Neuroscience: Exam 1 Practice Questions
Bill, who was very good at remembering names, now cannot even remember that you met shortly after your meeting. He has ________ amnesia 1. Anterograde amnesia 2. Retrograde amnesia
1
Fear learning within the amygdala follows the principle of what is called ------------- conditioning (fill in blank)
"classical conditioning", which is directly associating two stimuli with one another, so that one responds at the end to the learned (conditioned) stimulus the same way as they initially naturally responded to the "unconditioned" stimulus.
Katie, who could easily name every capital of the United States, now knows none of them. She has _____ amnesia 1. Anterograde amnesia 2. Retrograde amnesia
2
Describe what a person with dyslexia might struggle with, and how this effects their ability to learn
A person with dyslexia may have a hard time distinguishing letters, reading, and writing and relating this to speech. This can affect their learning as these are important skills when it come to a school education. Reading is generally much slower than what is considered "normal" and there often are a lot of spelling mistakes when they write. This can interfere with learning because of the heavy weight on reading and writing of our school system. It interferes with succeeding on exams and tests, because of the difficulties with writing and the much slower speed by with exam questions can be read and comprehended. In addition, it takes them much longer to learn new vocabulary (because the automatization of associating words with sounds and meaning is much slower than what is considered "normal"), so it may be impossible for them to succeed in a fast-moving class that requires them to constantly learn new vocabulary within a couple of days, the progress of which is then constantly tested through quizzes that count toward the final grade of the class. The consequence is often that because they avoid using words which they know that they are having trouble with, they don't develop an adequate vocabulary and subsequently substantially underperform at school.
Describe in one or two short sentences how unconditioned stimuli can create conditioned responses via the process of classical conditioning.
An individual starts off with an unconditioned stimulus creating an unconditioned response naturally, like a cat smelling food (stimulus) and going to find it (response). When that stimulus is paired with an intentional stimulus, like the sound of the food bag rustling, the response is then in reaction to both the smell of the food and the sound of the bag. Eventually, when that pairing is done enough times with the result of finding the food, the smell stimulus can be taken away so that the sound of the bag (conditioned stimulus) results in the search for the food (conditioned response), even if there is no food.
Describe the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Anterograde: not being able to form new long-term memory, often caused by damages to the hippocampus or associated areas (which is essential for declarative memory consolidation)
Describe a difference between associations and motor skill learning for nondeclarative memory.
Associations: involves fear learning in the amygdala, habit learning, mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway, and cerebellum reflexes. Motor skill learning: involved the motor cortices, nigrostriatal pathway, sequence learning, and cerebellum fine motor adaption.
Describe in one or two sentences why the ability to forget is important
Being able to forget is important because it allows the brain to sort through information and remember the relevant information while forgetting the useless information so that more useful information can its place. Furthermore, the ability to forget traumatic events is important for future experiences. When suffering a painful experience being able to forget the pain you felt will be less traumatic in the future when recalling that event.
Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.: (asking for qualitative categories) a) Long term; Short term (time categories) b) Hippocampus; Cerebellum (qualitative categories) c) Skill Memory; Fact Memory (qualitative categories, but the wrong way around) d) Visual memory; Echoic memory (sensory modality categories)
b
If Omar is trying to have a conversation, but is having trouble with language comprehension (Omar seems to have huge trouble understanding what you are saying and what Omar is saying doesn't make any sense at all), what area of the brain is most likely damaged? a. Primary Auditory Cortex b. Wernicke's Area c. Broca's Area, he would be able to understand d. Inferior Colliculus
b
What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory?
Declarative: what we can put in words and what we can describe, since we are fully consciously aware of our memory Non-declarative: Memory we are not or not fully consciously aware of it, and thus we can't describe it in detail.
List and describe the similarities and differences between two learning disabilities discussed in class.
Dyslexia vs. Dyscalculia: The first is difficulties with associating spoken words with written words and their meaning, while the second is the association between math symbols and operations with their meaning.
Describe how operant conditioning can create habit learning and give an example
In response to a cue to carry out an action, the reward with be predicted. The reward system then promotes the behavior that promises the best reward. If the action actually then does lead to the predicted reward, this reinforces to carry out the same action again the next time around. So, what is associated is getting a reward as a consequence of carrying out an action in response to a certain cue. Example: Teaching a dog to not bother anyone while eating, but instead patiently waiting while you are eating, because the dog learned to associate "good behavior" aka patiently waiting with getting a reward.
Explain the dopamine reward system and an example of the system in terms of learning habits.
Let's say, you want to teach your 120-pound dog to lay down instead of snatching things off the table, or putting their head onto the table next to your plate to beg for food. To do so, you tell the dog over and over again to lay down while you are eating and as a reward of behaving well, the dog then gets a treat after you are finished eating. After a while of being very consistent you don't need to say anything anymore, because the dog knows how to behave to get the desired treat.
What is the Basal Ganglia's role in the dopamine reward system?
The dopamine reward system is involved in habit learning (through the principal of operant conditioning) and effects the prefrontal frontal cortex in its function of planning and decision making
A patient recently endured brain damage. The patient can easily remember events from childhood but cannot retain any current information. Which type of amnesia does this represent? a) Anterograde amnesia b) Retrograde amnesia c) Short Term amnesia d) Total amnesi
a
All of the following are types of immediate memory sensory modalities EXCEPT: a) Episodic memory (the order of events, it is declarative memory and has nothing to do with sensory memory) b) Iconic (visual) memory c) Echoic (acoustic) memory d) Haptic (tactile) memory
a
All of these are a function of the inferior colliculus except... A) processing our orientation and movement in space (vestibular nuclei are responsible for that) B) Working together with the superior colliculus C) Creating a space map of sound D) Auditory Startle reflex
a
If someone has akinetopsia, what would they have trouble with. A. Noticing that your parked stick shift car started moving because your driver left it in neutral and forgot to put the hand breaks on B. Locating a person's sound behind you C. Noticing that the crying baby is all read in its face D. Noticing the baby crying in its room from the kitchen
a
If you have an extreme form of color blindness what color would you predominately perceive? A) Shades of gray B) Shades of red , can't distinguish any colors, so wouldn't know it is red or any other color C) Shades of yellow D) Shades of blue
a
In what part of the cortex of the brain is vision initially processed? a. Occipital cortex. b. Frontal cortex. c. Left temporal cortex. d. Parietal cortex.
a
The disorder that results in the inability to perceive movements of objects is __________ a. Cerebral Akinetopsia b. Neglect syndrome, is having difficulties with spatial perception c. Cerebral Achromatopsia d. Agnosia, inability to recognize objects
a
The foveola is densely packed with ______. a. Cones b. Rods c. Secondary neurons d. Rods and cones.
a
The foveola, which is the area of highest acuity of the retina, contains a high density of A) Mostly cones for color vision B) Mostly rods C) Cones and rods, about equal density D) Horizontal glia
a
This structure, located in the midbrain, is involved in the spatial location of sound (creating a "space map of sound"). A. Inferior Colliculus B. Cochlear nucleus C. Medial Geniculate Complex of the Thalamus D. Primary Auditory Cortex
a
Tom can easily pick up a spoon, but he can't identify that what he is picking up is in fact a spoon. What part of his brain might be damaged to cause this? a. Temporal lobe b. Frontal cortex c. Parietal lobe d. Secondary visual cortex
a
What 'memory register' is iconic responsible for? a) Visual b) Auditory c) Tactile
a
What acts as a relay station for sound information on its way to the cortex? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Hippocampus D. Amygdala
a
What is something that is not part of the information processing and output of the amygdala? a) Higher level cue processing, voluntary action (frontal cortex), reward processing (basal ganglia) b) Output to the frontal cortex (to influence frontal cortex) c) Raw information from the thalamus elicits activity (after fear learning raw sensory info is sufficient to elicit fear behavior) d) Classical conditioning (fear learning following the principles of classical conditioning)
a
What type of memory is remembering how to play the piano once someone became really good at it? a) Long-term nondeclarative memory b) Short-term declarative memory c) Long-term declarative memory d) Short-term nondeclarative memory
a
Where in the brain do the optic nerves cross to opposite hemispheres, so that as a result the left portion of the visual field of both eyes is processed by the right hemisphere and the right visual field of both eyes is processed by the left hemisphere. a. Optic chiasm b. Thalamus c. Primary visual cortex d. Corpus callosum
a
Which function of the central sensory pathway would be involved in locating your car in a large parking lot, when you don't have your car key on you with which you can make your care make sounds? a. Dorsal visual Pathway b. Ventral visual Pathway c. vestibular ascending central pathway d. central sensory pathway to the inferior colliculus
a
Which phenomenon involves the continuous excitation and inhibition of surround/center photoreceptors to mediate the perception of relative light intensity? A. Lateral Inhibition B. Color Constancy C. Color Contrast is enhanced by lateral inhibition D. Asymmetrical Processing
a
A person was in a car accident and sustained severe head trauma. The person now suffers from memory loss and is unable to retain and learn new declarative memories. What part of the brain was most likely affected? a) Medulla (brain stem area, has nothing to do with declarative memory) b) Hippocampus, what is described is that declarative memory consolidation doesn't work anymore c) Hypothalamus (controls autonomic nervous system, maintains homeostasis) d) Thalamus (info relay station)
b
A woman was in a serious car accident and is now struggling to remember things that happened before the accident. It is probable that she is suffering from what? a) Anterograde amnesia (is not being able to form new long-term memory) b) Retrograde amnesia c) Long-term amnesia (irrelevant) d) Short-term amnesia (irrelevant
b
Before visual information is passed to the visual cortices, it first passes from the optic chiasm to the: A. Retina B. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus C. Hypothalamus, receives non-visual information D. Temporal Lobe
b
Dave was in a car accident that caused blunt force trauma to the head. Ever since he has not been able to understand speech well. Which area of the brain is most likely associated with this problem? a. Medulla Oblongata b. Wernicke's Area c. Corpus Callosum d. Broca's Area
b
Declarative memory is a kind of memory that deals with procedural memory (motor learning) and associations such as associating a campfire with pleasant feelings and the promise of tasty food. a) True b) False, because what is described is non-declarative memory
b
During fear learning that is carried out by the amygdala, the unconditioned stimuli are: a) Stimuli that you have formed a response to via the fear learning process (classical conditioning). This is the conditioned stimulus b) Stimuli that provoke an automatic, untrained response (it is the stimulus or threatening or harmful event which originally and naturally elicited the fear response) c) Stimuli that you have formed a response to via operant conditioning. This would be the cue for action for habit learning through the basal ganglia (which is very different from fear learning that is carried out by the amygdala) d) Such stimulus isn't involved in fear learning. Such stimulus is involved in fear learning, but doesn't exist for habit learning (operant conditioning).
b
Eric got into a car accident which resulted in damaging a portion of his hippocampus. As a result, he has been having a difficult time creating new memories of his mother visiting, months after recovery but is capable of learning state capitals of Europe. What has taken place? a. He has retrograde amnesia due to damage to the hippocampus b. His memory consolidation of semantic memories remains functional, but his episodic memory is affected. c. His episodic memories remain functional, but his semantic memories have become difficult to store. d. The damage to his hippocampus has resulted in decay theory rapidly accelerating
b
If a certain sound is randomly played a person may flinch if they are not expecting it. This automatic reflex is due to that which part of the brain has learned to elicit the reflexive movement in response to the sound? a) Basal Ganglia b) Cerebellum (sensory-motor reflex learning, though here carefully distinguish between reflexes that are controlled by the vestibular nuclei vs. others. Here, the vestibular system is not involved, thus it is the cerebellum that is involved. Any reflexes which involve the vestibular system, the vestibular nuclei would be involved) c) Amygdala (fear learning is much more than just a simple sensory-motor reflex) d) Hippocampus (declarative memory consolidation)
b
The Foveola which is the area of highest acuity of our retina, contains a high density of _ A. Cones and rods, equal density B. mostly cones C. Mostly rods, but some cones D. Only rods
b
The ventral visual pathway processes what kinds of visual information that the receiving cortex desperately needs to do its thing? A. 3D vision, motion B. High resolution vision, forms, colors C. Spatial location, 3D vision, colors D. Colors, motion, spatial location
b
What are the colors the three cones are most sensitive to? a. Green, Yellow, red. b. Blue, green, red (actually it is more yellow than red, its common name is misleading) c. Blue, green, bright yellow. d. Purple, yellow, Orange
b
What is the function of lateral inhibition in vision? A) Color vision (in can influence color vision, but isn't creating color vision) B) Enhances Contrast C) makes sure we see thing with high acuity (fovea and cortex is responsible for that) D) Ensures that the signals stay on the correct pathway (irrelevant)
b
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for? a) Object, sound, symbol recognition (temporal cortex) b) Planning and deciding c) Processing of object orientation (parietal cortex) d) Processing the internal state of our body (insula)
b
Which category of memory is habit learned through operant conditioning once the habit is established? a) Non-declarative, short-term memory b) Implicit, Long-term memory (basal ganglia) c) Sensory memory d) Declarative, long-term memory
b
Which information is used for color perception? a. Comparison of the activity level of rods b. Comparison of the activity level of the three distinct types of cones c. Only the absolute activity level of rods d. Only the absolute activity level of cones
b
Which of the following is NOT a learning disorder? a) Dyscalculia (difficulties learning the meaning of math symbols) b) Oppositional Defiant Disorder c) Language Processing Disorder (difficulties with understanding and using spoken language) d) Dyslexia (difficulties with reading and writing
b
Which part of the brain is responsible for fear learning that is learned through classical conditioning? a) Hippocampus (declarative memory consolidation) b) Amygdala c) Frontal Cortex (part of working memory network) d) Thalamus (relay station of info, not related to memory)
b
Which part of the brainstem is essential for detecting our orientation and movement in space? a. Superior colliculus b. Vestibular nuclei c. Inferior colliculus d. Visual cortex
b
What is something that the cerebellum is mostly in charge of controlling? a) Automatically putting your arm out when you are in the car that has taken a sudden stop to avid crashing into the chair in front of you. b) Learning to smoothly ride a bike at a young age and remembering how to years later. c) Remembering your name, age and where you live. d) Executing the voluntary movement of your arms to pick something up.
b a) is a reflex which is elicited by the vestibular nuclei since acceleration or deceleration is involved, which is sensed by the vestibular system. Any reflexes that involve sensory information that is sense by the vestibular system are elicited by the vestibular nuclei. b) is motor learning task the cerebellum is involved in. Here, make sure to differentiate between sequence learning or motor fine adjustment learning. In this case, motor fine adjustment learning is described (making the movements smooth, or more accurate
. Which of these would indicate a role by the amygdala in memory formation? a) When reading a word with your eyes knowing how it is pronounced. (language recognition task, temporal lobe) b) Riding a bicycle perfectly after 10 years (motor learning, motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum) c) A person jumping for cover when hearing fireworks go off (fear learning) d) Remembering your mom's phone number (declarative long term memory, stored in sensory association areas)
c
A memory test of episodic vs. semantic long-term memory reveals the following results below. The red arrow indicates when the person suffered a brain injury. What does that mean? a) The person can no longer form semantic memory b) The person has retrograde amnesia concerning semantic memory c) Semantic and episodic memory must be processed by different brain regions d) Only episodic memory is processed by the hippocampus
c
A patient comes into the ER weeks after a skiing collision that happened very far from home. They never received treatment or went to a doctor because they did not feel hurt enough to think they needed to go to the ER. Their partner insisted they go to the doctor when they got home, as their emotional state has been different. They have lacked the enthusiasm they use to have, as well as the desire to be intimate. When probing carefully, there are also some memory issues. Which of the listed reasons is most likely? a. The patient has damaged nerves that allow emotions to influence hypothalamus activity. b. The patient is just having symptoms of traveling long distances. c. The patient has damage to the temporal lobe and insula sections that are underneath, or frontal cortex regions d. The patient has caused damage to the inferior colliculus which has affected movement of his eyes causing headaches and affecting his comfortability and a lack of interest.
c
As we get older what happens to our brains ability to change? a) Nothing happens, it is the same as when we were young b) The brains ability to change increases c) The brains ability to change decreases d) The brain does not have the ability to change at all any more past a certain age.
c
Claire has a sudden flight or fight response upon seeing a large German Shephard being walked nearby. When she was younger a German Shephard bit her, which is why she associates these dogs with fear and danger. Which brain region is working together with the Hippocampus to associate a German Shephard with fear? A. Somatosensory Cortex B. Corpus Collosum C. Amygdala D. Hypothalamus
c
Is forgetting a harmful or helpful process? a) Harmful because we do unnecessary things repeatedly. b) Harmful because it limits our mental capacity. Unless someone is forgetful, forgetting actually helps our mental capacity. c) Helpful because it allows us to move past fears and bad experiences. This would be one of the benefits. Another one would be that it helps us to extract, learn and understand the concept. d) Helpful because it creates more space for more important life functions. Long term memory capacity is actually quite large, so space isn't really an issue.
c
Jerry has a condition where he only has one type of cone in his eye, the one that reacts to 'red' (long) wavelengths. His rods are unaffected. What color(s) does he see the world in? a. Shades of Red and Grey b. Shades of Red c. Shades of Grey since there is only one type of cone, so it would be impossible for him to distinguish between colors, regardless of the spectral sensitivity of the remaining cone. d. Shades of Red and Green
c
Jess was bitten by a dog when she was younger. She now feels fearful and anxious when around dogs. What type of memory could be responsible for this? a. Long term declarative memory b. Non-declarative motor sequence control memory c. Non-declarative implicit memory d. Working declarative memory
c
Motion, spatial location of objects in a visual scene, and 3D vision are all functions of the _______ Pathway in visual perception A. Ventral B. Ascending C. Dorsal D. Descending
c
Not only photoreceptors are photo sensitive, but there are also certain retinal ganglion cells that respond to light, using melanopsin as the photosensitive pigment. Where does the signal of these cells go to and what purpose does it have? The signal goes to: a. Optic radiation to contribute to the spatial visual perception b. Thalamus to contribute to color vision c. Hypothalamus and pretectum to train circadian rhythm and trigger pupil and lens reflexes d. Superior colliculus to contribute to eye and head movement reflexes toward a stimulus, is getting visual info
c
The Superior Olive, which is located within the brainstem, is known for being most famously responsible for: A. Filtering sounds, allowing one to focus on a specific stimulus B. The first level of Auditory processing C. The detection of direction of sound D. Comprehension of language
c
The area V4 is part of the ventral pathway of vision. Damage to this area can cause Achromatopsia. What is the consequence? a. Someone cannot perceive the motion of an object b. Someone cannot perceive the location in space of an object c. Someone cannot perceive the color of an object d. Someone cannot perceive the orientation in space of an object
c
The ascending pathway of the vestibular system toward the cortex is responsible for which processes? A. Limb Motor Reflexes, that would be the descending pathway B. Eye and Neck Movements Reflexes, that would be the descending pathway C. Perception of our Orientation and movement in space D. Somatic Pain Perception (irrelevant)
c
What does a person with auditory processing disorder deal with as the root cause of their difficulties? a) Difficulties associating math symbols with their meaning. b) Not being able to hear specific sounds c) Not being able to differentiate or recognize different sounds d) Not being able to express oneself using language.
c
What is the temporal cortex mostly in charge of processing? a) Orientation of objects in space, and direction of object movements b) Planning and deciding c) Object, Sound, Symbol recognition d) Fear
c
What structure in the midbrain is involved in the processing of patterns such as frequency and duration of sound, and making an "auditory space map"? A. Vestibular nuclei B. Superior olive, computes direction of sound and sends information to inferior colliculus to generate auditory space map C. Inferior Colliculus D. Lateral lemniscus, irrelevant, though, in case you have the feeling you have seen this word somewhere, the lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain and may have been named on figures of the central pathway of hearing you may have seen.
c
What structure is carrying out the first level for auditory processing? a. Medial Superior Olive b. Lateral Superior Olive c. Cochlea d. Superior Colliculus
c
Where are vision signals delivered to by the optic nerve as the next step along the central visual pathway? A) Retina (it is delivering info to optic nerve instead of receiving it) B) Primary Visual Cortex (same as occipital lobe) C) Optic Chiasma D) Occipital lobe (gets it from optic tract)
c
Where do we think is long term memory generally stored? a) Hippocampus (declarative memory consolidation) b) Unknown to researchers at this point. (this more applies to short term memory, declarative as well as non-declarative) c) Where it is originally processed in the brain d) Frontal Lobe (some is, but this is not the only place. There are other essential places such as the temporal lobe, so the answer above is better)
c
Which area is responsible for the processing of complex sounds so that then other areas within the temporal lobe can use the information for further processing of the meaning of the sounds? A. Wernicke's Area, this falls under other areas that receive the processed info B. Primary auditory cortex, doesn't process complex sounds, but instead has a tonotopic map C. Secondary auditory complex D. Thalamus, doesn't process complex sounds, but relays info to primary auditory cortex
c
Which of the following best describes the process of declarative memory consolidation? a) The visual sensory input of your car keys laying on the floor is very quickly forgotten before you even became aware of that sensory input, so you just have no idea where your keys are when you later need them. (describes sensory memory) b) While you learn how to dissect a drosophila larva, you become more efficient and accurate, so that the dissection that initially took you 40 minutes, now takes less than 5 minutes. (describes motor learning) c) After reading a book, you can't cite what you read word by word, but you can tell the story line (memory consolidation took place, during which you forgot all the detains while retaining the important information and concepts, which are then stored as long-term memory) d) As you do your homework, you memorize all the little details your professor said during lecture, but then relatively quickly forget them again (this would be purely detail memorization, not memory consolidation, try to avoid that...J)
c
Which of the following is NOT true regarding decay of memory? a. Short-term and long-term memory can be lost over time if unused b. Our brain is good at forgetting things that have no particular importance c. Ability to forget unimportant info isn't as critical as the ability to retain important info d. Proactive and retroactive interference contribute to unreliability of memory
c
Which part of the brain is critical for language comprehension and is found in the left temporal lobe? a. Primary Auditory Cortex b. Broca's Area c. Wernicke's Area d. Inferior Colliculus
c
Which part of the eye has the highest concentration of cones? a. The Periphery b. The Optic disk c. The Foveola d. The Coney Island e. In mice in the fovea
c
You are learning the order of operations in math however you can only seem to be able to recall them when you think of the sentence "please excuse my dear Aunt Sally". Why can you not recall the order of operations without using the mnemonic device. a) You have not fully learned this process. Nope, you learned that very well (meaning, be careful what you learn...J) b) You have short term amnesia. (irrelevant) c) This memory is associated with cue-dependent forgetting. You need that cue to remember it. d) The Basal ganglia is not functioning properly so you cannot properly learn sequences (this doesn't describe sequence learning, but instead it describes the usage of cues)
c
Which example best describes sensory memory? a) Knowing how to ride a bike. b) Memorizing your childhood address c) When looking for a lost item, first not seeing it even though you directly look at it, and only realizing that it is/was directly in front of you once you take attention to it. d) Knowing how to touch type on a keyboard without looking.
c Carefully differentiate between sensory memory and declarative short term memory. Sensory memory is sensory raw information that is not available to consciousness. Declarative short term memory is available to consciousness. So, one we are aware of something, it is already short term memory. Sensory memory is sensory information that may become short term memory if the information is taken attention to.
A patient is not having any problems speaking, but what the person says doesn't make any sense at all, and they can't understand the meaning of the words being used in conversations. What area of the brain is most likely affected? a) Hippocampus b) Cerebellum c) Basal Ganglia d) Wernicke's Region (comprehension of language, affecting understanding language as well as speaking in a way that makes sense)
d
In the case of Henry Molaison (HM), in the course of the treatment of his epilepsy, one of the deficits he incurred was the loss of fear perception. The removal of which brain part most likely caused this particular deficit? a) Hypothalamus b) Anterior two-third of the hippocampus c) Posterior temporal lobe d) Amygdala (fear learning)
d
Johnston stayed focused on his exam even though a car blasting loud music drove by outside his dorm. His brain decided this sensory information was not important enough to bring to his conscious awareness. What type of memory was the car blasting loud music? A. Short-Term Memory B. Implicit Memory C. Long-Term Memory D. Sensory Memory
d
Visual Acuity is highest at a certain spot of the retina which as mostly which types of photoreceptor cells? a. Rods & cones b. Glia c. Rods d. Cones
d
Wernicke's Area, located in the left temporal lobe, is responsible for: A. Processing visual information B. Determining direction of sound C. Creating speech patterns, that would be the Broca's area D. Comprehending speech patterns
d
What does the hypothalamus contribute to fear learning? a) Memory data (provided by hippocampus) b) Context/importance of the situation (provided by frontal cortex) c) Visceral sensory information (provided by brain stem areas) d) The hypothalamus is not contributing to fear learning. Instead, it receives output from the amygdala to control fear behavior.
d
What is the frontal cortex's main role in brain function and information flow? a) Initial processing of information (sensory cortices) b) Habits and learning from consequences. (basal ganglia) c) Fear learning (amygdala) d) Execution of action and plan/decide
d
Which of the following is the best example of non-declarative memory associated with the Amydala? a. Muscle Memory b. Getting into the habit of note taking by hand rather than typing due to failing the exam when previously note taking by typing c. Dancing to a song because you know it releases endorphins d. Getting a jumpscare every time you take a shortcut to get home so now you start taking the long route to walk home to avoid getting scared by even only thinking of the shortcut.
d
Zoro is trying to recall something that happened in 3rd grade to his high school friends. Which process allows Zoro to recall the story with accuracy? a. Implicit Memory b. Non-declarative motor sequence control memory c. Non-declarative motor fine adjustment memory d. Episodic Memory
d
Where does learning take place in the brain? a) Temporal lobe b) Parietal Lobe c) Amygdala d) Hippocampus e) Anywhere the information is processed. All the of the above are correct and some more.
e
If a person had an accident and was only able to remember memories _______ the accident, the person most likely suffered from ________ a) After; Retrograde amnesia b) After; Anterograde amnesia c) Before; Anterograde amnesia d) Before: Retrograde amnesia e) A or C f) B or D
e Here be careful how it is worded. In this case the question describes what they CAN remember! Another way of formulating the question would be to describe what they CANNOT remember!
Motor Cortex is located within..
frontal cortex
Which of the following is incorrectly matched with its function involved in motor skill learning. a) Cerebellum - sequence learning b) Basal ganglia - sequence learning c) Basal ganglia - fine control of movements d) Cerebellum - error control and fine adjustment e) Motor cortices - planning, control, and execution of movement f) B and D g) A and C h) A and E
g
Which example best describes declarative working memory? e) Knowing how to tie your shoes blindly. (motor control) f) Memorizing the name of the grade school you went to (long term) g) While you are looking for a lost item, consciously remembering where you've previously looked. h) The Memory of the steps you need to take to find your birth certificate within the filing organization of your documents on your computer. (long term)
g Short term: memory which we are currently using to carry out a task or reach a current goal.
Possesses a tonotopic map that maps the frequencies of the sound
primary auditory cortex
primary visual cortex is located within...
occipital lobe
somatosensory cortex is located within...
parietal lobe
Responsible for proprioception and processing of touch and somatic pain
somatosensory cortex
Concerning the detection of the direction of the sound (not the spatial location of it). Which part of the listed brainstem areas is using certain auditory cues to detect the direction of sounds? superior olive inferior colliculus, auditory space map, which is the location of sound and goes beyond just the direction superior colliculus vestibular nuclei
superior olive
auditory cortex is located within...
temporal cortex
Which auditory cues does the superior olive use?
time delay and difference in volume between the sensation of the sound in the right and left ear
Activates limb motor neurons to carry out reflexes to maintain balance
vestibular nucleu
