no longer working study guide - new quizlet: https://quizlet.com/649621525/new-and-hopefully-correct-psychology-final-study-guide-flash-cards/

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.

" forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart"

"What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?"

" repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts"

" The saying is Money can buy happiness, but research finds that in the United States those who earn more than ________ per year are not measurably happier than those who earn below that amount."

"$75,000 "

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

"*Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to."

Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

"After wondering for months if he was going to lose his job, Nicolao begins to develop stomach ulcers."

Which of the following individuals is demonstrating an optimistic outlook on life?

"Carl, who tends to see the good in situations and always looks on the bright side of things."

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

"Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities."

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?

"James, who lives in England"

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

"Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other."

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

"Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died."

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?

"Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low."

Early maturing girls are ________.

"at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders"

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

"becoming split off, or separated, from one s core sense of self"

Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide?

"being a fan of violent media (music, television shows, movies, etc.)"

A psychological disorder is a ________.

"condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors"

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

"emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition"

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

"getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether"

Which of the following is a set of symptoms or behaviors that you might see in a person diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

"lack of regard for others rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds"

How many different scales are used to compile a profile from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

10

"Researchers have found that approximately _____ percent of those with dissociative identity disorder were physically and/or sexually abused in childhood, leading to the conclusion that trauma can be a cause of this disorder."

95

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.

What is an advanced directive?

A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants.

"Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect."

Asch

"Lydia is often described as having an easy, laid-back outlook on life. She tends to be very relaxed, is not particularly competitive, and rarely feels or demonstrates anger or hostility. Lydia exemplifies a Type ________ behavior pattern."

B

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress?

Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

"________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity."

Cognitive

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

Congruence

"The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American lifestyles."

Contemporized-Themes

________ is having an experience that is so engaging and engrossing that it becomes worth doing for its own sake. During this state a person might say that they feel that they lose themselves in the activity.

Flow

"Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, my smother instead of my mother. What does this exemplify?"

Freudian slip

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

Group polarization

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

Heritability

Which pair of psychiatrists were responsible for developing the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

Holmes and Rahe

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram s obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson s theory of psychosocial development?

An individual s personality develops throughout the lifespan.

"________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors."

Anxiety

What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery?

It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.

According to the ________ theory of emotions, one s physiological arousal precedes the cognitive experience of a feeling.

James-Lange

Which of the following is the best example of a compulsion?

Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked.

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

"Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it?"

Kinsey

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

Who was the first theorist to explore the idea that the way we appraise a situation would influence the type of emotion that we d experience in response to that event?

Magda Arnold

Max s behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Naomi believes that she can successfully complete law school.

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about dissociative disorders?

People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

Philip Zimbardo

"________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness."

Physical

Which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory?

Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it this leads her to become depressed.

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

Schemata

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Sigmund Freud

"According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?"

Simon bites his mother

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures.

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions.

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

Trait

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one s culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?

Vygotsky

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?

When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.

"According to three separate surveys, administered in 1983, 2006, and 2009, which statement about the relationship between stress and sex is the most accurate?"

Women report experiencing more stress than men.

Which aspect of the definition of happiness gives the impression that it is a long-term state rather than a brief mood that we experience from time to time?

a feeling that ones life has meaning and value

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

"Amir bites his fingernails when he is nervous or anxious, and he does so without any intention or even recognition that he is doing so. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage."

a habit

What is a social role?

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

"18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, Look mommy, apples! His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________."

accommodation

"According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list of accolades."

achievement

"In Hans Selye s rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________."

adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration"

"The need for ________ might explain why we friend people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves."

affiliation

"According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn?"

after he has received some exciting news

"Piper is terribly afraid of a number of different situations. She doesn t like riding on public busses or subways, finds open spaces very intimidating, does not like feeling lost in a crowd, and prefers the safe and secure feeling of her own home. If these symptoms cause disruptions in her life, Piper might be diagnosed with ________."

agoraphobia

"Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________."

an internal locus of control

Which dimension of the Type A behavior pattern is most predictive of heart disease?

anger/hostility

"Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Despite her drastically thin appearance, Mercy genuinely believes that she is overweight, often referring to herself as fat. Mercy probably suffers from ________."

anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

"In Albert Bandura s social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________."

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

"Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?"

archetypes

"One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, Look mommy, truck! This exemplifies ________."

assimilation

"Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have?"

asthma

"Egon can t pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won t sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________."

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

"Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn t go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole s personality?"

avoidant personality disorder

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?

babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee

"According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?"

balance between extroversion and introversion

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will change her ways and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving.

bargaining

Dr. Korkolos is a surgeon who conducts procedures that modify a patient s gastrointestinal system so that they can only eat or absorb a limited amount of food. Dr. Korkolos s expertise is in ________ surgery.

bariatric

The ________ complex is the part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory.

basolateral

The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of the amygdala.

basolateral; nucleus

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying?

because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying

"According to the textbook, which of these events would have the highest likelihood of causing posttraumatic stress disorder?"

being assaulted and robbed of your cash and credit cards

"The approach to psychology suggesting that psychological disorders may be best explained by looking at genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities is the ________ perspective."

biological

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs and finally striving for self-actualization.

biological; social

Hans Selye s definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________.

body s physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it

"Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?"

borderline personality disorder

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

frontal

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing dissociative ________.

fugue

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

"According to Freud s psychosexual theory of personality, the ________ stage involves a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent)."

genital

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional positive regard

"Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills."

gross

"A flat tire in the morning, realizing that you forgot to get your homework done, and getting into an argument with a buddy are all examples of ________."

hassles

"Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn t pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________."

high self-efficacy

"Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________."

homeostasis

"Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, man, that isn t a cool way to be. You do realize that you re expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don t you? "

homophobia

"Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________."

how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

Adolescents (ages 12 18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.

identity vs. confusion

The process by which one s physiological defense system becomes less efficient at fighting illness is called ________ and this process is enhanced by elevated stress levels.

immunosuppression

"Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn t want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias."

in-group

Which of the following is an example of an instinctive behavior?

infant rooting for a nipple

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn t measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

"After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?"

integrity vs. despair

"Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation."

intrinsic

Which option is the greatest risk factor for the development of burnout?

job strain

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

"Which option is best described as a hormone that induces feelings of satiety, or fullness when eating?"

leptin

"Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________."

less stress than someone who has no effective options

"Research has found that the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala, both of which are part of the ________, are brain areas that are particularly important in sexual motivation."

limbic system

White blood cells that circulate in the bloodstream and are an important part of the body s immune system are called ________.

lymphocytes

"Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can t afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing a(n) ________ episode."

manic

"Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one s personality tendencies is called selective ________."

migration

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.

milestones

"Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________."

motivation

"When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney s coping strategy is Marcos using?"

moving against people

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Nathan appears to suffer from ________ personality disorder.

narcissistic

"Those symptoms that involve noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives in those afflicted with schizophrenia are called ________ symptoms."

negative

The notion that the manner in which one s brain develops can have a significant impact on a person s cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology.

neuroconstructivist

"Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence."

normative

"Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Greg is ________."

obese

"Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?"

object permanence

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person s membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress; he immediately uses the internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?

problem-focused

"Ross has learned that he has Parkinson s disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself."

proxy

"At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a(n) ________ disorder."

psychotic

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck?

psychoticism versus superego control

"According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one s ______ self and their ________ self."

real; ideal

"Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________."

reciprocity

"After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?"

regression

"Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking are called ________."

safety behaviors

"During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________."

scapegoating

"Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend s father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation."

script

"Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during the fall and winter months when she gets less direct exposure to sunlight What kind of depression does Alexis have?"

seasonal pattern

"Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?"

secure

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

"According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________."

self-actualization

"During Jean Piaget s ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies."

sensorimotor

The ________ theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change.

set point

Autism spectrum disorder is marked by all but which of the following categories of symptoms?

severe depressive symptoms

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

"Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all different forms of ________."

social support

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails and that the spiders will hatch inside his skin and will eventually begin to eat his organs. What kind of delusion is this?

somatic

What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom?

students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler s main contributions to personality theory?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

"The ________ perspective of psychological disorders attributed symptoms of such ailments to forces that were beyond scientific understanding, such as black magic or evil spirits."

supernatural

"Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period."

surveys

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.

that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy.

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship?

the amount of contact you have with people

What is meant by the term etiology?

the cause of a disorder

What was the most stressful event found on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale with a LCU score of 100?

the death of a spouse

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures

"Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________."

the fundamental attribution error

"Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?"

the secure baby

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

transcendental meditation

"Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant s needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson s developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?"

trust vs. mistrust

"________ is/are the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance."

Eustress

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person s involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.

Biofeedback

What is the primary distinction between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder?

Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

"________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments."

Dispositionism

"________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating."

Distress

"According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved."

Erik Erikson

"Anasophia binges on chocolates, then makes herself vomit so that she won t retain any of the calories she just ingested. When she is not doing this she regularly abuses laxatives in the hope that she will not absorb calories and gain weight. Anasophia has a normal body size, but has a great fear of gaining weight. It would be a good idea for Anasophia to be evaluated to see if she is suffering from ________."

bulimia nervosa

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

buying a new home

"Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other s success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don t want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna."

cardinal

"Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________."

challenge; threat

"According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold."

choleric

"Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor."

chronic

What is comorbidity?

co-occurrence of two disorders

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive

"Rhona and Jerome share each other s thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love."

companionate

"During Piaget s proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly."

concrete operational

"In Stanley Milgram s obedience research, the person playing the part of the learner was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram s instructions."

confederate

"Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________."

confirmation bias

"Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love."

consummate

"Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?"

coping

The goal of hospice care is to provide

death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.

"Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?"

denial

What is the main idea of drive theory?

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave

"Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________."

diffusion of responsibility

Anna is a school counselor. She hates going to work and wants to lock the door and cry whenever a student comes to her for help. She just doesn t feel like she has anything left to give. What dimension of job burnout does this exemplify?

dimension 1 - exhaustion

"Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy s pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?"

dimension 2 - depersonalization

"When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we d say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory."

discontinuous

"Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?"

disorganized

Which pair of neurotransmitters has received the most attention as a potential explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia?

dopamine and serotonin

"Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?"

egocentrism

"A(n) ________ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience."

emotion; mood

"When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he d had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________."

empathy

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

"Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole s major depressive disorder is ________?"

episodic

"Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow s hierarchy of needs."

esteem

"In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the X refer?"

extraversion

"If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe in the ________."

facial feedback hypothesis

"Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response."

fight-or-flight

"Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills."

fine

"Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?"

foot-in-the-door technique

"According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?"

formal operational

"Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff s personality?"

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

"If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________."

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

"According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development."

oral

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

orbitofrontal cortex

"Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect."

overjustification

"When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself."

peripheral

Carissa s parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

"Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________."

person s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

"Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ________ person."

phlegmatic

"Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow s hierarchy of needs."

physiological

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

physiological

"According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________."

physiological and cognitive

"Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives rather than focusing on pathology, faults and problems?"

positive psychology

"Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg s theory of morality."

post-conventional

"Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring Cordelia s left arm. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing ________ disorder."

posttraumatic stress

"Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can t stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________."

posttraumatic stress disorder

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he d get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?

when the correct choice is unclear

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote