds physical addressing by adding sender and receiver MAC addresses to each data packet. - This information forms a unit called a frame.
Quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP):
- Small, high-density pluggable interface used for high-speed data transmission. - It connects between network devices and fiber optic or copper cables, providing multiple channels for simultaneous data transmission.
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM):
- The capability to specify a different subnet mask for the same Class A, B, or C network number on different subnets. - VLSM can help optimize available address space.
Loopback/localhost:
- Used to test the IP stack on the local computer. - Can be any address from 127.0.0.1 through 127.255.255.254.
Multimode fiber (MMF):
- Uses LEDs. - Shorter distance and wider diameter. - Used in LAN, security systems, and CCTV.
Single-mode Fiber (SMF):
- Uses lasers. - Longer distance and smaller diameter. - Used in telecom and CATV networks.
Refers to directional antenna types suitable for long-range point-to-point bridging links?
- Yagi antenna. - Dish antenna. - Parabolic antenna.
Class A IPv4:
1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x
Class B IPv4:
128.x.x.x - 191.x.x.x
Class C IPv4:
192.x.x.x - 223.x.x.x
Class D IPv4:
224.x.x.x - 239.x.x.x
Class E IPv4:
240.x.x.x - 255.x.x.x
Wireless Controller:
A central management console for all of the APs on a network.
RJ45:
A common connector or plug used on the end of the network cable.
Switch:
A computer networking device that connects network segments.
Point to point:
A data transmission that involves one transmitter and one receiver.
Internet gateway:
A device or node that connects networks by translating protocols.
Wireless Access point (AP):
A device that enables wireless systems to communicate with each other, provided that they are on the same network.
Router:
A device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
Software as a service (SaaS):
A form of cloud computing where a firm subscribes to a third-party software and receives a service that is delivered online.
Unicast:
A form of message delivery in which a message is delivered to a single destination.
Multicast:
A form of transmission in which a message is delivered to a group of hosts.
Storage area network (SAN):
A high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers.
Hybrid cloud:
A mixed computing environment where applications are run using a combination of computing, storage, and services in different environments.
Anycast:
A network addressing and routing method in which incoming requests can be routed to a variety of different locations or "nodes."
Collapsed core:
A network design where the core and distribution layers are collapsed or combined into a single layer of switches.
Star/hub and spoke:
A network topology where all devices are connected to a central hub or switch, which manages the data flow between them.
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA):
A networking feature in operating systems that enables DHCP clients to self-configure an IP address and subnet mask automatically when a DHCP server isn't available.
Spine and leaf:
A newer network topology that consists of just two layers.
Firewall:
A part of a computer system or network that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting outward communication.
Ethernet:
A physical and data layer technology for LAN networking.
Hybrid Topology:
A physical topology that combines characteristics of more than one simple physical topology.
Virtual private network (VPN):
A private data network that creates secure connections, or "tunnels," over regular Internet lines.
Virtual private cloud (VPC):
A private network segment made available to a single cloud consumer within a public cloud.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
A protocol for sending packets quickly with minimal error-checking and no resending of dropped packets.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
A protocol for sending packets that does error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered.
Network-attached storage (NAS):
A server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the network.
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec):
A set of protocols developed to support the secure exchange of packets between hosts or networks.
Protocol:
A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.
Multitenancy:
A single instance of a system serves multiple customers.
Proxy:
A system or router that provides a gateway between users and the internet.
Twinaxial cable:
A variant of coaxial cables, which features two inner conductors instead of one and is used for very-short-range high-speed signals.
North-south traffic flow:
Data transmission pattern that describes data flow between local network endpoints and external networks and services, such as the World Wide Web, cloud services, etc.
RFC1918:
Defined the 3 ranges of private IPv4 Addresses: - 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 /8 - 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 /16 - 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 /32
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS):
Delivers hardware networking capabilities, including the use of servers, networking, and storage, over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model.
Mesh Topology:
Every computer connects to every other computer; no central connecting device is needed.
Small form-factor pluggable (SFP):
Fiber optic transceiver module type supporting duplex 1 Gbps (SFP) or 10 Gbps (SFP+) links.
Local Connector (LC):
Fiber-optic cable connector that corresponds to the mini form-factor standard.
Load Balancer:
Hardware or software that balances the load between two or more servers.
Coaxial cable:
Insulated copper wire; used to carry high-speed data traffic and television signals.
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE):
Method of encapsulation of IP packet in a GRE header which hides the original IP packet.
Internet Key Exchange (IKE):
Method used by IPSec to create a secure tunnel by encrypting the connection between authenticated peers.
Intrusion detection system (IDS):
Monitors network traffic to identify possible malicious activity and log information about it.
Registered jack (RJ) 11:
Connector wired for one telephone line.
Network security lists:
Consists of a set of ingress and egress security rules that apply to all the VNICs in any subnet that the list is associated with.
Subnetting:
The act of dividing a network into smaller logical subnetworks.
Layer 4 - Transport:
The functions defined in this layer provide for the reliable transmission of data segments, as well as the disassembly and assembly of the data before and after transmission.
Time to live (TTL):
The maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to circulate through a network before it is destroyed.
Layer 3 - Network:
The routing layer (IP addresses, routers, packets).
East-west traffic flow:
Transfer of data packets from server to server within a data center.
Broadcast:
Used to transmit a message to any reachable destination in the network without the need to know any information about the receiving party.
F-type:
Used with Coaxial Cabling.
Network address translation (NAT) gateway:
You can use this so that instances in a private subnet can connect to services outside your VPC, but external services cannot initiate a connection with those instances.
Private cloud:
Serves only one customer or organization and can be located on the customer's premises or off the customer's premises.
Intrusion prevention system (IPS):
Sits behind the firewall and uses anomaly detection or signature-based detection to identify and respond to network threats.
Direct attach copper (DAC) cable:
Allows direct communication between devices over copper wire.
Network security groups:
Allows you to filter network traffic. Can contain multiple inbound and outbound security rules that enable you to filter traffic to and from resources.
Authentication Header (AH):
An IPsec protocol that authenticates that packets received were sent from the source identified in the header of the packet.
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP):
An IPsec protocol that provides authentication, integrity, and encryption services.
Multi-fiber push on (MPO):
Accommodates multiple fibers in a single physical connector interface.
Straight tip (ST):
Bayonet-style twist-and-lock connector for fiber optic cabling.
Platform as a service (PaaS):
Supports the deployment of entire systems including hardware, networking, and applications using a pay-per-use revenue model.
IEEE 802.3af:
PoE (Power over Ethernet).
IEEE 802.3at:
PoE+.
Quality of service (QoS):
Policies that control how much bandwidth a protocol, PC, user, VLAN, or IP address may use.
Public cloud:
Provides cloud services to just about anyone.
Network functions virtualization (NFV):
Provisioning virtual network appliances, such as switches, routers, and firewalls, via VMs and containers.
Subscriber connector (SC):
Push/pull connector used with fiber optic cabling.
Layer 1 - Physical:
Receives the frames and data and sends them via the local media (copper wires, fiber-optic cables, etc.) to the switches, routers, etc., along the network path.
Scalability:
Refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands.
Elasticity:
Refers to the ability of a cloud to automatically expand or compress the infrastructural resources on a sudden up and down.
