NTS135: Unit 3 - Chapters 8 - 13
Select the best source of copper for absorption. Supplements Dietary sources
Dietary sources
Sodium is an electrolyte.
True
Smokers need more vitamin C daily than non-smokers because _____. smoking increases exposure of the lungs to free radicals. they tend to over-excrete vitamin C from food sources. they tend to malabsorb vitamin C from food sources.
smoking increases exposure of the lungs to free radicals.
The major positively charged ion in extracellular fluid is
sodium
Water is efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract because of active pumping of _____ ions into the absorptive cells.
sodium
What was the first treatment for scurvy in 1740? 1 large apple a day 2 oranges and 1 lemon a day 2 plums a day 2 bananas and 1 lemon a day
2 oranges and 1 lemon a day
The RDA for vitamin B-6 for women is _____ mg/day.
1.3
Although we only need about 500 milligrams of sodium from unprocessed food, the average adult consumes how much sodium per day?
2300 to 4700 milligrams
The only reliable way to correct iron-deficiency anemia is avoiding megadoses of calcium, copper, and zinc. 6 weeks of iron supplementation. 3-6 months or longer of iron supplementation. consuming a variety of plan and animal sources of iron.
3-6 months or longer of iron supplementation.
The adequate intake (AI) for pantothenic acid for adults is _____ mg/day for adult men and women.
5
Where is most of the magnesium in the body stored?
Bone
Choline is widely distributed in foods.
True
Which of the following is NOT a good food source of copper? Walnuts Shrimp Yogurt Power bar
Yogurt
In healthy individuals, aging generally results in _____ in bone mineral density.
a decrease
Chromium deficiency may lead to
hyperglycemia
A deficiency of _____ could lead to hemorrhage. vitamin B-12 vitamin K vitamin E iron
vitamin K
Which of these micronutrients are important for blood clotting? Check all that apply. potassium vitamin K calcium riboflavin
vitamin K calcium
Which of the following vitamins are implicated in bone health? vitamin B-6 Riboflavin vitamin K vitamin D
vitamin K vitamin D
Although requirements for _____ are small, depriving the body of any one of these important dietary components can be debilitating or even deadly.
vitamins and minerals
Hyponatremia occurs when too much _____ is consumed.
water
If the extracellular fluid is hypertonic to the intracellular fluid,
water will move out of the cell
Does the FDA have limited resources to police supplement manufacturers? no yes
yes
The breakdown of bone tissue by osteoclasts is known as
resorption
Cow's milk is an excellent source of
riboflavin
In the process of bone remodeling, osteocytes
synthesize new bone.
From 50% to 70% of a person's body weight comes from water.
True
Most unusable substances in the body can dissolve in water and exit the body through the urine.
True
Name a mineral that is mostly stored in bones and teeth
calcium
Name one mineral that may help to lower blood pressure.
calcium
Place the steps of nerve impulse transmission in the proper sequence beginning with the resting state (at the top)
1. Resting state 2. Stimulus 3. Depolarization 4. Repolarization
Excess alcohol intake is considered to be the _____ lifestyle factor factor that contributes to the risk for hypertension
#3
What proportion of body fluid is found in the following compartments?
2/3: intracellular fluid 1/3: extracellular fluid
Excessive intake of Vitamin E can interfere with which vitamin? C K A D
K
Which of the following minerals participates in bone formation, antioxidant reactions, and metabolism of glucose and amine acids?
Manganese
Select all of the minerals below that play a role in bone strength
calcium magnesium phosphorus
The B vitamins are absorbed into the lymph system.
False
The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.
False
True or False: Consuming vitamin D with meals that contain iron is the best way to increase your absorption of iron.
False
Rank the following lifestyle factors in order of their contribution to the development of hypertension (most influential at the top of the list).
1. Obesity 2. Inactivity 3. Excessive alcohol intake 4. Excessive salt intake
True or false: Animals born and raised in a sterile environment have a stronger immune system capable of fighting more diseases.
False
Rank the following food sources from lowest (at the top) to highest (at the bottom) magnesium content.
1. whole-wheat bread, 1 slice 2. banana, 1 medium 3. plain yogurt, 1 cup 4. spinach, 1 cup
About how much sun exposure is needed per day to ensure a full day's supply of vitamin D?
10 minutes
What proportion of the population is estimated to be sodium sensitive?
10-15%
Which of the following represents the UL for vitamin B-6?
100 mg/day
Not including water from food and metabolism, how much fluid should a healthy adult man consume each day?
13 cups
Not including water from food and metabolism, how much fluid should a healthy adult man consume each day?
13 cups (The AI for total water intake for men is about 15 cups per day, but only 13 cups need to be consumed as fluids)
The adult RDA for niacin is _____ mg/day for women or _____ mg/day for men.
14; 16
To balance the risk of skin cancer from too much sun exposure with the sun exposure we need to produce vitamin D, children and adults should expose hands, face, and arms to sunlight for _____ minutes daily.
15
Evaporation of 1 quart of perspiration releases about _____ kilocalories of heat energy from the body.
600
The respiratory system, urinary system, and the body's buffer systems function to maintain the pH of blood and extracellular fluids at
7.4
To avoid exposure to harmful chemicals and microorganisms, which of the following should you look for when choosing a reusable water bottle?
A wide mouth. Recycling codes 2 or 4. Absence of cracks and scratches.
What type of environment is necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the body?
Acidic
_____ is the term used to describe the transmission of an electrical signal along the length of a neuron.
Action potential
_____ decrease vitamin B-6 status by damaging the vitamin B-6 coenzyme and impairing absorption and metabolism of the vitamin.
Alcohol
Which of the following are factors that influence hydration status?
Ambient temperature Physical activity Alcohol intake Caffeine intake
Which of the following products are considered to be supplements in the United States? Amino acids Fortified milk Vitamins Minerals
Amino acids Vitamins Minerals
Which of the following are food sources of vitamin E? Select all that apply. Avocado, 1 medium Almonds, 1 ounce Chunky peanut butter, 2 tablespoons Hamburger patty, 1 medium
Avocado, 1 medium Almonds, 1 ounce Chunky peanut butter, 2 tablespoons
Match the recommendation for cancer prevention with its best definition. Avoid sugary drinks - Limit consumption of salty foods - Don't use supplements to prevent cancer - Be physically active - - Best to choose a balanced diet rich in variety and whole foods. - Increases risk of stomach cancer and hypertension. - Limit consumption of energy-dense foods. - 30 minutes every day.
Avoid sugary drinks - Limit consumption of energy-dense foods. Limit consumption of salty foods - Increases risk of stomach cancer and hypertension. Don't use supplements to prevent cancer - Best to choose a balanced diet rich in variety and whole foods. Be physically active - 30 minutes every day.
Alcoholics tend to have impaired absorption of which of the following vitamins?
B vitamins
Why is higher bone mineral density at age 25 predictive of better bone health at age 65?
Beginning adulthood with high bone mineral density lessens the impact of inevitable age-related bone loss. Minerals provide strength and structure to withstand fractures.
Which carotenoid is the only one that can be sufficiently absorbed and converted to retinol? Beta-carotene Alpha-carotene Retinoic Acid
Beta-carotene
For a normal bone calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?
Bones
The acronym that will help you remember the many early warning signs of cancer is _____.
CAUTION Change in bowel or bladder habits. A sore that does not heal. Unusual bleeding or discharge. Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere. Indigestion or difficultly in swallowing. Obvious change in a wart or mole. Nagging cough or hoarseness.
Which of the following are transported by hemoglobin? Select all that apply. CO2 H2O Cu O2
CO2 O2
Which type of calcium supplement can be taken without regard to meals?
Calcium citrate
_____ is abnormal and uncontrollable division of cells that results from mutations in DNA.
Cancer
_____ as found in fruits and vegetables lessen the risk of macular degeneration and cataracts. Vitamin A Retinoids Carotenoids Beta-carotene
Carotenoids
True or false: Natural food sources of minerals put people at significant risk for mineral toxicities.
False
_____ ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach and are also used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells.
Chloride
Processed foods are the main source of which nutrients in North American diets?
Chloride Sodium
Which of the following are characteristics of a red blood cell? Check all that apply. Multiple nuclei Concave surface Rigid structure Contain hemoglobin
Concave surface Contain hemoglobin
Our bodies are able to synthesize vitamin _____ from exposure to sunlight.
D
Free radicals can damage the _____ inside cells, which directs how cells grow and develop. This damage is particularly influential in the development of cancer. mitochondrial membrane DNA ribosome cytosol
DNA
True or false: Trace minerals are categorized as such because they have relatively minor functions in the human body.
False
True or false: Vitamins are considered non-essential nutrients because we need them in small amounts.
False
Which of the following contribute to the environmental impact of widespread use of bottled water?
Disposal of plastic packaging. Energy use associated with storage of bottled water. Use of fuel to transport bottled water.
Match each type of water with the agency responsible for its safety.
EPA: tap water FDA: bottled water
Which of the following population groups should be monitored closely for dehydration? Select all the apply.
Endurance athletes Sick children Older adults
Which exerts the greatest risk for cancer development? Genetics Environment
Environment [only 5% to 10% of cancers are inherited]
What is the main diet-cancer risk factor? Lack of dairy products Excess calories Excess protein Lack of fruits and vegetables
Excess calories
Mary tells you that she is taking 1 gram of vitamin C daily to prevent a cold. Which of the following is true regarding megadoses of vitamin C? [note: 1 gram = 1000 milligrams] She should also take a zinc supplement as well. Too much vitamin C can cause liver damage. Scientific evidence clearly supports the use of megadoses of vitamin C for prevention of colds. Excess vitamin C is excreted from the body.
Excess vitamin C is excreted from the body.
The fluid contained outside the cell is called what type of fluid?
Extracellular
A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.
False
All people with high blood pressure are sodium sensitive
False
Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets.
False
Phosphorus deficiency is a very serious and relatively common concern.
False
True or False: Milk alternatives are now widely available, but decreasing in popularity.
False milk alternatives are now widely available and increasing in popularity
The body is able to store which group of vitamins? Water-soluble vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
Which of the following is a role of sodium in the human body?
Fluid balance
Which of the following statements about fluoridation of municipal water supplies is correct?
Fluoridation of the public water supply decreases incidence of dental caries
Which B vitamin is important in DNA synthesis? Riboflavin Thiamin Folate Niacin
Folate
Which vitamin is more potent in the synthetic form than the natural form? Folate Vitamin E Niacin Thiamin
Folate (synthetic folic acid)
Which of the following are functions of vitamin C? Formation of collagen. Wound healing. Fluid regulation. Night vision.
Formation of collagen. Wound healing.
Lana follows a lactoovovegetarian diet. Which of the following is the best source of iron for her? Tacos with lean ground beef. Fortified breakfast cereal. Navy beans. Scrambled eggs.
Fortified breakfast cereal
Megadoses of niacin are sometimes used to lower blood lipids in patients with cardiovascular disease. A risk of chronically exceeding the UL for niacin is damage to the
GI tract. liver.
Which of the following are potential consequences of copper toxicity? Select all that apply. Gastrointestinal disturbances. Blood clotting. Liver damage. Kidney damage.
Gastrointestinal disturbances. Liver damage. Kidney damage.
What is the name of the specialized tissue/cells located throughout the GI tract that keep pathogens from entering the bloodstream? Antibody-mediated immunity Thymus Spleen Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
Which type of water generally comes from underground wells and usually contains calcium, magnesium, and iron?
Hard Water
What is the relationship between folate and vitamin B-12? High levels of vitamin B-12 cause a greater risk for a folate deficiency. Low levels of folate can cause a greater risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency. Low levels of folate can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency. High levels of folate can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.
High levels of folate can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.
Choose the statements that are TRUE about the gut microbiota. Check all that apply. Human are born with a sterile gut, which becomes colonized with microorganisms after birth. The composition of gut microbiota varies from person to person. A person's dietary pattern can influence the community of microorganisms that populate the GI tract. An infant is born with the same gut microbiota as his or her mother.
Human are born with a sterile gut, which becomes colonized with microorganisms after birth. The composition of gut microbiota varies from person to person. A person's dietary pattern can influence the community of microorganisms that populate the GI tract.
What are secondary functions of iron within the human body? Check all that apply. Immune function Part of many enzymes Hair growth and development Brain function
Immune function Part of many enzymes Brain function
Which of the following are functions of chloride in the human body?
Immune response. Stomach acid production. Nerve impulse conduction.
Which of the following are possible outcomes associated with dehydration?
Increased thirst Increased fatigue Increased muscle weakness
What are the two other body systems that support the immune systems? Integumentary system (skin) Digestive system (GI tract) Skeletal system Cardiovascular system
Integumentary system (skin) Digestive system (GI tract)
Which of the following are components of extracellular fluid?
Interstitial fluid Lymph Plasma
Which of the following statements about metabolic water are true?
It is a by-product of chemical reactions in the body. It contributes to fluid balance.
Which meal is rick in thiamin?
Lean ham, acorn squash, wild rice pilaf, and soy milk
Potassium does what to blood pressure?
Lowers blood pressure
_____ is a carotenoid that has been shown to reduce risk of skin and prostate cancer.
Lycopene
_____ tissue refers to specialized cells that participate in the immune response, including the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and white blood cells. Antibody Connective Lymphoid Nervous
Lymphoid
Which of the following is considered a major mineral (needed in quantities of greater than 100mg)? Iron Magnesium Copper Manganese
Magnesium
Which of the following are functions of water?
Medium for chemical reactions. Lubricates joints. Maintains body temperature.
A nutrient that yields no energy and is required in small amounts (milligrams or micrograms per day) is a Macronutrient Micronutrient
Micronutrient
Why are dietary supplements NOT the ideal way to promote optimal brain health? Check all that apply. Supplements only help improve mood related to anxiety. Missing phytochemicals from whole foods. Lacks the synergistic effects of whole foods.
Missing phytochemicals from whole foods. Lacks the synergistic effects of whole foods.
_____ is a unique vitamin because it can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan. Thiamin Niacin Vitamin D Riboflavin
Niacin
Which of the following represents the UL for riboflavin?
No UL exists.
Which of the following factors is likely to increase bone mass?
Obesity
In the process of bone remodeling, bone cell synthesis is accomplished by which type of cell?
Osteoblasts
What is the term used for decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetic background, and poor diet in both genders, and hormonal changes at menopause in women?
Osteoporosis
_____ is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 2 million bone fractures each year in the United States
Osteoporosis
Which of the following is an organic acid found in spinach, rhubarb, and other leafy green vegetables that can depress the absorption of certain minerals (e.g., calcium) present in food? Amino acid Oxalic acid Citric acid
Oxalic acid
_____ describes a situation in which the production of free radicals outpaces the body's antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress Scurvy Radical absorption Rancidity
Oxidative stress
Mushrooms are a good source which B vitamin?
Pantothenic acid
Choose the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the United States. Check all that apply. Parkinson's Diabetes Alzheimer's Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson's Alzheimer's Multiple Sclerosis
Which of the following statements about ethnicity and bone health is true?
People of Asian descent are at increased risk of poor bone health.
Which of the following groups of people are at increased risk for a copper deficiency? Check all that apply. People taking high doses of zinc. Alcoholics. People recovering from GI surgery. Well-nourished infants.
People taking high doses of zinc. People recovering from GI surgery.
Which mineral is part of the genetic code in every cell, a functional component of bones and teeth, and a primary component of ATP?
Phosphorus
Identify the sources of vitamin K. Check all that apply. Plant oils. Green, leafy vegetables. Yellow fruits and vegetables. Fatty fish.
Plant oils. Green, leafy vegetables.
_____ account(s) for 55% of blood volume. Red blood cells Platelets Plasma White blood cells
Plasma
Match each step in hemostasis to its description. Vasoconstriction Platelet plug Coagulation Platelets adhere to one another and to damaged tissue. Blood changes from liquid to solid. Narrowing of blood vessels.
Platelet plug - Platelets adhere to one another and to damaged tissue. Coagulation - Blood changes from liquid to solid. Vasoconstriction - Narrowing of blood vessels.
Which two food groups provide the richest sources of vitamin B-6?
Protein foods Grains
Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin C? Check all that apply. Red peppers, 1/4 cup Squash, 1/2 cup Orange, 1 Strawberries, 1 cup
Red peppers, 1/4 cup Orange, 1 Strawberries, 1 cup
How are trace minerals different from major minerals?
Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more
Which of the following B-vitamins plays a role in the body's antioxidant defense system as a coenzyme for glutathione peroxidase?
Riboflavin
Give an example of a mineral that serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that neutralize free radicals in the body.
Selenium
Which of the following situations may cause anemia? Check all that apply. Significant blood loss. Decrease in red blood cell production. Consuming iron with vitamin C. Decrease in hemoglobin production.
Significant blood loss Decrease in red blood cell production Decrease in hemoglobin production
Which of the following are examples of micronutrients? Sodium Fiber Calcium Iron
Sodium Calcium Iron
_____ is the choline-containing compound that helps to insulate nerve cells.
Sphingomyelin
Which of the following could lead to metabolic acidosis?
Starvation Emphysema Poorly controlled diabetes
the results of DEXA measurements are known as
T scores
To be classified as a vitamin, a substance should meet which criteria? Check all that apply. They are energy-yielding nutrients. The body is unable to synthesize enough to maintain health. Over time, a lack produces deficiency symptoms. They are composed of non-carbon-containing substances. They are needed in large amounts to maintain health.
The body is unable to synthesize enough to maintain health. Over time, a lack produces deficiency symptoms.
The mineral content of plants greatly depends on the following factor: The heat in the environment in which they are grown. The moisture in the environment in which they are grown. The mineral concentrations of the soil in which they are grown.
The mineral concentrations of the soil in which they are grown.
Which of the following statements describe free radicals? Select all that apply. They are unnecessary in human physiology. They can damage cell membranes. They have an imbalance between protons and electrons. They are unstable.
They can damage cell membranes. They have an imbalance between protons and electrons. They are unstable.
Choose statements that are TRUE about probiotics. Check all that apply. They are food ingredients that are not digested by the host, but serve as fuel for microorganisms. They exert positive effects on human health when consumed in sufficient quantities. They are live microorganisms. They are nonliving microorganisms.
They exert positive effects on human health when consumed in sufficient quantities. They are live microorganisms.
What is the easiest way to determine if you are drinking enough water?
To observe the color of your urine.
What type of nutrient is fluoride?
Trace mineral
Biotin can be synthesized by bacteria that live in the human gastrointestinal tract.
True
By slowly reducing dietary sodium and substituting lemon juice, herbs, and spices, you can eventually become accustomed to a diet that contains minimal sodium but does not result in much of a flavor trade-off.
True
The foods that contribute most of the sodium in the adult diet are not necessarily the foods with the highest sodium content.
True
There is no UL for thiamin because excess thiamin is readily excreted from the body\.
True
True or false: Folate is a very fragile vitamin that is easily destroyed by heating or exposure to oxygen.
True
True or false: Frozen vegetables and fruits are often as nutrient rich as freshly harvested produce.
True
True or false: Older adults are encouraged to seek a synthetic vitamin B-12 source to aid absorption.
True
True or false: Those with decreased immune function have a higher need for vitamin C.
True
milk is a very good source of phosphorus
True
If a person is severely dehydrated, a coma may result.
True (When fluid losses reach 20% of body weight, coma and death may soon follow)
When selecting a dietary supplement, the _____ on the package label is an indication that the product has been tested for strength, quality, and purity. structure/function claim USDA symbol USP symbol FDA disclaimer
USP symbol
Which of the following accounts for the highest volume of fluids lost per day for a healthy adult?
Urine. Urine accounts for about 1950 milliliters per day of fluid losses.
Which of the following MyPlate food groups has the highest nutrient density for folate? Vegetables Protein foods Dairy Fruits
Vegetables
Choose the statements that are TRUE about zinc. Vital for white blood cell formation and function. Chronic excess intakes have been shown to strengthen immune function. Excess intakes do not provide additional benefit for immune function.
Vital for white blood cell formation and function. Excess intakes do not provide additional benefit for immune function.
_____ is a fat-soluble vitamin that participates in growth, development, and reproduction. Selenium Vitamin E Vitamin A Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Along with protein and essential fatty acids, which of the following micronutrients are implicated in optimal immune function? Choline Vitamin A Vitamin C Zinc
Vitamin A Vitamin C Zinc
The stomach produces the intrinsic factor that is necessary in order to absorb which vitamin? Vitamin C Vitamin B-12 Vitamin B-6 Vitamin D
Vitamin B-12
Which vitamin aids in the absorption of iron? Vitamin D Vitamin B-12 Vitamin C Vitamin A
Vitamin C
_____ enhances iron absorption. Folate Thiamin Niacin Vitamin C
Vitamin C
Which of the following examples explains why the human body can survive without food longer than without water.
We cannot conserve or store water as well as we can the other components of our diet.
As a result of a chronically inadequate iodine intake, an adult may develop
a goiter
A deficiency of pantothenic acid may occur in
a nutrient-deficient diet. an alcoholic.
The richest source of vitamin B-12 would be whole-grain bread. spinach. a tuna fish sandwich. an orange.
a tuna fish sandwich
Typical North American intakes of riboflavin are _____ the RDA.
above
The B vitamins play a role in metabolism by
acting as coenzymes
As we are exposed to pathogens, our body responds to the pathogens by producing antibodies. This is called _____ immunity.
adaptive
The majority of salt present in the American food supply is
added during food processing. About 80% of the salt in the American diet is added to foods during processing or in restaurant meals.
For which of the following population groups does typical calcium intake fall short of recommendations in the United States?
adolescent girls. young adult women. older adult men.
Migraine headaches appear to be associated with foods that precipitate changes in blood flow and neurotransmitter release in the brain. Foods commonly cited as triggers include _____ (Check all that apply) whole grains chocolate aged cheese cured meats red wine
aged cheese cured meats chocolate red wine
Coenzymes play an important role in metabolism because they aid in the function of activating enzymes permanently attach to enzymes in order to be effective
aid in the function of activating enzymes
People who suffer from _____ are at risk of thiamin deficiency.
alcoholism
Mrs. Richter's blood pH is 7.5. She has
alkalosis
Those consuming megadoses of vitamin C should alert their physicians of this since megadoses can led to constipation and diverticulitis. led to diabetes in older adults. alter the results of diabetes and blood in feces tests.
alter the results of diabetes and blood in feces tests.
Increases in allergies and autoimmune diseases may be attributed to genetics. poor sleep habits. vigorous exercise. alterations to the microbiota.
alterations to the microbiota.
Molybdenum participates in
amino acid metabolism
The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called _____ fluid.
amniotic
Heme iron is found in dairy products. whole grains. animal flesh. beans and legumes.
animal flesh
Match the word with its most appropriate definition. antibody phagocyte lysozyme antigen - blood protein that binds foreign proteins found in the body - foreign substance that stimulates an immune response - immune cell that engulfs pathogens - enzyme that can destroy bacteria
antibody - blood protein that binds foreign proteins found in the body phagocyte - immune cell that engulfs pathogens lysozyme - enzyme that can destroy bacteria antigen - foreign substance that stimulates an immune response
The body increases fluid conservation by producing hormones. The _____ hormone forces the kidneys to conserve water. The kidneys respond by reducing urine flow.
antidiuretic
Carotenoids may play a role in preventing cardiovascular disease due to their _____ function. immunostimulatory antioxidant prebiotic pro-oxidant
antioxidant
Vitamin C may reduce cancer risk due to its role in carnitine synthesis. function in single carbon metabolism. role in collagen synthesis. antioxidant properties.
antioxidant properties.
Cells of the digestive system and skin are among the first to be affected by deficiencies of B vitamins because these cells
are metabolically active. undergo rapid turnover.
Consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins is a problem because they add to body weight are excreted by the kidneys alter the acid-base balance of the blood are stored by the body
are stored by the body
Iron needs are increased _____ (Check all that apply) at high altitudes. during pregnancy. during infancy. after menopause.
at high altitudes. during pregnancy. during infancy.
Although the vitamin B-6 requirements of _____ are somewhat higher than the RDA, their needs are typically met by the diet.
athletes
What are some reasons an individual may choose to avoid dairy products?
avoid antibiotics and hormones milk protein allergy vegan diet lactose intolerance
Rich dietary sources of niacin include
beef poultry fish
A person experiencing weakness, loss of appetite, poor coordination, and edema caused from lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency disease known as
beriberi
Choline is a precursor for _____, which transfers single-carbon groups in metabolic reactions.
betaine
A B-vitamin that functions in the addition of carbon dioxide to other compounds during metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids is _____.
biotin
The protein called avidin in raw egg whites binds to _____ and inhibits its absorption.
biotin
The protein called avidin in raw egg whites inhibits the absorption of
biotin
What are the early symptoms of scurvy? Check all that apply. bleeding gums pinpoint hemorrhages joint pain hair loss
bleeding gums pinpoint hemorrhages joint pain
White cells, red cells, platelets, and plasma are the four main components of bone marrow blood serum lymph
blood
Vitamin K and calcium work together to prevent oxidative damage. hypertension. blood clots. blood loss.
blood loss
Which of the following are functions of calcium?
bone building. muscle function. blood clotting.
Functions of vitamin K include (Check all that apply) bone mineralization producing hemoglobin blood clotting forming red blood cells
bone mineralization blood clotting
The continual balance of degradation and resynthesis of bone by osteoclasts and osteoblasts is called
bone remodeling
Phosphate functions as an important _____ in human metabolism.
buffer
A compound, such as the phosphate ion, that resists change in pH of a solution by binding to or releasing hydrogen ions is a(n)
buffer.
Vitamin D can be synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine by the skin from the amino acid tryptophan by the liver and kidneys
by the skin
Supplements _____ claim to prevent, treat, or cure a disease. cannot can
cannot
The thiamin coenzyme is particularly important for the release of energy from
carbohydrates
Provitamin A carotenoids function as antioxidants and help to prevent _____. Check all that apply. hemorrhages. cardiovascular disease in high-risk people. some cancers. rickets and osteomalacia.
cardiovascular disease in high-risk people. some cancers.
Alpha carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin are three _____ that can be converted to retinol. provitamins free radicals retinoids carotenoids
carotenoids
Dark green and yellow-orange vegetables are sources of preformed vitamin A. carotenoids. retinoids.
carotenoids.
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that primarily functions in
cell membrane structure
To improve intake of antioxidant nutrients, drink water instead of sugar-sweetened beverages. choose a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables. limit intake of fats and oils. select skim or low-fat milk instead of whole milk.
choose a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
Glucose intolerance may be a sign of _____ deficiency.
chromium
Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C? Check all that apply. citrus fruits whole wheat bread strawberries peppers
citrus fruits strawberries peppers
A compound that combines with an inactive enzyme to form an active enzyme is called a(n)
coenzyme
What is a substance (e.g. mineral) called when it binds to a specific region on a protein and is necessary for the protein's function? hormone enzyme coenzyme cofactor
cofactor
Minerals function as _____ by aiding a protein such as an enzyme, to do its job.
cofactors
Because of its roles in iron transport and development of red blood cells, a deficiency of the mineral _____ can lead to anemia. copper calcium biotin potassium
copper
The mineral _____ is a component of ceruloplasmin, a blood protein that functions in iron metabolism.
copper
An excessive zinc intake over time can lead to problems with the metabolism of iron. copper. protein. vitamin A
copper.
Bones consist of
cortical and trabecular bone bone marrow a layer of periosteum
Plant fibers, such as physic acid and oxalic acid, can _____ the absorption of some minerals. increase decrease
decrease
As pH increases, the acidity of a fluid
decreases
cortical bone
dense bone tissue that provides strength and stability
Children are frequently victims of iron poisoning because _____ (Check all that apply) dietary supplements may be stored in areas that are accessible to children. iron supplements are not properly labeled. a single large dose of iron can be life threatening. an iron supplement can look a lot like candy.
dietary supplements may be stored in areas that are accessible to children. a single large dose of iron can be life threatening. an iron supplement can look a lot like candy.
Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient can be excreted incorporated into cells lost in cooking water digested and absorbed
digested and absorbed
The term bioavailability refers to how well a nutrient is
digested and absorbed by the body.
Calcium supplements may be recommended for people who
do not tolerate lactose. follow a vegan diet. have a milk allergy.
Based on current research, the American Heart Association _____ vitamin E supplements to the general population for prevention of cardiovascular disease.
does not recommend
Jenny would like to increase her iron intake, but doesn't want to take a supplement. Jenny could take an amino acid supplement. add a serving of yogurt to her diet daily. eat a fortified, ready-to-eat breakfast cereal. drink a protein powder shake.
eat a fortified, ready-to-eat breakfast cereal.
To meet the daily requirements for folate, a person might include which foods in his or her diet? Check all that apply. apple juice. enriched cereals. pork and lean beef. green leafy vegetables.
enriched cereals. green leafy vegetables.
Which of the following types of cells transports oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream? lymphocytes monocytes basophils erythrocytes
erythrocytes
Low levels of the female reproductive hormone _____ are detrimental to bone health because this hormone stimulates osteoblast activity.
estrogen
In North American, intake of B vitamins generally
exceeds recommendations
When blood sodium levels are high, the kidneys respond by
excreting sodium into the urine.
True or false: It is a good idea to take a multivitamin and mineral supplement because it is not possible to obtain adequate nutrition from food sources.
false
The _____-soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than _____-soluble vitamins fat; water water; fat
fat; water
Choline deficiency could lead to
fatty liver. abnormal blood lipids.
A diet high in _____, particularly above daily recommendations, can decrease the absorption of iron, zinc, and possible other minerals. red meat acidic foods water-soluble vitamins fiber
fiber
Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as _____ are not present to hinder absorption. fiber vitamin C protein fat
fiber
Most water-soluble vitamins are not stored to any great extent because they are consumed daily by everyone nonessential nutrients quickly digested and used by the body cells filtered and excreted by the kidneys
filtered and excreted by the kidneys
About 80% of the zinc in the diet of Americans is provided by _____. Check all that apply. fish meat and poultry dairy products fortified cereal fruits and vegetables
fish meat and poultry dairy products fortified cereal
Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus work together to maintain bone mineralization fluid balance in the body energy levels in the cell immune function
fluid balance in the body
Dentists recommend that people who drink primarily bottled water should include municipal tap water occasionally throughout the day to obtain
fluoride
Exceeding the UL for _____ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation
fluoride
Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral is supplied by
fluoride tablets toothpaste topical fluoride treatments
To lessen the risk of neural tube defects, all grain products must be fortified with niacin. iron. folic acid. thiamin.
folic acid
The body's needs to niacin are met by
food sources. synthesis from tryptophan.
For a person who cannot consume cow's milk due to an allergy or intolerance, alternative sources of calcium include
fortified soy milk. tofu. fortified orange juice.
Points to consider when choosing a multivitamin and mineral supplement include full list of ingredients how the supplement balances with other sources of nutrients (e.g., highly fortified foods) cost and availability % Daily Value of each nutrient
full list of ingredients how the supplement balances with other sources of nutrients (e.g., highly fortified foods) cost and availability % Daily Value of each nutrient
The preferred source of fuel for the brain is essential fatty acids lipid glucose amino acids
glucose
If the supply of a specific vitamin is inadequate, a deficiency disease related to that vitamin's function will develop immediately after the inadequate intake begins gradually over a period of time over the same period of time for each vitamin
gradually over a period of time
Like trace minerals, ultratrace minerals are present in the diet and in the human body in small amounts. However, unlike the 9 trace minerals, ultratrace minerals have not been shown to be essential for human health cannot be broken down into smaller components by human digestion are detrimental to human health can be synthesized in the body
have not been shown to be essential for human health
A deficiency of vitamin B-6 leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia. This means that the red blood cells _____ (Check all that apply) have pale color are large in size are small in size have normal color
have pale color are small in size
Exposure to _____ can cause a loss of certain vitamins. Select all that apply. heat oxygen refrigeration light
heat oxygen light
Which of the following are used to assess iron status in the clinical setting? Check all that apply. heme iron hematocrit white blood cell count hemoglobin
hematocrit hemoglobin
With vitamin K deficiency, blood is unable to clot, which may lead to atherosclerosis. hemorrhage. hemostasis. hypertension.
hemorrhage
Among older adults, marginal phosphorus status may be a concern if
high supplemental calcium intake competes with phosphorus for absorption. nutrient intake is low.
Osteoporotic fractures of the _____ lead to the worst outcomes, including long hospital stays, permanent disability, and even death
hip
The functions of trabecular bone include
housing bone marrow providing structural stability absorbing shock
The thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes are tissues specific to the _____ system. integumentary immune digestive hormonal
immune
Which of the following body systems are affected by vitamin B-6 deficiency?
immune nervous cardiovascular
Leukocytes are primarily responsible for immunity. hemostasis. oxygen transport. erythropoiesis.
immunity
Symptoms of a folate deficiency include dermatitis and diarrhea. impaired red blood cell synthesis. high levels of vitamin B-12. high blood cholesterol levels.
impaired red blood cell synthesis.
Choose the true statement about iodine
in the US you can purchase iodized or plain salt
The #2 lifestyle factor related to hypertension is
inactivity (inactivity is the #2 lifestyle factor related to hypertension)
Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with
inadequate sun exposure. vegan diets. milk allergies.
For sodium-sensitive individuals, as sodium intake increases, blood pressure
increases
When we are more active, our need for the B vitamins decreases remains the same increases
increases
During which phases of the life cycle does the rate of bone formation exceed the rate of bone loss?
infancy childhood young adulthood
The immunity that we are born with and is our first line of defense against infection is called _____ immunity.
innate
Perspiration and fluid loss through respiration are called _____ water losses.
insensible
The thyroid gland uses _____ to synthesize thyroid hormones.
iodine
Federal regulations require the enrichment of refined grain products with
thiamin iron niacin
Choose the nutrients that are important in the formation of brain tissue. Check all that apply. iodine iron essential fatty acids vitamin C
iodine iron essential fatty acids
A copper-containing enzyme helps in the release of zinc. iodide. iron. chromium.
iron
Ben is a 56-year-old man who takes acid-reducing medications to treat a stomach ulcer. At his yearly check-up, he reports unusual fatigue, cold hands and feet, and difficulty concentrating on tasks at work. He most likely has a deficiency of copper. calcium. iron. zinc.
iron
During the enrichment of refined grain products, _____ is the only mineral added, whereas the selenium, zinc, copper, and other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced.
iron
The nutrient most likely to be deficient in the diets of people worldwide is _____.
iron
Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral? iron zinc niacin copper
iron
What is the only nutrient for which the RDA is higher for women than for men?
iron
Myoglobin is the _____ protein that binds oxygen in muscle tissue. iron-containing sodium-containing calcium-containing potassium-containing
iron-containing
The periosteum
is found on the outer surface of bones. is connected to muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
A folate deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk for birth defects because folate _____ is needed for the proper development of the neural tube in the fetus. is needed for thyroid hormone synthesis. regulates blood calcium levels. regulates iron metabolism.
is needed for the proper development of the neural tube in the fetus.
Vitamin B-12 is important for neurological health because it has an antioxidant role in nervous tissue. is required for formation of myelin. is a precursor to some neurotransmitters.
is required for formation of myelin
Water resists changes in temperature because
it is a polar molecule
Water is an ideal medium for chemical reactions because
it is the universal solvent
The organ responsible for excreting excess amounts of the water-soluble vitamins is the kidney gallbladder liver skin
kidney
The heavy ion content of concentrated urine increases the risk of _____ formation in susceptible people (generally men).
kidney stones
trabecular bone
lattice-like bone tissue that acts to absorb shock
Which items may be added to foods in place of salt when trying to reduce total sodium intake?
lemon juice herbs spices
Compared to natural forms of vitamin E in foods, the synthetic form of vitamin E found in most dietary supplements has _____ more biological activity. less biological activity. equal biological activity.
less biological activity.
Exposure to _____ can cause a loss of certain vitamins.
light oxygen heat
A person with dark skin would need a _____ exposure time to sunlight to synthesize vitamin D.
longer
Clusters of lymphoid tissue situated along the lymph vessels that trap and destroy pathogens are called _____ macrophages. lymph nodes. lysozymes. phagocytes.
lymph nodes.
The minerals potassium and _____ can decrease blood pressure and prevent heart rhythm abnormalities.
magnesium (magnesium and potassium have similar effects in the body)
The pH of body fluids must be maintained within a narrow range to
maintain enzyme function. prevent denaturation of body proteins.
Sodium and chloride are ultratrace minerals. major minerals. trace minerals.
major minerals.
Based on current evidence, the National Institutes of Health _____ warns that daily use of a multivitamin and mineral supplement is linked to increased risk of chronic diseases. makes no recommendation, neither for nor against, use of multivitamin and mineral supplements. recommends that all healthy adults would benefit from daily use of a balanced multivitamin and mineral supplement.
makes no recommendation, neither for nor against, use of multivitamin and mineral supplements.
Typical North American B vitamin status is good because
many foods are fortified with B vitamins. B vitamins are efficiently absorbed. sources of B-vitamins are plentiful.
Which of the following types of bone tissue contain stem cells?
marrow
Typical North Americans _____ the RDA for thiamin.
meet or exceed
Folate deficiency results in _____ anemia. pernicious megaloblastic microcytic
megaloblastic
If cancer is left untreated, is can _____, which means it can spread to distant sites of the body.
metastasize
Electrolytes are dissolved
minerals
Whereas average calcium intakes of Americans fall recommendations, average intakes of _____ exceed the RDA for this nutrient.
phosphorus
What accounts for the huge variation in cancer rates from country to country? Check all that apply. genetics modifiable lifestyle environmental exposures
modifiable lifestyle environmental exposures
Milk and diary products, beans, whole grains, and nuts are all good food sources of
molybdenum
The _____ form of vitamin E has the highest potency. natural synthetic
natural
Vitamins that come from foods are classified as provitamins synthetic natural previtamins
natural
Megadoses of a form of _____ may be used as part of pharmacological therapy to lower blood lipids.
niacin
The coenzyme forms of _____ are involved in breakdown and synthesis of fat and protein.
niacin
With the highest milligrams of calcium per kcal, fat-free milk is the most _____ source of calcium.
nutrient-dense
An example of a fortified food is hamburger orange juice butter
orange juice
As ions are pumped across the cell membrane, water moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments by the process of
osmosis
The passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration is called
osmosis
Osteoblasts that become embedded into the bone matrix, where they synthesize bone tissue, are known as
osteocytes
The presence of _____ in food can decrease the bioavailability of calcium from the food, but not the absorption of calcium from other foods.
oxalates
What are factors that effect the bioavailability of calcium?
oxalates phytic acid tannins
Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of _____ acid.
oxalic
Which of the following B-vitamins functions in the release of energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as well as in fatty acid synthesis? Its name comes from the Greek word meaning "from every side."
pantothenic acid
Dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death are symptoms of the deficiency disease known as
pellagra
Groups at risk of a niacin deficiency include
people with disorders of tryptophan metabolism. alcoholics.
Identify the food sources high in vitamin C. Check all that apply. carrots peppers bananas strawberries
peppers strawberries
Found mostly in bone, _____ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.
phosphorus
periosteum
thick membrane that covers the bone surface
Which of the following are key nutrients required for synthesis, maintenance, and repair of bones?
phosphorus magnesium protein fluoride vitamin D calcium
Stimulating the immune system, reducing inflammation, reducing oxidative damage to cells, and activating insulin receptors are some of the functions of _____ essential fatty acids insulin phytochemicals water-soluble vitamins
phytochemicals
Pair the term with its best definition. zoochemicals phytochemicals health-promoting compounds found in plant foods health-promoting compounds found in animal foods
phytochemicals = health-promoting compounds found in plant foods zoochemicals = health-promoting compounds found in animal foods
There is evidence that following a _____ may reduce depression and anxiety. plant-based diet. a diet low in carbohydrates. a diet in monounsaturated and saturated fat. diet high in sugar.
plant-based diet
Free radicals damage the _____ in cell membranes. polyunsaturated fatty acids carbohydrates cholesterol transport proteins
polyunsaturated fatty acids
type 2 osteoporosis
porous trabecular and cortical bone in men and women that occurs after age 60
type 1 osteoporosis
porous trabecular bone in women that occurs following menopause
Which of the following are good sources of iron? Check all that apply. milk pot roast kidney beans oranges
pot roast kidney beans
Food ingredients that are not well digested by human enzymes and that serve as fuel for beneficial bacteria in the gut are called probiotics. prebiotics.
prebiotics.
Calcium absorption is increased by
pregnancy. the presence of lactose in the diet. high blood levels of parathyroid hormone.
Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include _____. Check all that apply pregnant women people following a high-fat diet preterm infants smokers
preterm infants smokers
The pH of body fluids must be maintained within a narrow range to
prevent denaturation of body proteins. maintain enzyme function.
Sports drinks contain electrolytes to
prevent hyponatremia
Choose the functions of the immune system. prevent infection build cell membranes remove abnormal cells break down aged and dying cells
prevent infection remove abnormal cells break down aged and dying cells
The most extensively studied benefit of _____ is on the reduction of diarrhea.
probiotics
Gas and abdominal bloating are the most common side effects of probiotics. synbiotics. prebiotics. cancer treatments.
probiotics.
The vitamin E content of a food depends on how it is _____. Check all that apply. grown processed stored cooked harvested
processed stored cooked harvested
The main function of cortical bone is to
provide strength and stability
About half of all chemical reactions in the body involve the exchange of electrons. When a compound in a reaction gains an electron, that compound has been _____. reduced oxidized
reduced
Antioxidants help reduce the risk of cancer by reducing cell damage from free radicals. targeting and destroying the cancer cells.
reducing cell damage from free radicals.
Potassium performs many of the same functions as sodium, such as
regulating fluid balance. nerve impulse transmission.
In the process of bone remodeling, osteoclasts
release minerals into the blood. break down bone tissue.
After an electrical signal has been transmitted from one part of the neuron to the next, _____ is the phase when positive ions are actively pumped out of the neuron to restore the slightly negative charge inside the cell membrane
repolarization
Inflammation of the mouth and tongue, painful cracks at the corners of the mouth, dermatitis, and sensitivity to the sun are symptoms of _____ deficiency.
riboflavin
Good food sources of manganese are
rice. nuts. leafy vegetables.
Name a mineral that helps to protect the body's cells from oxidative damage.
selenium
Those at increased risk for a vitamin C deficiency include _____. Check all that apply. smokers. vegans. non-smokers. young children. alcoholics.
smokers. alcoholics.
During nerve impulse transmission, the cell membrane becomes depolarized when
sodium ions rush into the cell.
Of the dairy-free milk substitutes, _____ has the highest protein content and protein quality
soy milk
bone marrow
spongy bone tissue that contains stem cells
Hemostasis describes body processes that form new blood cells. reduce blood volume. stop blood loss. dissolve blood clots.
stop blood loss
Due to a lack of product quality, the FDA now requires _____ makers to test the identity, purity, strength, and composition of all their products. supplement bread fruit and vegetable candy
supplement
The functions of vitamin B-6 include
synthesis of nonessential amino acids synthesis of neurotransmitters homocysteine metabolism
The water-soluble vitamins include vitamins D and E the B vitamins vitamin C vitamins K and D
the B vitamins vitamin C
Exercise is beneficial for bone health because
the additional stress on the bone increases bone mineral density.
When an antioxidant chemical donates an electron to a free radical, the antioxidant must be detoxified by the liver. the antioxidant becomes unstable and damages cell membranes. the antioxidant becomes unstable, but does not cause cellular damage. the free radical causes damage to DNA.
the antioxidant becomes unstable, but does not cause cellular damage
High intakes of dietary carotenoids do not result in toxicities because _____. Check all that apply. the efficiency of carotenoid absorption from the small intestine declines as intake increases. only supplemental sources are converted into vitamin A in the body. the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids into vitamin A is slow and regulated. excess carotenoids are rapidly excreted via urine.
the efficiency of carotenoid absorption from the small intestine declines as intake increases. the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids into vitamin A is slow and regulated.
The UL for folate refers only to folic acid because only folic acid is stored in the tissues. the folate that occurs naturally in foods has limited absorption. there are few natural food sources of folate. the synthetic form of the vitamin has limited absorption.
the folate that occurs naturally in foods has limited absorption.
A deficiency of vitamin B-12 could impair nerve function because of its role in red blood cell formation. the formation of the myelin sheath. neurotransmitter synthesis. regulating the flow of ions across the nerve cell membrane.
the formation of the myelin sheath.
Nutrients are lost during refinement of grains because
the germ, bran, and husk are discarded.
All women of childbearing age should consume adequate amounts of folate because it decreases the ability to get pregnant. folate alleviates symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. the neural tube closes before many women even know they are pregnant.
the neural tube closes before many women even know they are pregnant.
Infants are given an injection of vitamin K at birth because the bacteria in their intestines needs an antibody to activate the vitamin K. their intestines lack enough bacteria to produce vitamin K. the bacteria in their intestines destroy the vitamin K.
their intestines lack enough bacteria to produce vitamin K.
A riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with a deficiency of several other B vitamins because
these nutrients often occur in the same foods
Adequate status of folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 may reduce risk for cardiovascular disease because these vitamins inhibit enzymes that lead to cholesterol synthesis in the liver. foods that supply these vitamins are also rich sources of soluble fiber, which helps to lower blood cholesterol. these vitamins are necessary for metabolic reactions that clear homocysteine from the body. these vitamins bind to homocysteine and transport it to the liver for excretion.
these vitamins are necessary for metabolic reactions that clear homocysteine from the body.
Chronic use of antibiotics can affect blood health because they destroy microorganisms in the large intestine that synthesize vitamin K. they destroy stem cells in the bone marrow, thus inhibiting blood cell synthesis. they lead to lactase deficiency, which affects absorption of nutrients necessary for blood health. they bind to iron and copper in the stomach and limit their absorption.
they destroy microorganisms in the large intestine that synthesize vitamin K.
Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of
thiamin
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a result of _____ deficiency commonly seen among people who abuse alcohol.
thiamin
Cell fragments that clump together to form a blood clot are called thrombocytes. erythrocytes. leukocytes.
thrombocytes
Diuretics are prescribed
to lower blood pressure.
Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of _____ occur. deficiency toxicity hormone imbalance
toxicity
What type of nutrient is fluoride?
trace mineral
A deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins may result from _____. Check all that apply. use of mineral oil as a laxative cystic fibrosis use of weight-loss medications that interfere with fat absorption excessive intake of water-soluble vitamins
use of mineral oil as a laxative cystic fibrosis use of weight-loss medications that interfere with fat absorption
Lifestyle factors that help young women prevent osteoporosis include
using fortified foods to make up for specific nutrient shortfalls, such as vitamin D and calcium
An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a provitamin precursor mineral vitamin
vitamin
Exposure to light, heat, and oxygen can reduce a food's _____ content. protein mineral vitamin carbohydrate
vitamin
Which of the fat-soluble vitamins is most often associated with toxicity? vitamin D vitamin K vitamin E vitamin A
vitamin A
Which vitamin is responsible for the health of the epithelial cells? vitamin D B vitamins vitamin E vitamin A
vitamin A
Activation of folate coenzymes requires iron. vitamin B-12. ascorbic acid. copper.
vitamin B-12
Lack of intrinsic factor or stomach acid may lead to a deficiency of _____ despite adequate dietary intakes of this nutrient. folate iron vitamin B-6 vitamin B-12
vitamin B-12
Elevated blood levels of homocysteine increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Homocysteine metabolism requires which of the following nutrients?
vitamin B-6 vitamin B-12 folate
Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?
vitamin D
For most vitamins, the natural and synthetic forms have equal activity in the body. However, _____ is an example of a vitamin that is more potent in its natural form. vitamin C vitamin B-12 folate vitamin E
vitamin E
The fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin responsible for protecting cell membranes by helping to stop damage by free radicals is _____ vitamin E. vitamin A. vitamin K. vitamin D.
vitamin E
Name the fat-soluble vitamins vitamin E vitamin D vitamin A vitamin C vitamin K vitamin B
vitamin E vitamin D vitamin A vitamin K
High intakes of _____ can alter the effectiveness of anti-clotting medications, such as Coumadin. Check all that apply. folate vitamin C vitamin E vitamin K
vitamin E vitamin K
Certain population groups may benefit from a vitamin or mineral supplement. Match each population group with an appropriate supplement. women of childbearing age newborn babies adults with lactose intolerance women with heavy menstrual periods calcium and vitamin D vitamin K folic acid iron
women of childbearing age = folic acid newborn babies = vitamin K adults with lactose intolerance = calcium and vitamin D women with heavy menstrual periods = iron
If you know you are not getting a wide variety of plant foods in your diet you can _____. take a phytochemical supplement increase your intake of protein work to increase your intake of phytochemicals as you must get them from food drink more fluids
work to increase your intake of phytochemicals as you must get them from food
Acne-like rash, diarrhea, lack of appetite, delayed wound healing, impaired immunity, reduced sense of taste and smell, and hair loss are all symptoms of a _____ zinc deficiency chloride toxicity chloride deficiency zinc toxicity
zinc deficiency