NU272 PrepU: Metabolism (week 4)

Which skin disorder is likely to result from the localized lack of melanin production by melanocytes?

Vitiligo - In cases of vitiligo, depigmented areas may contain no melanocytes, greatly altered or decreased amounts of melanocytes, or, in some cases, melanocytes that no longer produce melanin. Melasma results from increased pigmentation. Neither bullae nor rashes are consequences of alteration in melanocyte function.

The nurse is teaching the client how to administer insulin. Which instruction should the nurse include?

"First withdraw clear, then cloudy insulin when mixing insulins in the same syringe." - The nurse should instruct the client to withdraw clear, then cloudy insulin when mixing two insulins in the same syringe. Insulin should never be shaken, because the resulting froth prevents withdrawal of an accurate dose and may damage the insulin protein molecules. Rapid-acting insulin should be administered no more than 15 minutes before a meal to avoid hypoglycemia. The client doesn't need to discard intermediate-acting insulin if it's cloudy; this finding is normal.

The nurse is assessing a male client and finds abnormally large hands and feet, a bulbous nose, and a broad face with a protruding jaw. Based on these findings, which endocrine abnormality is most likely the cause for these physical changes?

Acromegaly - Enlargement of the small bones of the hands and feet and of the membranous bones of the face and skull results in a pronounced enlargement of the hands and feet, a broad and bulbous nose, a protruding jaw, and a slanting forehead. Bone overgrowth often leads to arthralgias and degenerative arthritis of the spine, hips, and knees. Virtually every organ of the body is increased in size. Enlargement of the heart and accelerated atherosclerosis may lead to an early death. Hyperthyroidism results from excess thyroid hormone. Myxedema and Cushing syndrome are the result of adrenal abnormalities and do not cause these bone changes.

Which action should a nurse include in the care plan for a 2-month-old infant with heart failure?

Allow the infant to rest before feeding. - Because feeding requires so much energy, an infant with heart failure should rest before feeding. Bathing and weighing the infant and administering medications should be scheduled around feedings. An infant expends energy when crying; therefore, it's best if the infant doesn't cry.

When assessing the client with acute pancreatitis, which of these diagnostic tests—consistent with the disease— does the nurse anticipate will be altered?

Amylase and lipase - Serum amylase and lipase are the laboratory markers most commonly used to establish a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.

A nurse who provides care at a community clinic is in contact with a diverse group of patients. Which of the following individuals most clearly displays risk factors for stroke?

An obese woman with a history of atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes - Obesity, atrial fibrillation, and type 2 diabetes are all highly significant risk factors for stroke. None of the other listed individuals displays multiple risk factors for stroke.

The nurse is assessing a patient upon admission to the hospital. What significant nursing assessment data is relevant to renal function? Select all that apply.

Any voiding disorders, The patient's occupation, The presence of hypertension or diabetes - When obtaining the health history, the nurse should inquire about the following: dysuria (painful or difficult urination), as well as when during voiding (i.e., at initiation or at termination of voiding) this occurs; occupational, recreational, or environmental exposure to chemicals (plastics, pitch, tar, rubber); hypertension; or diabetes.

After having a very stressful day in pathophysiology class, the student knows that which hormone (secreted by the adrenal cortex) will help decrease the effects of stress?

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid - Glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol, affect metabolism of all nutrients; regulate blood glucose levels; affect growth; have anti-inflammatory action; and decrease effects of stress. The other hormones do not affect stress levels.

During physical examination of a client with a suspected endocrine disorder, the nurse assesses the body structures. The nurse gathers this data based on the understanding that it is an important aid in which of the following?

Detecting evidence of hormone hypersecretion. - The evaluation of body structures helps the nurse detect evidence of hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones. This helps in the assessment of findings that are unique to specific endocrine glands. Radiographs of the chest or abdomen are taken to detect tumors. Radiographs also determine the size of the organ and its location. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels determine the presence or absence of ADH and testosterone levels.

A nurse examines the laboratory values of a client in heart failure. Which value indicates a compensatory hormone mechanism?

Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone - In heart failure, the client experiences fluid backlog in the heart as venous blood continues to return, but cardiac output is reduced. This stretches the atria, which secrete atrial natriuretic hormone (or peptide) to stimulate vasodilation and increased renal excretion of sodium and water. This reduces the volume and the strain in the heart.

The nurse is caring for a client with hepatitis and jaundice. The nurse recognizes that without sufficient circulating bile salts the client will have intolerance to which ingested substance?

Fats - Lack of production of bile salts causes malabsorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins.

A client tells the health care provider that he has been very compliant over the last 2 months in the management of his diabetes. The best diagnostic indicator that would support the client's response would be:

Glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) - Glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), and A1C are terms used to describe hemoglobin into which glucose has been incorporated. Glycosylation is essentially irreversible, and the level of A1C present in the blood provides an index of blood glucose levels over the previous 6 to 12 weeks. In uncontrolled diabetes or diabetes with hyperglycemia, there is an increase in the level of A1C. The other options would not reflect the 2-month period.

A patient with a history of hypothyroidism is admitted to the intensive care unit unconscious and with a temperature of 95.2ºF. A family member informs the nurse that the patient has not taken thyroid medication in over 2 months. What does the nurse suspect that these findings indicate?

Myxedema coma - Myxedema coma is a rare life-threatening condition. It is the decompensated state of severe hypothyroidism in which the patient is hypothermic and unconscious (Ross, 2012a). This condition may develop with undiagnosed hypothyroidism and may be precipitated by infection or other systemic disease or by use of sedatives or opioid analgesic agents. Patients may also experience myxedema coma if they forget to take their thyroid replacement medication.

The nurse is caring for a client with cirrhosis. Which assessment findings indicate that the client has deficient vitamin K absorption caused by this hepatic disease?

Purpura and petechiae - A hepatic disorder, such as cirrhosis, may disrupt the liver's normal use of vitamin K to produce prothrombin (a clotting factor). Consequently, the nurse should monitor the client for signs of bleeding, including purpura and petechiae. Dyspnea and fatigue suggest anemia. Ascites and orthopnea are unrelated to vitamin K absorption. Gynecomastia and testicular atrophy result from decreased estrogen metabolism by the diseased liver.

The results of a client's 24-hour stool specimen indicate 20 g or more of fat. The nurse would interpret this as:

Steatorrhea - Steatorrhea is the term used to describe fatty stools. It usually indicates that there is 20 g or more of fat in a 24-hour stool sample.

When explaining the role of liver Kupffer cells to a group of nursing students, which statement about the function of these cells is most accurate?

The cells are capable of removing and phagocytizing old and defective blood cells. - Kupffer cells are reticuloendothelial cells that are capable of removing and phagocytizing old and defective blood cells, bacteria, and other foreign material from the portal blood as it flows through the sinusoid. This phagocytic action removes enteric bacilli and other harmful substances that filter into the blood from the intestine. Small tubular channels in the liver secrete bile. The functional unit of the liver is lobules. Approximately 25% of blood/min enters the liver through the hepatic artery.

A client is being evaluated for hypothyroidism. During assessment, the nurse should stay alert for

decreased body temperature and cold intolerance. - Hypothyroidism markedly decreases the metabolic rate, causing a reduced body temperature and cold intolerance. Other signs and symptoms include dyspnea, hypoventilation, bradycardia, hypotension, anorexia, constipation, decreased intellectual function, and depression. Exophthalmos; conjunctival redness; flushed, warm, moist skin; and a systolic murmur at the left sternal border are typical findings in a client with hyperthyroidism.

The nurse is assessing the body mass index (BMI) of an adult who is considered to be underweight. Which BMI result correlates with underweight status?

less than 18.5 - A BMI less than 18.5 is classified as being underweight. A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight. A BMI greater than 30.0 is diagnosed as obesity and is further divided into classes I (BMI 30.0 to 34.9), II (BMI 35.0 to 39.9), and III or extreme obesity (BMI >40). Body weight reflects both lean body mass and adipose tissue and cannot be used as a method for describing body composition or the percentage of fat tissue present.

During a follow-up visit to the physician, a client with hyperparathyroidism asks the nurse to explain the physiology of the parathyroid glands. The nurse states that these glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH maintains the balance between calcium and:

phosphorus. - PTH increases the serum calcium level and decreases the serum phosphate level. PTH doesn't affect sodium, potassium, or magnesium regulation.

A client is seen in the clinic for newly diagnosed hypothyroidism. Which topics should the nurse include in a client teaching plan? Select all that apply.

high-fiber, low-calorie diet., use of stool softeners., thyroid hormone replacements - The treatment for hypothyroidism includes a high-fiber, low-calorie diet, because weight gain and constipation are two symptoms of the disorder. Stool softeners are prescribed to prevent constipation, and thyroid hormone replacements are needed to supplement the under-functioning thyroid gland. A high-protein, high-calorie diet is commonly used for clients with hyperthyroidism, along with a thyroidectomy or irradiation of the thyroid gland.

The nurse is caring for a female client with cholelithiasis. When teaching the client about the disease, the nurse includes which of these points?

"Gallstones have developed, which are typically composed of cholesterol." - Cholelithiasis or gallstones is caused by precipitation of substances contained in bile, mainly cholesterol and bilirubin. It is most common in women, multiple pregnancies, those taking oral contraceptives or those who are obese.

The nurse provides teaching regarding levothyroxine to a client diagnosed with Hashimoto disease. What statement made by the client does the nurse interpret to mean that the drug teaching had been understood?

"I should take this medication on an empty stomach in the morning." - Adults who require thyroid replacement therapy need to understand that this will be a lifelong need. An established routine of taking the tablet first thing in the morning may help the client comply with the drug regimen. The drug should be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water. Antacids would slow or prevent absorption of the hormone replacement, so the client should be corrected.

A client with hyperparathyroidism declines surgery and is to receive hormone replacement therapy with estrogen and progesterone. Which instruction is most important for the nurse to include in the client's teaching plan?

"Maintain a moderate exercise program." - The nurse should instruct the client to maintain a moderate exercise program. Such a program helps strengthen bones and prevents the bone loss that occurs from excess parathyroid hormone. Walking or swimming provides the most beneficial exercise. Because of weakened bones, a rigorous exercise program such as jogging is contraindicated. Weight loss might be beneficial but it isn't as important as developing a moderate exercise program.

The nucleus is called the center of the cell because it has the ability to do which of the following?

It contains the DNA that is essential for protein synthesis to keep the cell alive. - The nucleus contains the DNA that is essential to the cell because its genes contain the information necessary for the synthesis of proteins that the cell must produce to stay alive. The messenger RNA copies and carries the DNA instructions. The mitochondria transforms compounds into energy.

A client is suspected to have a pituitary tumor due to signs of diabetes insipidus. What initial test does the nurse help to prepare the client for?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - A computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is performed to detect a suspected pituitary tumor or to identify calcifications or tumors of the parathyroid glands. A radioactive iodine uptake test would be useful for a thyroid tumor. Radioimmunoassay determines the concentration of a substance in plasma.

Nursing care for a client in addisonian crisis should include which intervention?

Placing the client in a private room - The client in addisonian crisis has a reduced ability to cope with stress as a result of an inability to produce corticosteroids. A private room is easy to keep quiet, dimly lit, and temperature controlled. Also, visitors can be limited to reduce noise, promote rest, and decrease the risk of infection. The client should be kept on bed rest, receiving total assistance with ADLs to avoid stress as much as possible. Because extremes of temperature should be avoided, measures to raise the body temperature, such as extra blankets and turning up the heat, should be avoided.

Sudoriferous glands secrete which type of substance?

Sweat - Sudoriferous glands are long, coiled tubes that secrete sweat through a duct on the body's surface. Sebaceous glands secrete oil (sebum). Endocrine glands secrete hormones. Together, ceruminous and sebaceous glands secrete cerumen.

Which results would indicate that levothyroxine sodium is effectively resolving the symptoms of a client with hypothyroidism?

increased energy, weight loss, and a higher temperature and pulse rate - The thyroid replacement medication will result in an increased rate of metabolism, indicated by the increase in temperature and pulse rate. As the metabolic rate increases, the client will have more energy and should lose the excess edema associated with myxedema or hypothyroidism. Vital signs will increase from the effects of thyroid hormone. A higher metabolic rate will burn more calories, so gaining weight will not usually occur. Lower oxygen saturation levels should not occur.

The nurse is assessing a client who has been prescribed treatment with isoniazid. What assessment finding would most likely necessitate contacting the health care provider to recommend discontinuing treatment?

jaundice - Jaundice is a clear indication of hepatotoxicity and would most likely warrant discontinuing treatment with isoniazid. Nausea would not likely prompt any change in treatment. Pruritus may be associated with liver damage but may also have other potential causes. Alopecia does not typically accompany isoniazid therapy.

A nurse is providing care for a client recovering from gastric bypass surgery. During assessment, the client exhibits pallor, perspiration, palpitations, headache, and feelings of warmth, dizziness, and drowsiness. The client reports eating 90 minutes ago. What will the nurse suspect?

Vasomotor symptoms associated with dumping syndrome - Early manifestations of dumping syndrome occur 15 to 30 minutes after eating. Signs and symptoms include vertigo, tachycardia, syncope, sweating, pallor, palpitations, diarrhea, nausea, and the desire to lie down. Dehiscence of the surgical wound is characterized by pain and a pulling or popping feeling at the surgical site. Peritonitis presents with a rigid, board-like abdomen, tenderness, and fever. The client's signs and symptoms aren't a normal reaction to surgery.