NSCI 3543 - EXAM 2

decreases of urbanization

- decreased breastfeeding= mothers having to work - household food insecurity - obesity= looking less on the farm

what are the 5 types of adaptive strategies?

- foraging (hunter and gather) - pastoralism - horticulture - agriculture - industrialized agriculture

inadequate diets in children can lead to three things

- impaired physical -impaired psychological -impaired cognitive development

stunted growth

- in developing countries - children below the age of 5 - over 165 million kids

what are the 3 forms of food production?

1- horticulture 2- pastoralism 3- agriculture

___ are without electricity and more than ___ people are without cooking facilities

1.2 billion, 2.7 billion

women make up over ___ the worlds population, but over ___% of women suffer from hunger

1/2, 60%

__/__ women and __/__ single mother families are poor

1/7, 4/10

__% of senior citizens in the US are in poverty

10%

____ people live in developing countries- ___percent, 1/8

780 million people, 12.9%

about ___amount of people out of ___ people in the world, or 1/9 suffer from chronic undernourishment

795 million, 7.3 billion

earth has 32.9 billion acres of land, how much is used for agriculture?

9.8 billion acres are used for agriculture

___% of maternal deaths occur in developing countries, most are preventable

99%

special concern for these 4 counties is increasing number of malnourished children less than 5 years old

Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Caribbean

aquaculture provided how much fish within 2006 alone globally?

about 110 million tons

rations single serve for a persons full daily food supply is about how many calories?

about 2,200

what kind of strategy is technology?

adaptive strategy

what is decreasing and increasing with modern farming?

decreasing- the number of farmers, increasing- non family corporations and contract farming

to increase calories in their diet, what do pastoralist do?

either trade with farmers for starches, forage, or use the little horticulture that they have

foragers eat locally available plants and animals without ___ their resources

exploiting

what is aquaculture

farming of aquatic animals and capture fisheries

globally there is enough __ in the world, but no way to access is the main problem

food

cultivation

food production rather than foraging or gathering

what replaced human and animal labor?

fossil fuels, complex irrigation systems

livestock is __ and will continue to ___ globally

growing, grow

increased crop yields is a result of what?

improved technology

agriculture intensification

improving production of existing land

what did mechanization do?

increased the volume of goods

food production =?

increasing yields

the ___ ___ brought many technologies together

industrial revolution

what do foragers do?

live off the land

what do pastoralist consume from their livestock?

milk, blood, meat

what is farming becoming more of?

more corporate

for foragers- higher altitude=_____ and lower altitude=_____

more meat, more plants

iron deficiency

more than 40% of women are anemic

zinc deficiency

results in over 800,000 children deaths per year -in meat, helps with muscles growth

what type of housing foragers live in?

temporary housing

___ allows for cultivation of crops in mountainous areas

terracing

if kids don't get proper nutrition in the developmental years, what will happen?

the damage that is done cannot be reversed

what is obesity

the overconsumption of calories, fat, cholesterol, sodium and sugar

what is industrialized agriculture?

the use of heavy, complex machinery

what are pastoralist?

they are herders

what do the western world religions worship?

worship one single God, and he is omniscient

in 2012, ___% of the worlds population lives off of less than 1.90$ a day. and ___ had no access to clean water

12.7%, 783 million

in the united state (2014) ___ % of people were in poverty

14.8%

food production within the years, 1993=__%, 1996=__%, 1997=__%, 1999=__%, 2000=__%

1993- 6%, 1996-5%, 1997-3.7%, 1999- 2.3%, 2000-1%

___ had no access to adequate sanitation

2.7 billion

iodine deficiency

20 percent of the population worldwide in developing countries suffer from iodine deficiency - helps with thyroid

___% of underdeveloped counties experience ___ ___

20%, food insecurity

___% of children in the US (under the age of 18) were in poverty

21.1%

1997 had __% more food produced per person globally than in 1961

24%

shelf life of rations? and designed for many __ groups (2 groups)

3 years, religious and ethnic groups

how old Is the Jewish religion?

4,000 years old

relative food price declined __% as a result of agriculture productivity

40 percent

malnutrition at the end of 2015 contributed to ___million or ___ people worldwide, an increase of 5.8 million from the year before

65.3 million or 1/113 peope

caregiving was over __% done by the female

66%

___% of the world population lives off of less than 10$ a day

71%

women on average earned __$ for every __$ a male made, but women worked on average longer than men 30 min in developed countries and 50 in developing counties

76$, 100$

what are the two common eastern world religions?

Buddhism and Hinduism

what are the three most prevalent western world religions?

Christianity, Judaism and Islam

_____ is poor nutritional status due to dietary intake either below or above the optimal level

Malnutrition

vitamin A deficiency

about 25 percent of children have a subclinical Vitamin A deficiency - helps with eyes

food security

access at all times by all people to a safe amount of nutrients and culturally appropriate foods

what animals do pastoralist herd? where are they typically located?

animals= goats, sheep, cattle, camels, yaks. location= north and eastern Africa, middle east, Asia, Europe

increases in the populations __ __has contributed to the increase of global calories since 1950

cereal grains

___ diseases have already occurred or are starting to form in every country around the world

chronic

as ___ grew due to factories and mass production, the ___ also grew with it meaning that there was more people to feed

cities, population

hunger

condition which people lack the basic food intake needed to provide them with the energy and nutrients to produce active lives

when children's dietary intake is inadequate, there immune systems ____

defense decreases

what is the goal of the two eastern world religions?

deliverance or liberation of the immortal human soul from bondage of the body

the high cost of food contributes to what?

dietary and nutritional problems

what do nonindustrial societies use for providing labor and helping with harvest/ fertilizer?

domesticated animals

foragers are in groups or bands of less than 100 with less ____ ____

infectious diseases

___provides nutrients and a source of water for crops allowing for continual use rather than ___

irrigation, shifting

what kind of rations do kids eat? pregnant women?

kids- fortified peanut paste for protein, pregnant women- super cereal for lots of nutrients

food insecurity

limited or uncertain amount of foods

what causes over half the deaths of children worldwide?

malnutrition

world wide __ has doubled since 1980

obesity

___ in the united states and united kingdom have been linked to ___ segments of the population

obesity, poorer

transhumance

only a few people follow the heard

what are concerns of industrialized agriculture? (3)

pesticides and fertilizers, soil erosion and advancing deserts, and air and water pollution

what are peasant ag. at risk for?

poor nutrition

what is a major cause of hunger and malnutrition?

poverty

agriculture extensification

process of cultivating new lands

humanitarian daily rations are ___ for humanitarian crisis

rations

nutrition transition

shift of dietary habit from complex carbs and higher fiber to higher fat and sugars as income increases

what do horticulturalist use to fertilize their soil? and do what to their plants?

slash and burn method, rotate plants cultivated

movements are trying to re-localize farming with (4)

slow movement food, community supported agriculture, food co-ops and buying clubs, organic food

increases of food production may be ___

slowing

what is horticulture?

small scale planting with simple tools. usually close to home and must have very productive land

___ women are most likely to give food to their children

starving

what do people use in order to get and process their foods?

technology- ranges from simple to complex

lowest income countries have an average daily supply of ___ calories per person

under 1,800 calories

food supply for people who are chronically undernourished is ___calories a day

under 2,000 calories

1/6 children are born ___ and over ___ million die before the age of 5, half from malnourishment causes

underweight, 10 million

dietary changes leading to these diseases have to do with the increase of ____

urbanization

what do peasant agriculturalist do?

use simple technology and intensive labor food for only their amount of people. Not much surplus

the 4 micronutrients/vitamin deficiencies found most common worldwide

vitamin A, zinc, iodine, iron

pastoral nomadism

whole group moves