NFS exam ch 7-9
Who is at greatest risk from taking high-dose antioxidant supplements?
Alcoholics, obese people and those with liver or kidney disease
Which of the following carotenoids has vitamin A activity in the body?
Alpha-carotene
What is true about a healthy diet?
Is based on sounds scientific principles.
Vitamin C deficiency causes:
bleeding gums
Vitamin A is stable EXCEPT when exposed to:
light and oxygen
Retin A and Acutane, derived from vitamin A, can do all of the following EXCEPT:
prevent one from getting the flu.
Which of the following determines appetite?
stomach
Vitamin B6 status is affected by all of the following EXCEPT:
the amount of fat in the diet.
When more Vitamin C is needed, it must be replaced from ____.
the diet
Riboflavin is a cofactor for the reaction in which ___split into fatty acids and glycerol in the cytosol to prepare for entry into metabolic pathways
triglycerides
Once they have assisted with a reaction, enzymes and vitamin coenzymes are released to participate in other reactions in the body.
true
How has the incidence of obesity changed in the United States and world-wide over the past 20 years?
The rate of obesity has increased
What does research reveal about overweight and obese individuals?
Those with the most body fat have the lowest levels of physical activity.
In the liver, vitamin E is incorporated into _______ and from there delivered to cells.
VLDLs
A common problem associated with losing weight by drinking only low kcalorie weight loss products is:
eating habits are not changed.
Antioxidants stabilize free radicals by donating____. This neutralizes the free radical and prevents it from stealing _____
electrons
The recommended approach to dealing with overweight children is to:
encourage physical activity and moderate kcalorie intake.
Vitamins may be lost when food is processed. When these vitamins are added back to the processed food at the same or higher level, the food is said to be:
enriched
When vitamin A is deficient, all of the following occur EXCEPT:
epithelial cells produce too much mucus.
When consumption of __________is insufficient, vitamin A absorption is decreased.
fat
Cystic fibrosis increases the risk of vitamin E deficiency because:
fat absorption is reduced.
Vitamin E is essential for:
fertility
The ____________ is the site of most vitamin absorption into the body.
small intestine
Patients after gastric bypass surgery feel satisfied when eating smaller amount because
the level of the gut hormones are altered.
Beriberi is a disease caused by lack of ________ in the diet.
thiamin
Vitamin E neutralizes free radicals and protects cell membranes, body protein, DNA and cholesterol.
true
Meeting vitamin B12 needs from the diet is especially difficult for:
vegans
When a client undergoes gastric bypass surgery the size of the stomach is reduced to ______ of its original size.
1/10
By how much have sales of vitamin D supplements increased since 2001?
1000%
If a serving of tuna contains 1 gram fat, 0 carbohydrates and contains 69 calories, how many grams of protein are in one serving?
15
What is the function of a bomb calorimeter?
It determines the energy content of a particular food.
Differentiation, or the process by which cells become more specialized, is most affected by which form of vitamin A?
Retinoic acid
DNA is synthesized in the nucleus of the cell. _____ folate must be present before the process can begin.
activated
Vitamins must be _____ before they can function as coenzymes.
activated
Transamination reactions prepare ______ for participation in synthesizing new proteins and nonessential amino acids
amino acids
Vitamin D regulates ________ and _________ balance in the body.
calcium; phosphorus
Activated enzymes _____synthesis of new molecules
catalyze
B Vitamins and ____ are necessary for many metabolic processes that occur at a cellular level.
choline
Epidemiological studies show that it doesn't matter where the vitamins and minerals come from; an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals from either food or supplements lowers the incidence of a host of chronic diseases.
false
Vitamin E donates an electron to Vitamin C
false
The stimulus which prompts one to eat in response to internal physical cues is best described as:
hunger
Vitamin D supplements have been reported to reduce the risk of all of the following EXCEPT:
infuenza
Vitamin D acts primarily in the:
intestine, kidney and bone.
Folate deficiency may cause all the following EXCEPT:
microcytic anemia
The recommended intake of vitamin E is expressed in:
milligrams of alpha-tocopherol.
Vitamin K is required to produce prothrombin, which is needed for:
blood clotting
What is the approximate BMI of someone who weighs 145 pounds and is five foot, seven inches tall?
22.7
The recommended amount of daily vitamin D intake for children and adults under 70 is:
600 i.u.
Which is a FALSE statement regarding the use of anthropometric measurements such as waist circumferences and skinfold thickness to estimate body composition?
Although fairly accurate, skinfold measurement is relatively expensive.
Which individual would have the lowest recommended energy intake, per unit of body weight?
An 80-year old female
Why might consuming raw eggs cause a biotin deficiency?
Avidin in eggs whites binds biotin and prevents its absorption
Which term describes how well a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body?
Bioavailability
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ____, pantothenic acid and Vitamin ___ are needed to produce energy from protein
Biotin and B6
To determine how many kcalories are in a food item, the food undergoes combustion in a chamber surrounded by water. What information is most important to know in order to establish the caloric content of the food item?
Change in temperature of the water surrounding the chamber
Which group of people is most at risk for developing thiamin deficiency?
Chronic alcoholics
Pantothenic acid forms part of which molecule?
Coenzyme A
Vitamin B6 is NOT involved in which physiologic process?
Collagen formation
Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables, tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin _____.
D
____________ is an anticoagulant that interferes with the action of vitamin K.
Dicumarol
For people who want to gain weight, which of the following is NOT a recommendation?
Eat more low-fat, bulky foods
Riboflavin and Niacin are coenzymes in the ________ which traps energy from electrons and uses it to make ATP.
Electron Transport Chain
What is meant by a set point for body weight?
Stable weight range
Which statement about frozen foods is INCORRECT?
Fresh produce in grocery stores always has higher nutrient content than frozen produce.
_________ is produced in the stomach and stimulates food intake.
Ghrelin
_______is the molecule responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Vitamin B6 is necessary for synthesis of this molecule
Hemoglobin
Which brain region regulates long-term food intake and energy expenditure?
Hypothalamus
Which statement about the relationship of obesity to activity is correct?
Individuals with the most body fat tend to have the lowest levels of overall activity.
The dietitian in the interview stated that
It's best to get your vitamins and minerals from foods.
______________ is produced by adipocytes and functions to maintain the amount of fat in the body at a constant or stable level.
Leptin
Why is vitamin D deficiency on the rise?
Low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin D
Which physiologic process requires vitamin B12?
Maintenance of myelin and normal nerve transmission
Glycolysis splits six carbon glucose molecules into two three carbon pyruvate molecules. _____ is a coenzyme in this step.
Niacin
_____ is required for ALL lipid metabolism
Niacin
Many people take dietary supplements because they believe they can help them live longer, healthier lives. However, the meta-analysis of 67 clinical trials indicates that
None of the supplements reduced mortality risk.
The hormone that makes you feel full is
PYY
Why is pantothenic acid deficiency rare?
Pantothenic acid is particularly abundant in the food supply
Which disease is caused by niacin deficiency?
Pellagra
Why are fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occurring in the developed world?
Rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.
Which one of the following methods assesses body composition?
Skinfold thickness
Which lifestyle factor increases the requirement for vitamin C?
Smoking Cigarettes
Based on this video and reading this chapter in your textbook on supplements, what would be good advice for someone who wanted to know if they should take an antioxidant supplement?
Vitamin A and beta carotene supplements are not recommended and as far as vitamin C is concerned, it's best to get it from foods because supplements can cause gastrointestinal distress, tooth damage and other problems and average intakes in the US meet or exceed recommendations.
What is true about the function of vitamin D?
Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to decrease calcium retention by the kidneys.
Antioxidant vitamin supplements that were studied included both fat and water soluble nutrients. Which of the following were least likely to increase mortality risk and which were most likely to increase mortality risk?
Water soluble vitamin C and selenium were least likely to increase risk and fat soluble vitamin A was most likely to increase risk.
Which statement is true about the need for dietary supplements?
Women of child-bearing age need extra folate
The three components of energy expenditure are:
basal metabolism, physical activity and diet-induced thermogenesis
Nerves communicate by way of chemical neurotransmitters. Vitamin B6, and the chemical ______ are involved in neurotransmitter synthesis.
choline
Biotin is a ____ in the production of glucose
coenzyme
Vitamins promote and regulate the body's activities. One way that they accomplish this is to serve as _______. All B Vitamins are___.
coenzymes
Pellagra occurs when _________ is the staple grain in the diet and the diet does not provide a mixture of different foods.
corn
Which one of the following symptoms is associated with pellagra?
dementia
The symptom(s) of thiamin deficiency best explained by its role in glucose metabolism are:
depression and weakness
An individual's actual weight is:
determined by inherited genes and lifestyle/environment.
The process of adding nutrients to foods is called:
fortification
A good source of dietary vitamin D is:
fortified milk
Normal metabolic reactions like cellular respiration produce____. The body's response to air pollution and cigarette smoke also produces these substances.
free radicals
Enzymes require activation before they can catalyze reactions to synthesize new molecules. Enzymes are activated by ______
functional coenzymes
If no food is eaten for more than a few hours, gluconeogenesis occurs, forming glucose from:
functioning body protein.
The hormone that controls hunger is
ghrelin
Vitamin A is essential for ____________.
growth immune function reproduction
Low folate status increases the risk of:
heart disease
High folate intake may:
mask a vitamin B12 deficiency, giving rise to permanent nerve damage.
Americans are exercising less for all the reasons listed below EXCEPT:
open spaces for outdoor activities are becoming limited
______damage by free radicals is related to the development of many diseases, including: cancer, heart disease, arthritis, cataracts, macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease.
oxidative
Red blood cells, nerve cells and lung cell membranes are particularly vulnerable to free radical damage because of the high_____ content
oxygen
Vitamin A may be lacking in diets of people in North America because:
people choose diets which contain low amounts of vitamin A.
Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by a lack of intrinsic factor results in:
pernicious anemia.
Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of _________ is (are) ingested.
preformed vitamin A supplements
Vitamin E deficiency in the U.S. is most likely to be a problem in:
premature infants
Alli is an over-the-counter weight loss drug that:
prevents triglyceride digestion and absorption.
Another name for vitamin B6 is:
pyridoxine
One of the B vitamins involved in protein synthesis is____
vitamin B6
Folic acid supplements are most frequently recommended for:
women who may become pregnant
______ is necessary for proper vitamin A transport and metabolism.
zinc