NSCI 3543 - EXAM 2
decreases of urbanization
- decreased breastfeeding= mothers having to work - household food insecurity - obesity= looking less on the farm
what are the 5 types of adaptive strategies?
- foraging (hunter and gather) - pastoralism - horticulture - agriculture - industrialized agriculture
inadequate diets in children can lead to three things
- impaired physical -impaired psychological -impaired cognitive development
stunted growth
- in developing countries - children below the age of 5 - over 165 million kids
what are the 3 forms of food production?
1- horticulture 2- pastoralism 3- agriculture
___ are without electricity and more than ___ people are without cooking facilities
1.2 billion, 2.7 billion
women make up over ___ the worlds population, but over ___% of women suffer from hunger
1/2, 60%
__/__ women and __/__ single mother families are poor
1/7, 4/10
__% of senior citizens in the US are in poverty
10%
____ people live in developing countries- ___percent, 1/8
780 million people, 12.9%
about ___amount of people out of ___ people in the world, or 1/9 suffer from chronic undernourishment
795 million, 7.3 billion
earth has 32.9 billion acres of land, how much is used for agriculture?
9.8 billion acres are used for agriculture
___% of maternal deaths occur in developing countries, most are preventable
99%
special concern for these 4 counties is increasing number of malnourished children less than 5 years old
Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Caribbean
aquaculture provided how much fish within 2006 alone globally?
about 110 million tons
rations single serve for a persons full daily food supply is about how many calories?
about 2,200
what kind of strategy is technology?
adaptive strategy
what is decreasing and increasing with modern farming?
decreasing- the number of farmers, increasing- non family corporations and contract farming
to increase calories in their diet, what do pastoralist do?
either trade with farmers for starches, forage, or use the little horticulture that they have
foragers eat locally available plants and animals without ___ their resources
exploiting
what is aquaculture
farming of aquatic animals and capture fisheries
globally there is enough __ in the world, but no way to access is the main problem
food
cultivation
food production rather than foraging or gathering
what replaced human and animal labor?
fossil fuels, complex irrigation systems
livestock is __ and will continue to ___ globally
growing, grow
increased crop yields is a result of what?
improved technology
agriculture intensification
improving production of existing land
what did mechanization do?
increased the volume of goods
food production =?
increasing yields
the ___ ___ brought many technologies together
industrial revolution
what do foragers do?
live off the land
what do pastoralist consume from their livestock?
milk, blood, meat
what is farming becoming more of?
more corporate
for foragers- higher altitude=_____ and lower altitude=_____
more meat, more plants
iron deficiency
more than 40% of women are anemic
zinc deficiency
results in over 800,000 children deaths per year -in meat, helps with muscles growth
what type of housing foragers live in?
temporary housing
___ allows for cultivation of crops in mountainous areas
terracing
if kids don't get proper nutrition in the developmental years, what will happen?
the damage that is done cannot be reversed
what is obesity
the overconsumption of calories, fat, cholesterol, sodium and sugar
what is industrialized agriculture?
the use of heavy, complex machinery
what are pastoralist?
they are herders
what do the western world religions worship?
worship one single God, and he is omniscient
in 2012, ___% of the worlds population lives off of less than 1.90$ a day. and ___ had no access to clean water
12.7%, 783 million
in the united state (2014) ___ % of people were in poverty
14.8%
food production within the years, 1993=__%, 1996=__%, 1997=__%, 1999=__%, 2000=__%
1993- 6%, 1996-5%, 1997-3.7%, 1999- 2.3%, 2000-1%
___ had no access to adequate sanitation
2.7 billion
iodine deficiency
20 percent of the population worldwide in developing countries suffer from iodine deficiency - helps with thyroid
___% of underdeveloped counties experience ___ ___
20%, food insecurity
___% of children in the US (under the age of 18) were in poverty
21.1%
1997 had __% more food produced per person globally than in 1961
24%
shelf life of rations? and designed for many __ groups (2 groups)
3 years, religious and ethnic groups
how old Is the Jewish religion?
4,000 years old
relative food price declined __% as a result of agriculture productivity
40 percent
malnutrition at the end of 2015 contributed to ___million or ___ people worldwide, an increase of 5.8 million from the year before
65.3 million or 1/113 peope
caregiving was over __% done by the female
66%
___% of the world population lives off of less than 10$ a day
71%
women on average earned __$ for every __$ a male made, but women worked on average longer than men 30 min in developed countries and 50 in developing counties
76$, 100$
what are the two common eastern world religions?
Buddhism and Hinduism
what are the three most prevalent western world religions?
Christianity, Judaism and Islam
_____ is poor nutritional status due to dietary intake either below or above the optimal level
Malnutrition
vitamin A deficiency
about 25 percent of children have a subclinical Vitamin A deficiency - helps with eyes
food security
access at all times by all people to a safe amount of nutrients and culturally appropriate foods
what animals do pastoralist herd? where are they typically located?
animals= goats, sheep, cattle, camels, yaks. location= north and eastern Africa, middle east, Asia, Europe
increases in the populations __ __has contributed to the increase of global calories since 1950
cereal grains
___ diseases have already occurred or are starting to form in every country around the world
chronic
as ___ grew due to factories and mass production, the ___ also grew with it meaning that there was more people to feed
cities, population
hunger
condition which people lack the basic food intake needed to provide them with the energy and nutrients to produce active lives
when children's dietary intake is inadequate, there immune systems ____
defense decreases
what is the goal of the two eastern world religions?
deliverance or liberation of the immortal human soul from bondage of the body
the high cost of food contributes to what?
dietary and nutritional problems
what do nonindustrial societies use for providing labor and helping with harvest/ fertilizer?
domesticated animals
foragers are in groups or bands of less than 100 with less ____ ____
infectious diseases
___provides nutrients and a source of water for crops allowing for continual use rather than ___
irrigation, shifting
what kind of rations do kids eat? pregnant women?
kids- fortified peanut paste for protein, pregnant women- super cereal for lots of nutrients
food insecurity
limited or uncertain amount of foods
what causes over half the deaths of children worldwide?
malnutrition
world wide __ has doubled since 1980
obesity
___ in the united states and united kingdom have been linked to ___ segments of the population
obesity, poorer
transhumance
only a few people follow the heard
what are concerns of industrialized agriculture? (3)
pesticides and fertilizers, soil erosion and advancing deserts, and air and water pollution
what are peasant ag. at risk for?
poor nutrition
what is a major cause of hunger and malnutrition?
poverty
agriculture extensification
process of cultivating new lands
humanitarian daily rations are ___ for humanitarian crisis
rations
nutrition transition
shift of dietary habit from complex carbs and higher fiber to higher fat and sugars as income increases
what do horticulturalist use to fertilize their soil? and do what to their plants?
slash and burn method, rotate plants cultivated
movements are trying to re-localize farming with (4)
slow movement food, community supported agriculture, food co-ops and buying clubs, organic food
increases of food production may be ___
slowing
what is horticulture?
small scale planting with simple tools. usually close to home and must have very productive land
___ women are most likely to give food to their children
starving
what do people use in order to get and process their foods?
technology- ranges from simple to complex
lowest income countries have an average daily supply of ___ calories per person
under 1,800 calories
food supply for people who are chronically undernourished is ___calories a day
under 2,000 calories
1/6 children are born ___ and over ___ million die before the age of 5, half from malnourishment causes
underweight, 10 million
dietary changes leading to these diseases have to do with the increase of ____
urbanization
what do peasant agriculturalist do?
use simple technology and intensive labor food for only their amount of people. Not much surplus
the 4 micronutrients/vitamin deficiencies found most common worldwide
vitamin A, zinc, iodine, iron
pastoral nomadism
whole group moves
