NREMT

Cincinatti Stroke Score

1. Test (Facial Droop)-Ask patient to smile- Both sides of face must move equally well. 2. Test (Arm Drift)-Ask patient to close eyes and raise arms-Both arms must move at same time 3. Test (Speech)-Ask patient to say "The sky is blue"Patient must use correct words and no slurring

What is the normal pulse rate for infants

100-140

What is the normal pulse rate for newborns

140-160

What percent oxygen is expired air?

16%

While working out at the gym, you witness someone collapse. The patient is apneic with a pulse. You begin performing mouth-to-mask ventilations. What percentage of oxygen is your patient receiving?

16% ·Rationale: Exhaled air contains about 16% oxygen; consequently, a patient receiving mouth to mask ventilations without supplemental oxygen will receive about 16% oxygen. Atmospheric air contains 21% oxygen.

What percent oxygen is surrounding air?

21%

What is the normal respiratory rate for infants?

25-50 breaths per minute

Which of the following is a common cause of seizures? A. poisoning B. orthopedic injury C. myocardial infarction D. Burn injuries

A. Poisoning ·Rationale: Common causes of seizures include acidosis, epilepsy, infection, diabetic emergencies, poisoning and overdose, head injury, and stroke. See chapter 16 for additional information.

Which of the following is true regarding the Emergency Response Guide (ERG): A. The ERG helps identify the evacuation distance for specific hazardous materials. B. The ERG provides off-line medical direction for emergency responders. C. The ERG identifies all additional resources needed for a hazardous materials incident .D. The ERG describes the triage protocol for a hazardous materials incident.

A. The ERG helps identify the evacuation distance for specific hazardous materials.

Which of the following is true during inhalation of a spontaneously breathing patient? A. There is a drop in pressure within the thorax. B. There is an increase in pressure within the thorax. C. Air is being pushed into the lungs. D. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are relaxed.

A. There is a drop in pressure within the thorax. Rationale: During inhalation of a spontaneously breathing patient, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are contracting. There is a drop in pressure within the thorax and air is pulled in, not pushed. See chapter 7 for additional information.

Acute hypoglycemia typically causes:

A. a sudden loss of consciousness. ·Rationale: Acute hypoglycemia results from a sudden drop in blood glucose levels. This frequently causes a sudden loss of consciousness

What age will a newborns fontanelles (soft spots on the skull) become fully fused?

About 18 months

You are treating a 35-year-old man who was stung by a bee. He is allergic to bees and has a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector. His breath sounds are clear and non-labored. His BP is 130/82. How should you manage this patient?

Assess the patient for signs of hypoxia, administer oxygen as needed, and transport. ·Rationale: This patient€™s condition does not indicate the need for an epi-pen. His lungs are clear, breathing is non-labored, and BP is adequate.

Which of the following physiological responses helps protect the body from overheating: A. shivering. B. peripheral vasodilation. C. peripheral vasoconstriction. D. syncope.

B. peripheral vasodilation. ·Rationale: Peripheral vasodilation helps the body dissipate body heat. Peripheral vasoconstriction helps the body conserve body heat. Shivering helps generate body heat. Syncope can result from overheating; it is not a protective mechanism.

Your 5-year-old patient is unresponsive. A carotid pulse is present at 40 beats per minute. Breaths are shallow at six per minute. You should immediately:

Begin chest compressions. Rationale: CPR, beginning with chest compressions, is indicated for unresponsive children with a pulse rate below 60. For additional information, review the 2010 American Heart Association guidelines.

What are normal vitals for adults?

Breathing: 12-20 Heart rate: 60-100 BP: 110/70- 130/90

What are normal vitals for adolescents? ( Age 12-18)

Breathing: 12-20 Heartbeat: 60-100 BP- 100- 120 systolic

What are normal vitals for school age children? (Age 6-12)

Breathing: 15-20 Heart rate: 70-110 BP: 90-120 systolic

What are normal vitals for a preschooler? (Age 3-6)

Breathing: 20-25 Heart rate: 80-130 Blood pressure: 90-110 systolic

What are normal vitals for a toddler? (Age 1-3)

Breathing: 20-30 Heart rate: 90-140 BP: 80-90 systolic

Your patient is unresponsive following blunt trauma to the head. Which of the following is the EMT's first priority for an unresponsive patient?

Determine if CPR is indicated Rationale: Unresponsive patients should be assessed using the CAB sequence. Circulation is assessed first in order to begin CPR as quickly as possible if needed. See chapter 12 and the 2010 AHA guidelines for additional information.

Esophageal varices typically occurs in patients with a history of:

alcohol abuse ·Rationale: Esophageal varices is often associated with alcoholism. See chapter 20 for additional information.

Which of the following signs of hypoxia is more common in pediatric patients? A. bradycardia B. anxiety C. tachycardia D. restlessness

bradycardia ·Rationale: Bradycardia is a more common sign of hypoxia in pediatric patients. Anxiety, tachycardia, and restlessness are common signs of hypoxia in patients of all ages.

In unresponsive patients over one year of age, you should palpate the:

carotid pulse ·Rationale: Circulation in unresponsive patients over one year of age should be assessed at the carotid artery. The brachial artery should be used for patients under one year of age.

Nerve agents and choking agents are examples of:

chemical agents. Rationale: Nerve agents and choking agents are examples of chemical agents. Biological agents are intended to cause disease, not choking. Nuclear and radiological agents are intended to cause injury by blast, radiation, or thermal burns.

Which of the following provides oxygenated blood directly to the heart?

coronary arteries. ·Rationale: The coronary arteries provide oxygenated blood to the heart. The carotid and cerebral arteries provide blood to the brain. The femoral arteries are located in the leg. See chapter 7 for additional information.

Your 6-year-old patient jumped from a swing and injured his right leg. You note deformity to the right leg above the ankle. The patient most likely has a fracture to the:

distal tibia. Rationale: The radius and ulna are located in the arm, not the leg. A proximal fibula injury would be closer to the knee, not the ankle. See chapter 7 for additional information.

The most common weapon of mass destruction used by terrorists is:

explosives

You are treating a patient with respiratory distress. He has a history of multiple myocardial infarctions. Lung sounds indicate pulmonary edema. You note the patient does NOT have any JVD or pedal edema. The patient is most likely experiencing:

left heart failure. ·Rationale: Pulmonary edema indicates possible left heart failure. Pedal edema and JVD indicate possible right heart failure. The patient€™s presentation is not consistent with angina or asthma. See chapter 15 for additional information.

The hypoxic respiratory drive works by monitoring:

oxygen levels ·Rationale: The hypoxic drive is the body€™s backup system to the CO2 drive. It monitors oxygen levels in the blood, not CO2 or blood glucose. The pulse oximeter is an external patient monitoring device.

A patient with an isolated concussion injury will likely:

progressively improve over time. ·Rationale: Concussion patients typically improve over time, they do NOT typically get worse. A head injury patient that loses consciousness for long periods or requires an extended hospital stay likely has injuries beyond a concussion

Which of the following vessels carries deoxygenated blood?

pulmonary arteries. ·Rationale: The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries which carry deoxygenated blood. The pulmonary veins are the only veins which carry oxygenated blood.

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the:

pulmonary veins. ·Rationale: The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae. Deoxygenated blood leaves the right heart through the pulmonary arteries. See chapter 7 for additional information.

You are conducting a primary assessment on an elderly fall victim who complains of hip pain. While assessing circulation, you should check:

pulses, external bleeding and skin condition. ·Rationale: Pulses, bleeding, and skin condition are three components of circulation that should be included in the primary assessment.

A 19-year-old female is found unconscious in her apartment living room. While surveying the apartment, your partner yells from the patient's bedroom "she has an SVN machine in here". This suggests the patient has a history of:

respiratory problems. ·Rationale: An SVN machine is used to nebulize bronchodilator medications. This indicates a probable history of respiratory problems

Early indications of hypoxia

restlessness, anxiety, irritability, dyspnea, tachycardia

Epinephrine stimulates which of the following physiological effects? A. bradypnea. B. tachycardia. C. peripheral vasodilation. D. sedation.

tachycardia. ·Rationale: Epinephrine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. This causes tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction. It does not have a sedative affect

Your patient has a partial thickness burn to his anterior chest. It is about the size of the palm of his hand. What is the approximate total body surface area of the burn?

1% ·Rationale: The palm of a person€™s hand approximates 1% of his or her total body surface area.

What is the normal respiratory rate for newborns

30-60 breaths per minute

Which of the following statements regarding febrile seizures is correct? A. Febrile seizures are the most dangerous type of seizure for pediatric patients. B. Febrile seizures are usually the result of trauma. C. Febrile seizures typically occur due to hypoglycemia. D. Febrile seizures pose little risk of permanent injury.

D. Febrile seizures pose little risk of permanent injury. ·Rationale: Febrile seizures rarely lead to permanent injury and are the result of a high, rapidly rising fever, not trauma or hypoglycemia. Infants and younger children are at the highest risk of febrile seizures.

You respond to a preschool facility for an ill child. Upon arrival, you find an unresponsive 8-month-old. The infant has a palpable pulse of 50 beats per minute. Your next action should be to:

begin chest compressions. ·Rationale: CPR, beginning with chest compressions, is indicated for unresponsive children with a pulse rate below 60. This should be done before transport. The AED is not indicated for patients with a pulse

Inadequate oxygen delivery to the body's tissues is called:

hypoxia. ·Rationale: Inadequate oxygen delivery to the body is hypoxia. Hypercarbia is abnormally high carbon dioxide levels. Shock and hypoperfusion both refer to inadequate tissue perfusion

Your patient has been exposed to a chemical that over-stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. You would expect this patient to exhibit:

vomiting. ·Rationale: The parasympathetic nervous system exerts control over digestive functions. Over stimulation can lead to vomiting. Dilated pupils, dry mouth, and hypertension are more likely caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.