NURS 224 - Exam 1 - Chapters 1, 15, 20

Ch. 20 3. The health care provider prescribes ceftazidime (Fortaz) 75 mg per intravenous piggy back (IVPB) every 8 hours for a child with cystic fibrosis. The pharmacy sends the medication to the unit in a 100-ml bag with directions to run the medication over 30 minutes. What milliliters per hour will the nurse set the intravenous pump to run the medication over 30 minutes? Fill in the blank and record your answer in a whole number. _____________

ANS: 200 Perform the calculation. 100 ml ________ 60 minutes = 200 ml/hr 30 minutes

Ch. 20 31. What tests aid in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF)? a. Sweat test, stool for fat, chest radiography b. Sweat test, bronchoscopy, duodenal fluid analysis c. Sweat test, stool for trypsin, biopsy of intestinal mucosa d. Stool for fat, gastric contents for hydrochloride, radiography

ANS: A A sweat test result of greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic of CF, a high level of fecal fat is a gastrointestinal manifestation of CF, and a chest radiograph showing patchy atelectasis and obstructive emphysema indicates CF. Bronchoscopy, duodenal fluid analysis, stool tests for trypsin, and intestinal biopsy are not helpful in diagnosing CF. Gastric contents normally contain hydrochloride; it is not diagnostic.

Ch. 20 55. A school-age child with cystic fibrosis takes four enzyme capsules with meals. The child is having four or five bowel movements per day. The nurses action in regard to the pancreatic enzymes is based on the knowledge that the dosage is what? a. Adequate b. Adequate but should be taken between meals c. Needs to be increased to increase the number of bowel movements per day d. Needs to be increased to decrease the number of bowel movements per day

ANS: D The amount of enzyme is adjusted to achieve normal growth and a decrease in the number of stools to one or two per day.

Ch. 20 1. The nurse is preparing a staff education program about pediatric asthma. What concepts should the nurse include when discussing the asthma severity classification system? (Select all that apply.) a. Children with mild persistent asthma have nighttime signs or symptoms less than two times a month. b. Children with moderate persistent asthma use a short-acting b-agonist more than two times per week. c. Children with severe persistent asthma have a peak expiratory flow (PEF) of 60% to 80% of predicted value. d. Children with mild persistent asthma have signs or symptoms more than two times per week. e. Children with moderate persistent asthma have some limitations with normal activity. f. Children with severe persistent asthma have frequent nighttime signs or symptoms.

ANS: D, E, F Children with mild persistent asthma have signs or symptoms more than two times per week and nighttime signs or symptoms three or four times per month. Children with moderate persistent asthma have some limitations with normal activity and need to use a short-acting b-agonist for sign or symptom control daily. Children with severe persistent asthma have frequent nighttime signs or symptoms and have a PEF of less than 60%.

Ch. 20 2. The nurse is calculating the amount of expected urinary output for a 24-hour period on a child with laryngotracheobronchitis who weighs 33 lb. The nurse recognizes the formula to be used is 1 ml/kg/hr. What is the expected 24-hour urinary output for this child in milliliters? Record your answer below in a whole number. _____________

ANS: 360 Perform the calculation. 33/2.2 = 15 kg 15 1 24 = 360 ml

Ch. 20 4. The health care provider prescribes vancomycin 200 mg per intravenous piggy back (IVPB) every 6 hours for a child with cystic fibrosis. The pharmacy sends the medication to the unit in a 150-ml bag with directions to run the medication over 120 minutes. What milliliters per hour will the nurse set the intravenous pump to run the medication over 120 minutes? Fill in the blank and record your answer in a whole number. _____________

ANS: 75 Perform the calculation. Convert the minutes to hours = 120/60 = 2 hours 150 ml ________ = 75 ml/hr 2 hours

Ch. 20 23. What condition is the leading cause of chronic illness in children? a. Asthma b. Pertussis c. Tuberculosis d. Cystic fibrosis

ANS: A Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, the primary cause of school absences, and the third leading cause of hospitalization in children younger than the age of 15 years. Pertussis is not a chronic illness. Tuberculosis is not a significant factor in childhood chronic illness. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic illness among white children.

Ch. 20 32. A child with cystic fibrosis (CF) receives aerosolized bronchodilator medication. When should this medication be administered? a. After chest physiotherapy (CPT) b. Before chest physiotherapy (CPT) c. After receiving 100% oxygen d. Before receiving 100% oxygen

ANS: B Bronchodilators should be given before CPT to open bronchi and make expectoration easier. These medications are not helpful when used after CPT. Oxygen is administered only in acute episodes, with caution, because of chronic carbon dioxide retention.

Ch. 1 4. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate for an infant with acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? a. Activity Intolerance b. Decreased Cardiac Output c. Pain, Acute d. Tissue Perfusion, Ineffective (peripheral)

ANS. A Rationale 1: Activity intolerance is a problem because of the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Cardiac output is not compromised during an acute phase of bronchiolitis. Pain is not usually associated with acute bronchiolitis. Tissue perfusion (peripheral) is not affected by this respiratory-disease process. Rationale 2: Activity intolerance is a problem because of the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Cardiac output is not compromised during an acute phase of bronchiolitis. Pain is not usually associated with acute bronchiolitis. Tissue perfusion (peripheral) is not affected by this respiratory-disease process. Rationale 3: Activity intolerance is a problem because of the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Cardiac output is not compromised during an acute phase of bronchiolitis. Pain is not usually associated with acute bronchiolitis. Tissue perfusion (peripheral) is not affected by this respiratory-disease process. Rationale 4: Activity intolerance is a problem because of the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Cardiac output is not compromised during an acute phase of bronchiolitis. Pain is not usually associated with acute bronchiolitis. Tissue perfusion (peripheral) is not affected by this respiratory-disease process. Global Rationale: Activity intolerance is a problem because of the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. Cardiac output is not compromised during an acute phase of bronchiolitis. Pain is not usually associated with acute bronchiolitis. Tissue perfusion (peripheral) is not affected by this respiratory-disease process.

Ch. 20 1. The nurse is calculating the amount of expected urinary output for a 24-hour period on a child with bacterial pneumonia who weighs 22 lb. The nurse recognizes the formula to be used is 1 ml/kg/hr. What is the expected 24-hour urinary output for this child in milliliters? Record your Answer below in a whole number. _____________

ANS: 240 Perform the calculation. 22/2.2 = 10 kg 10 1 24 = 240 ml

Ch. 15 2. An infants length was 20 inches at birth. What should the nurse expect the infant's length to be at 6 months (in inches)?

ANS: 26 During the first 6 months, infants increase their birth length by approximately 1 inch (2.54 cm) per month, slowing to 1/2 inch (1.27 cm) per month over the next 6 months.

Ch. 20 16. An infant has been diagnosed with staphylococcal pneumonia. Nursing care of the child with pneumonia includes which intervention? a. Administration of antibiotics b. Frequent complete assessment of the infant c. Round-the-clock administration of antitussive agents d. Strict monitoring of intake and output to avoid congestive heart failure

ANS: A Antibiotics are indicated for bacterial pneumonia. Often the child has decreased pulmonary reserve, and clustering of care is essential. The childs respiratory rate and status and general disposition are monitored closely, but frequent complete physical assessments are not indicated. Antitussive agents are used sparingly. It is desirable for the child to cough up some of the secretions. Fluids are essential to kept secretions as liquefied as possible.

Ch. 20 8. An 18-month-old child is seen in the clinic with otitis media (OM). Oral amoxicillin is prescribed. What instructions should be given to the parent? a. Administer all of the prescribed medication. b. Continue medication until all symptoms subside. c. Immediately stop giving medication if hearing loss develops. d. Stop giving medication and come to the clinic if fever is still present in 24 hours.

ANS: A Antibiotics should be given for their full course to prevent the recurrence of infection with resistant bacteria. Symptoms may subside before the full course is given. Hearing loss is a complication of OM; antibiotics should continue to be given. Medication may take 24 to 48 hours to make symptoms subside.

Ch. 1 3. A child has a chronic cough and diffuse wheezing during the expiratory phase of respiration. suggests what condition? A. Asthma B. Pneumonia C. Bronchiolitis D. Foreign body in trachea

ANS: A Asthma may have these chronic signs and symptoms. Pneumonia appears with an acute onset, fever, and general malaise. Bronchiolitis is an acute condition caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Foreign body in the trachea occurs with acute respiratory distress or failure and maybe stridor.

Ch. 20 24. A child has a chronic cough and diffuse wheezing during the expiratory phase of respiration. This suggests what condition? a. Asthma b. Pneumonia Bronchiolitis c. Foreign body in trachea d. Foreign body in trachea

ANS: A Asthma may have these chronic signs and symptoms. Pneumonia appears with an acute onset, fever, and general malaise. Bronchiolitis is an acute condition caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Foreign body in the trachea occurs with acute respiratory distress or failure and maybe stridor.

Ch. 15 5. The nurse advises the mother of a 3-month-old infant, exclusively breast-fed, to: a. start giving the infant a vitamin D supplement. b. start using an infant feeder and add rice cereal to the formula. c. start feeding the infant rice cereal with a spoon at the evening feeding. d. continue breast-feeding without any supplements.

ANS: A Breast milk does not provide an adequate amount of dietary vitamin D. Infants who are exclusively breast-fed need vitamin D supplements to prevent rickets. An infant feeder is an inappropriate method of providing the infant with caloric intake. Solid foods and rice cereal are not recommended for a 3-month-old infant. Solid feedings do not typically begin before 4 to 6 months of age. Because breast milk is not an adequate source of fluoride, infants need to be given a fluoride supplement.

Ch. 20 43. A 5-year-old child is admitted with bacterial pneumonia. What signs and symptoms should the nurse expect to assess with this disease process? a. Fever, cough, and chest pain b. Stridor, wheezing, and ear infection c. Nasal discharge, headache, and cough d. Pharyngitis, intermittent fever, and eye infection

ANS: A Children with bacterial pneumonia usually appear ill. Symptoms include fever, malaise, rapid and shallow respirations, cough, and chest pain. Ear infection, nasal discharge, and eye infection are not symptoms of bacterial pneumonia.

Ch. 20 5. When caring for a child after a tonsillectomy, what intervention should the nurse do? a. Watch for continuous swallowing. b. Encourage gargling to reduce discomfort. c. Apply warm compresses to the throat. d. Position the child on the back for sleeping.

ANS: A Continuous swallowing, especially while sleeping, is an early sign of bleeding. The child swallows the blood that is trickling from the operative site. Gargling is discouraged because it could irritate the operative site. Ice compresses are recommended to reduce inflammation. The child should be positioned on the side or abdomen to facilitate drainage of secretions.

Ch. 20 1. Why are cool-mist vaporizers rather than steam vaporizers recommended in the home treatment of respiratory infections? a. They are safer. b. They are less expensive. c. Respiratory secretions are dried by steam vaporizers. d. A more comfortable environment is produced.

ANS: A Cool-mist vaporizers are safer than steam vaporizers, and little evidence exists to show any advantages to steam. The cost of cool-mist and steam vaporizers is comparable. Steam loosens secretions, not dries them. Both cool-mist vaporizers and steam vaporizers may promote a more comfortable environment, but cool-mist vaporizers have decreased risk for burns and growth of organisms.

Ch. 15 4. At a healthy 2-month-old infants well-child clinic visit, the nurse should give which immunizations? a. DTaP, IPV, HepB, Hib, PCV, rotavirus b. MMR, DTaP, PVC, and IPV c. Hib, DTaP, rotavirus, and OPV d. Hib and MMR, IPV, and rotavirus

ANS: A DTaP, IPV, HepB, Hib, PCV, and rotavirus are the appropriate sequence of immunizations for a healthy 2-month-old infant. MMR is given at or after 12 months of age. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is no longer administered in the U.S.

Ch. 20 47. A 3-month-old infant is admitted to the pediatric unit for treatment of bronchiolitis. The infants vital signs are T, 101.6 F; P, 106 beats/min apical; and R, 70 breaths/min. The infant is irritable and fussy and coughs frequently. IV fluids are given via a peripheral venipuncture. Fluids by mouth were initially contraindicated for what reason? a. Tachypnea b. Paroxysmal cough c. Irritability d. Fever

ANS: A Fluids by mouth may be contraindicated because of tachypnea, weakness, and fatigue. Therefore, IV fluids are preferred until the acute stage of bronchiolitis has passed. Infants with bronchiolitis may have paroxysmal coughing, but fluids by mouth would not be contraindicated. Irritability or fever would not be reasons for fluids by mouth to be contraindicated.

Ch. 20 37. A child is admitted with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB). The child will most likely be treated with which? a. Racemic epinephrine and corticosteroids b. Nebulizer treatments and oxygen c. Antibiotics and albuterol d. Chest physiotherapy and humidity

ANS: A Nebulized epinephrine (racemic epinephrine) is now used in children with LTB that is not alleviated with cool mist. The beta-adrenergic effects cause mucosal vasoconstriction and subsequent decreased subglottic edema. The use of corticosteroids is beneficial because the anti- inflammatory effects decrease subglottic edema. Nebulizer treatments are not effective even though oxygen may be required. Antibiotics are not used because it is a viral infection. Chest physiotherapy would not be instituted.

Ch. 20 36. The nurse is giving discharge instructions to the parents of a 5-year-old child who had a tonsillectomy 4 hours ago. What statement by the parent indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I can use an ice collar on my child for pain control along with analgesics. b. My child should clear the throat frequently to clear the secretions. c. I should allow my child to be as active as tolerated. d. My child should gargle and brush teeth at least three times per day.

ANS: A Pain control after a tonsillectomy can be achieved with application of an ice collar and administration of analgesics. The child should avoid clearing the throat or coughing and does not need to gargle and brush teeth a certain number of times per day and should avoid vigorous gargling and toothbrushing. Also, the childs activity should be limited to decrease the potential for bleeding, at least for the first few days.

Ch. 20 25. A child with asthma is having pulmonary function tests. What rationale explains the purpose of the peak expiratory flow rate? a. To assess severity of asthma b. To determine cause of asthma c. To identify triggers of asthma d. To confirm diagnosis of asthma

ANS: A Peak expiratory flow rate monitoring is used to monitor the childs current pulmonary function. It can be used to manage exacerbations and for daily long-term management. The cause of asthma is known. Asthma is caused by a complex interaction among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues present in the airways. The triggers of asthma are determined through history taking and immunologic and other testing. The diagnosis of asthma is made through clinical manifestations, history, physical examination, and laboratory testing.

Ch. 20 41. What do the initial signs of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in an infant include? a. Rhinorrhea, wheezing, and fever b. Tachypnea, cyanosis, and apnea c. Retractions, fever, and listlessness d. Poor breath sounds and air hunger

ANS: A Symptoms such as rhinorrhea and a low-grade fever often appear first. OM and conjunctivitis may also be present. In time, a cough may develop. Wheezing is an initial sign as well. Progression of illness brings on the symptoms of tachypnea, retractions, poor breath sounds, cyanosis, air hunger, and apnea.

Ch. 20 30. What is the earliest recognizable clinical manifestation(s) of cystic fibrosis (CF)? a. Meconium ileus b. History of poor intestinal absorption c. Foul-smelling, frothy, greasy stools d. Recurrent pneumonia and lung infections

ANS: A The earliest clinical manifestation of CF is a meconium ileus, which is found in about 10% of children with CF. Clinical manifestations include abdominal distention, vomiting, failure to pass stools, and rapid development of dehydration. History of malabsorption is a later sign that manifests as failure to thrive. Foul-smelling stools and recurrent respiratory infections are later manifestations of CF.

Ch. 20 44. An infant with a congenital heart defect is to receive a dose of palivizumab (Synagis). What is the purpose of this? a. Prevent RSV infection. b. Prevent secondary bacterial infection. c. Decrease toxicity of antiviral agents. d. Make isolation of infant with RSV unnecessary.

ANS: A The only product available in the United States for prevention of RSV is palivizumab, a humanized mouse monoclonal antibody, which is given once every 30 days (15 mg/kg) between November and March. It is given to high-risk infants, which includes an infant with a congenital heart defect.

Ch. 20 34. The parent of a child with cystic fibrosis (CF) calls the clinic nurse to report that the child has developed tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, pallor, and cyanosis. The nurse should tell the parent to bring the child to the clinic because these signs and symptoms are suggestive of what condition? a. Pneumothorax b. Bronchodilation c. Carbon dioxide retention d. Increased viscosity of sputum

ANS: A Usually, the signs of pneumothorax are nonspecific. Tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, pallor, and cyanosis are significant signs and symptoms and are indicative of respiratory distress caused by pneumothorax. If the bronchial tubes were dilated, the child would have decreased work of breathing and would most likely be asymptomatic. Carbon dioxide retention is a result of the chronic alveolar hypoventilation in CF. Hypoxia replaces carbon dioxide as the drive for respiration progresses. Increased viscosity would result in more difficulty clearing secretions.

Ch. 20 2. Decongestant nose drops are recommended for a 10-month-old infant with an upper respiratory tract infection. Instructions for nose drops should include which information? a. Do not use for more than 3 days. b. Keep drops to use again for nasal congestion. c. Administer drops after feedings and at bedtime. d. Give two drops every 5 minutes until nasal congestion subsides.

ANS: A Vasoconstrictive nose drops such as Neo-Synephrine should not be used for more than 3 days to avoid rebound congestion. Drops should be discarded after one illness and not used for other children because they may become contaminated with bacteria. Drops administered before feedings are more helpful. Two drops are administered to cause vasoconstriction in the anterior mucous membranes. An additional two drops are instilled 5 to 10 minutes later for the posterior mucous membranes. No further doses should be given.

Ch. 20 58. What medication is contraindicated in children post-tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy? a. Codeine b. Ondansetron (Zofran) c. Amoxil (amoxicillin) d. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

ANS: A Codeine is contraindicated in pediatric patients after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. In 2012, the Food and Drug Administration issued a Drug Safety Communication that codeine use in certain children after tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy may lead to rare but life-threatening adverse events or death. Zofran, amoxicillin, and Tylenol are not contraindicated after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.

Ch. 20 40. A 1-year-old child has acute otitis media (AOM) and is being treated with oral antibiotics. What should the nurse include in the discharge teaching to the infants parents? a. A follow-up visit should be done after all medicine has been given. b. After an episode of acute otitis media, hearing loss usually occurs. c. Tylenol should not be given because it may mask symptoms. d. The infant will probably need a myringotomy procedure and tubes.

ANS: A Children with AOM should be seen after antibiotic therapy is complete to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and to identify potential complications, such as effusion or hearing impairment. Hearing loss does not usually occur with acute otitis media. Tylenol should be given for pain, and the infant will not necessarily need a myringotomy procedure.

Ch. 20 9. An infants parents ask the nurse about preventing otitis media (OM). What information should be provided? a. Avoid tobacco smoke. b. Use nasal decongestants. c. Avoid children with OM. d. Bottle- or breastfeed in a supine position.

ANS: A Eliminating tobacco smoke from the childs environment is essential for preventing OM and other common childhood illnesses. Nasal decongestants are not useful in preventing OM. Children with uncomplicated OM are not contagious unless they show other symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. Children should be fed in a semivertical position to prevent OM.

Ch. 20 3. What interventions can the nurse teach parents to do to ease respiratory efforts for a child with a mild respiratory tract infection? (Select all that apply.) a. Cool mist b. Warm mist c. Steam vaporizer d. Keep child in a flat, quiet position e. Run a shower of hot water to produce steam

ANS: A, B, C, E Warm or cool mist is a common therapeutic measure for symptomatic relief of respiratory discomfort. The moisture soothes inflamed membranes and is beneficial when there is hoarseness or laryngeal involvement. A time-honored method of producing steam is the shower. Running a shower of hot water into the empty bathtub or open shower stall with the bathroom door closed produces a quick source of steam. Keeping a child in this environment for 10 to 15 minutes may help ease respiratory efforts. A small child can sit on the lap of a parent or other adult. The child should be quiet but upright, not flat. The use of steam vaporizers in the home is often discouraged because of the hazards related to their use and limited evidence to support their efficacy.

Ch. 20 5. The clinic nurse is administering influenza vaccinations. Which children should not receive the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)? (Select all that apply.) a. A child with asthma b. A child with diabetes c. A child with hemophilia A d. A child with cancer receiving chemotherapy e. A child with gastroesophageal reflux disease

ANS: A, B, D The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is an acceptable alternative to the IM vaccine (IIV) for ages 2 to 49 years. It is a live vaccine administered via nasal spray. Several groups are excluded from receiving it, including children with a chronic heart or lung disease (asthma or reactive airways disease), diabetes, or kidney failure; children who are immunocompromised or receiving immunosuppressants; children younger than 5 years of age with a history of recurrent wheezing; children receiving aspirin; patients who are pregnant; children who have a severe allergy to chicken eggs or who are allergic to any of the nasal spray vaccine components; or children with a history of Guillain-Barr Syndrome after a previous dose. A child with hemophilia A or gastroesophageal reflux disease would not be immunocompromised so they can receive the LAIV.

Ch. 20 8. A child is diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis. What medications does the nurse anticipate to be prescribed for the first 2 months? (Select all that apply.) a. Isoniazid (INH) b. Cefuroxime (Ceftin) c. Rifampin (Rifadin) d. Pyrazinamide (PZA) e. Ethambutol (Myambutol)

ANS: A, C, D, E For the child with clinically active pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, the goal is to achieve sterilization of the tuberculous lesion. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2012) recommends a 6-month regimen consisting of INH, rifampin, ethambutol, and PZA given daily or twice weekly for the first 2 months followed by INH and rifampin given two or three times a week by DOT for the remaining 4 months (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Cefuroxime is not part of the regimen.

Ch. 15 1. A nurse has completed a teaching session for parents about baby-proofing the home. Which statements made by the parents indicate an understanding of the teaching? Select all that apply. a. We will put plastic fillers in all electrical plugs. b. We will place poisonous substances in a high cupboard. c. We will place a gate at the top and bottom of stairways. d. We will keep our household hot water heater at 130 degrees. e. We will remove front knobs from the stove.

ANS: A, C, E By the time babies reach 6 months of age, they begin to become much more active, curious, and mobile. Putting plastic fillers on all electrical plugs can prevent an electrical shock. Putting gates at the top and bottom of stairways will prevent falls. Removing front knobs form the stove can prevent burns. Poisonous substances should be stored in a locked cabinet not in a cabinet that children can reach when they begin to climb. The household hot water heater should be turned down to 120 degrees or less.

Ch. 20 4. A tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy is contraindicated in what conditions? (Select all that apply.) a. Cleft palate b. Seizure disorders c. Blood dyscrasias d. Sickle cell disease e. Acute infection at the time of surgery

ANS: A, C, E Contraindications to either tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy are (1) cleft palate because both tonsils help minimize escape of air during speech, (2) acute infections at the time of surgery because the locally inflamed tissues increase the risk of bleeding, and (3) uncontrolled systemic diseases or blood dyscrasias. Tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy is not contraindicated in sickle cell disease or seizure disorders.

Ch. 15 2. Approximately what should a newborn weigh at 1 year of age if the newborns birth weight was 7 pounds 6 ounces? a. 14 3/4 pounds b. 22 1/8 pounds c. 29 1/2 pounds d. Unable to estimate weight at 1 year

ANS: B An infant triples the birth weight by 1 year of age. An infant doubles the birth weight by 6 months of age. An infant quadruples the birth weight by 2 years of age. Weight at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years of age can be estimated from the birth weight.

Ch. 20 20. The nurse is caring for a child with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning associated with smoke inhalation. What intervention is essential in this childs care? a. Monitor pulse oximetry. b. Monitor arterial blood gases. c. Administer oxygen if respiratory distress develops. d. Administer oxygen if childs lips become bright, cherry-red in color.

ANS: B Arterial blood gases are the best way to monitor CO poisoning. Pulse oximetry is contraindicated in the case of CO poisoning because the PaO2 may be normal. One hundred percent oxygen should be given as quickly as possible, not only if respiratory distress or other symptoms develop.

Ch. 20 19. The nurse is caring for a child with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with sepsis. What nursing action should be included in the care of the child? a. Force fluids. b. Monitor pulse oximetry. c. Institute seizure precautions. d. Encourage a high-protein diet.

ANS: B Careful monitoring of oxygenation and cardiopulmonary status is an important evaluation tool in the care of the child with ARDS. Maintenance of vascular volume and hydration is important and should be done parenterally. Seizures are not a side effect of ARDS. Adequate nutrition is necessary, but a high-protein diet is not helpful.

Ch. 20 27. One of the goals for children with asthma is to maintain the child's normal functioning. What principle of treatment helps to accomplish this goal? a. Limit participation in sports. b. Reduce underlying inflammation. c. Minimize the use of pharmacologic agents. d. Have yearly evaluations by a health care provider.

ANS: B Children with asthma are often excluded from exercise. This practice interferes with peer interaction and physical health. Most children with asthma can participate provided their asthma is under control. Inflammation is the underlying cause of the symptoms of asthma. By decreasing inflammation and reducing the symptomatic airway narrowing, health care providers can minimize exacerbations. Pharmacologic agents are used to prevent and control asthma symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations, and reverse airflow obstruction. It is recommended that children with asthma be evaluated every 6 months.

Ch. 15 3. Which statement made by a parent would be consistent with a developmental delay? a. I have noticed that my 9-month-old infant responds consistently to the sound of his name. b. I have noticed that my 12-month-old child does not get herself to a sitting position or pull to stand. c. I am so happy when my 1 1/2-month-old infant smiles at me. d. My 5-month-old infant is not rolling over in both directions yet.

ANS: B Critical developmental milestones for gross motor development in a 12-month-old include standing briefly without support, getting to a sitting position, and pulling to stand. If a 12-month- old child does not perform these activities, it may be indicative of a developmental delay. An infant who responds to his name at 9 months of age is demonstrating abilities to both hear and interpret sound. A social smile is present by 2 months of age. Rolling over in both directions is not a critical milestone for gross motor development until the child reaches 6 months of age.

Ch. 20 17. What consideration is most important in managing tuberculosis (TB) in children? a. Skin testing b. Chemotherapy c. Adequate rest d. Adequate hydration

ANS: B Drug therapy for TB includes isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide daily for 2 months and isoniazid and rifampin given two or three times a week by direct observation therapy for the remaining 4 months. Chemotherapy is the most important intervention for TB.

Ch. 20 22. What statement is the most descriptive of asthma? a. It is inherited. b. There is heightened airway reactivity. c. There is decreased resistance in the airway. d. The single cause of asthma is an allergic hypersensitivity.

ANS: B In asthma, spasm of the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles causes constriction, producing impaired respiratory function. Atopy, or development of an immunoglobulin E (IgE)mediated response, is inherited but is not the only cause of asthma. Asthma is characterized by increased resistance in the airway. Asthma has multiple causes, including allergens, irritants, exercise, cold air, infections, medications, medical conditions, and endocrine factors.

Ch. 20 13. The mother of a 20-month-old boy tells the nurse that he has a barking cough at night. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F). The nurse suspects mild croup and should recommend which intervention? a. Admit to the hospital and observe for impending epiglottitis. b. Provide fluids that the child likes and use comfort measures. c. Control fever with acetaminophen and call if cough gets worse tonight. d. Try over-the-counter cough medicine and come to the clinic tomorrow if no improvement.

ANS: B In mild croup, therapeutic interventions include adequate hydration (as long as the child can easily drink) and comfort measures to minimize distress. The child is not exhibiting signs of epiglottitis. A temperature of 37 C is within normal limits. Although a return to the clinic may be indicated, the mother is instructed to return if the child develops noisy respirations or drooling.

Ch. 15 12. The mother of a 10-month-old infant tells the nurse that her infant really likes cows milk. Which is the best response to this mother? a. Milk is good for him. b. It is best to wait until he is a year old before giving him cows milk. c. Limit cows milk to his bedtime bottle. d. Mix his cereal with cows milk and give him formula in a bottle.

ANS: B It is best to wait until the infant is at least a year old before giving him cows milk because of the risk of allergies and intestinal problems. Cows milk protein intolerance is the most common food allergy during infancy. Although milk is a good source of calcium and protein for children after the first year of life, it is not the best source of nutrients for children younger than 1 year old. Bedtime bottles of formula or milk are contraindicated because of their high sugar content, which leads to dental decay in primary teeth. Cereal can be mixed with formula.

Ch. 15 11. A mother of a 2-month-old infant tells the nurse, My child doesnt sleep as much as his older brother did at the same age. What is the best response for the nurse? a. Have you tried to feed the baby more often? b. Infant sleep patterns vary widely, with some infants sleeping only 2 to 3 hours at a time. c. It is helpful to keep a record of your babys eating, waking, sleeping, and elimination patterns and to come back in a week to discuss them. d. This infant is difficult. It is important for you to identify what is bothering the baby.

ANS: B Newborn infants may sleep as much as 17 to 20 hours per day. Sleep patterns vary widely, with some infants sleeping only 2 to 3 hours at a time. Infants typically do not need more caloric intake to improve sleep behaviors. Keeping intake, output, waking, and sleeping data is not typically helpful in discussing differences among infants behaviors. Identifying an infant as difficult without identifying helpful actions is not a therapeutic response for a parent concerned about sleep.

Ch. 20 33. A child with cystic fibrosis is receiving recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (DNase). What statement about DNase is true? a. Given subcutaneously b. May cause voice alterations c. May cause mucus to thicken d. Not indicated for children younger than age 12 years

ANS: B One of the only adverse effects of DNase is voice alterations and laryngitis. DNase is given in an aerosolized form, decreases the viscosity of mucus, and is safe for children younger than 12 years.

Ch. 20 21. What diagnostic test for allergies involves the injection of specific allergens? a. Phadiatop b. Skin testing c. Radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) d. Blood examination for total immunoglobulin E (IgE)

ANS: B Skin testing is the most commonly used diagnostic test for allergy. A specific allergen is injected under the skin, and after a suitable time, the size of the resultant wheal is measured to determine the patients sensitivity. Phadiatop is a screening test that uses a blood sample to assess for IgE antibodies for a group of specific allergens. RAST determines the level of specific IgE antibodies. Blood examination for total IgE would not distinguish among allergens.

Ch. 20 38. A 6-year-old child has had a tonsillectomy. The child is spitting up small amounts of dark brown blood in the immediate postoperative period. The nurse should take what action? a. Notify the health care provider. b. Continue to assess for bleeding. c. Give the child a red flavored ice pop. d. Position the child in a Trendelenburg position.

ANS: B Some secretions, particularly dried blood from surgery, are common after a tonsillectomy. Inspect all secretions and vomitus for evidence of fresh bleeding (some blood-tinged mucus is expected). Dark brown (old) blood is usually present in the emesis, as well as in the nose and between the teeth. Small amounts of dark brown blood should be further monitored. A red- flavored ice pop should not be given and the Trendelenburg position is not recommended.

Ch. 20 42. The nurse is caring for a 1-month-old infant with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) who is receiving 23% oxygen via a plastic hood. The childs SaO2 saturation is 88%, respiratory rate is 45 breaths/min, and pulse is 140 beats/min. Based on these assessments, what action should the nurse take? a. Withhold feedings. b. Notify the health care provider. c. Put the infant in an infant seat. d. Keep the infant in the plastic hood.

ANS: B The American Academy of Pediatrics practice parameter (2006) recommends the use of supplemental oxygen if the infant fails to maintain a consistent oxygen saturation of at least 90%. The health care provider should be notified of the saturation reading of 88%. Withholding the feedings or placing the infant in an infant seat would not increase the saturation reading. The infant should be kept in the hood, but because the saturation reading is 88%, the health care provider should be notified to obtain orders to increase the oxygen concentration.

Ch. 20 14. The nurse encourages the mother of a toddler with acute laryngotracheobronchitis to stay at the bedside as much as possible. What is the primary rationale for this action? a. Mothers of hospitalized toddlers often experience guilt. b. The mothers presence will reduce anxiety and ease the childs respiratory efforts. c. Separation from the mother is a major developmental threat at this age. d. The mother can provide constant observations of the childs respiratory efforts.

ANS: B The familys presence will decrease the childs distress. It is true that mothers of hospitalized toddlers often experience guilt and that separation from mother is a major developmental threat for toddlers, but the main reason to keep parents at the childs bedside is to ease anxiety and therefore respiratory effort.

Ch. 20 53. A school-age child has asthma. The nurse should teach the child that if a peak expiratory flow rate is in the yellow zone, this means that the asthma control is what? a. 80% of a personal best, and the routine treatment plan can be followed. b. 50% to 79% of a personal best and needs an increase in the usual therapy. c. 50 % of a personal best and needs immediate emergency bronchodilators. d. Less than 50% of a personal best and needs immediate hospitalization.

ANS: B The interpretation of a peak expiratory flow rate that is yellow (50%79% of personal best) signals caution. Asthma is not well controlled. An acute exacerbation may be present. Maintenance therapy may need to be increased. Call the practitioner if the child stays in this zone.

Ch. 20 48. A child is in the hospital for cystic fibrosis. What health care providers prescription should the nurse clarify before implementing? a. Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) nebulizer treatment bid b. Pancreatic enzymes every 6 hours c. Vitamin A, D, E, and K supplements daily d. Proventil (albuterol) nebulizer treatments tid

ANS: B The principal treatment for pancreatic insufficiency that occurs in cystic fibrosis is replacement of pancreatic enzymes, which are administered with meals and snacks to ensure that digestive enzymes are mixed with food in the duodenum. The enzymes should not be given every 6 hours, so this should be clarified before implementing this prescription. Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) is given by nebulizer to decrease the viscosity of secretions, vitamin supplements are given daily, and Proventil nebulizer treatments are given to open the bronchi for easier expectoration.

Ch. 20 7. The nurse is preparing to admit a 3-year-old child with acute spasmodic laryngitis. What clinical features should the nurse recognize? (Select all that apply.) a. High fever b. Croupy cough c. Tendency to recur d. Purulent secretions e. Occurs sudden, often at night

ANS: B, C, E Clinical features of acute spasmodic laryngitis include a croupy cough, a tendency to recur, and occurring sudden, often at night. High fever is a feature of acute epiglottitis and purulent secretions are seen with acute tracheitis.

Ch. 20 6. The nurse is preparing to admit a 7-year-old child with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB). What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Dysphagia b. Brassy cough c. Low-grade fever d. Toxic appearance e. Slowly progressive

ANS: B, C, E Clinical manifestations of LTB include a brassy cough, low-grade fever, and slow progression. Dysphagia and a toxic appearance are characteristics of acute epiglottitis.

Ch. 20 2. The nurse is caring for a newborn with suspected congenital diaphragmatic hernia. What of the following findings would the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Loud, harsh murmur b. Scaphoid abdomen c. Poor peripheral pulses d. Mediastinal shift e. Inguinal swelling f. Moderate respiratory distress

ANS: B, D, F Clinical manifestations of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia include a scaphoid abdomen, a mediastinal shift, and moderate to severe respiratory distress. The infant would not have a harsh, loud murmur or poor peripheral pulses. Inguinal swelling is indicative of an inguinal hernia.

Ch. 15 1. Which milestone is developmentally appropriate for a 2-month-old infant when the nurse pulls the infant to a sitting position? a. Head lag is present when the infant's trunk is lifted. b. The infant is able to support the head when the trunk is lifted. c. The infant is briefly able to hold the head erect. d. The infant is fully able to support and hold the head in a straight line.

ANS: C A 2-month-old infant is able to hold the head erect only briefly and continues to have some head lag. It is not until 4 months of age that the infant can keep his or her head in a straight line when pulled to a sitting position.

Ch. 20 46. A 3-year-old child woke up in the middle of the night with a croupy cough and inspiratory stridor. The parents bring the child to the emergency department, but by the time they arrive, the cough is gone, and the stridor has resolved. What can the nurse teach the parents with regard to this type of croup? a. A bath in tepid water can help resolve this type of croup. b. Tylenol can help to relieve the cough and stridor. c. A cool mist vaporizer at the bedside can help prevent this type of croup. d. Antibiotics need to be given to reduce the inflammation.

ANS: C Acute spasmodic laryngitis (spasmodic croup, midnight croup, or twilight croup) is distinct from laryngitis and LTB and characterized by paroxysmal attacks of laryngeal obstruction that occur chiefly at night. The child goes to bed well or with some mild respiratory symptoms but awakens suddenly with characteristic barking; a metallic cough; hoarseness; noisy inspirations; and restlessness. However, there is no fever, and the episode subsides in a few hours. Children with spasmodic croup are managed at home. Cool mist is recommended for the childs room. A tepid water bath will not help, but steam provided by hot water may relieve the laryngeal spasm. The child will not need Tylenol, and antibiotics are not given for this type of croup.

Ch. 15 7. The parents of a newborn infant state, We will probably not have our baby immunized because we are concerned about the risk of our child being injured. Which is the best response for the nurse to make? A. It is your decision. B. Have you talked with your parents about this? They can probably help you think about this decision. C. The risks of not immunizing your baby are greater than the risks from the immunizations. D. You are making a mistake.

ANS: C Although immunizations have been documented to have a negative effect in a small number of cases, an unimmunized infant is at greater risk for development of complications from childhood diseases than from the vaccines. It is the parents decision not to immunize the child; however, the nurse has a responsibility to inform parents about the risks to infants who are not immunized. Grandparents can be supportive but are not the primary decision makers for the infant. Telling parents that they are making a mistake is an inappropriate response.

Ch. 15 6. At _____ months of age, an infant should first be expected to locate an object hidden from view. a. 4 b. 6 c. 9 d. 20

ANS: C By 9 months of age an infant will actively search for an object that is out of sight. Four-month- old infants are not cognitively capable ofsearching out objects hidden from their view. Infants at this developmental level do not pursue hidden objects. Six-month-old infants have not developed the ability to perceive objects as permanent and do not search out objects hidden from their view. Twenty-month-old infants actively pursue objects not in their view and are capable of recalling the location of an object not in their view. They first look for hidden objects around the age of 9 months.

Ch. 20 50. In providing nourishment for a child with cystic fibrosis (CF), what factors should the nurse keep in mind? a. Fats and proteins must be greatly curtailed. b. Most fruits and vegetables are not well tolerated. c. Diet should be high in calories, proteins, and unrestricted fats. d. Diet should be low fat but high in calories and proteins.

ANS: C Children with CF require a well-balanced, high-protein, high-caloric diet, with unrestricted fat (because of the impaired intestinal absorption).

Ch. 20 12. The nurse is assessing a child with croup in the emergency department. The child has a sore throat and is drooling. Examining the child's throat using a tongue depressor might precipitate what condition? a. Sore throat b. Inspiratory stridor c. Complete obstruction d. Respiratory tract infection

ANS: C If a child has acute epiglottitis, examination of the throat may cause complete obstruction and should be performed only when immediate intubation can take place. Sore throat and pain on swallowing are early signs of epiglottitis. Stridor is aggravated when a child with epiglottitis is supine. Epiglottitis is caused by Haemophilus influenzae in the respiratory tract.

Ch. 20 3. The parent of an infant with nasopharyngitis should be instructed to notify the health professional if the infant shows signs or symptoms of which condition? a. Has a cough b. Becomes fussy c. Shows signs of an earache d. Has a fever higher than 37.5 C (99 F)

ANS: C If an infant with nasopharyngitis shows signs of an earache, it may indicate respiratory complications and possibly secondary bacterial infection. The health professional should be contacted to evaluate the infant. Cough can be a sign of nasopharyngitis. Irritability is common in an infant with a viral illness. Fever is common in viral illnesses.

Ch. 20 10. Chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) differs from acute otitis media (AOM) because it is usually characterized by which signs or symptoms? a. Severe pain in the ear b. Anorexia and vomiting c. A feeling of fullness in the ear d. Fever as high as 40 C (104 F)

ANS: C OME is characterized by a feeling of fullness in the ear or other nonspecific complaints. OME does not cause severe pain. This may be a sign of AOM. Vomiting, anorexia, and fever are associated with AOM.

Ch. 1 2. An infant with bronchiolitis is hospitalized. The causative organism is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The nurse knows that a child infected with this virus requires what type of isolation? A. Reverse isolation B. Airborne isolation C. Contact Precautions D. Standard Precautions

ANS: C RSV is transmitted through droplets. In addition to Standard Precautions and hand washing, Contact Precautions are required. Caregivers must use gloves and gowns when entering the room. Care is taken not to touch their own eyes or mucous membranes with a contaminated gloved hand. Children are placed in a private room or in a room with other children with RSV infections. Reverse isolation focuses on keeping bacteria away from the infant. With RSV, other children need to be protected from exposure to the virus. The virus is not airborne.

Ch. 20 15. An infant with bronchiolitis is hospitalized. The causative organism is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The nurse knows that a child infected with this virus requires what type of isolation? a. Reverse isolation b. Airborne isolation c. Contact Precautions d. Standard Precautions

ANS: C RSV is transmitted through droplets. In addition to Standard Precautions and hand washing, Contact Precautions are required. Caregivers must use gloves and gowns when entering the room. Care is taken not to touch their own eyes or mucous membranes with a contaminated gloved hand. Children are placed in a private room or in a room with other children with RSV infections. Reverse isolation focuses on keeping bacteria away from the infant. With RSV, other children need to be protected from exposure to the virus. The virus is not airborne.

Ch. 15 10. Which is a priority in counseling parents of a 6-month-old infant? a. Increased appetite from secondary growth spurt b. Allowing the infant to self-feed c. Securing a developmentally safe environment for the infant d. Strategies to teach infants to sit up

ANS: C Safety is a primary concern as an infant becomes increasingly mobile. The infants appetite and growth velocity decrease in the second half of infancy. Fine motor development, which is refined in the second half of infancy, is necessary before the infant can self-feed. Unless the infant has a neuromuscular deficit, strategies for teaching a normally developing infant to sit up are not necessary.

Ch. 20 26. Children who are taking long-term inhaled steroids should be assessed frequently for what potential complication? a. Cough b. Osteoporosis c. Slowed growth d. Cushing syndrome

ANS: C The growth of children on long-term inhaled steroids should be assessed frequently to evaluate systemic effects of these drugs. Cough is prevented by inhaled steroids. No evidence exists that inhaled steroids cause osteoporosis. Cushing syndrome is caused by long-term systemic steroids.

Ch. 20 18. A toddler has a unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge and frequent sneezing. The nurse should suspect what condition? a. Allergies b. Acute pharyngitis c. Foreign body in the nose d. Acute nasopharyngitis

ANS: C The irritation of a foreign body in the nose produces local mucosal swelling with foul-smelling nasal discharge, local obstruction with sneezing, and mild discomfort. Allergies would produce clear bilateral nasal discharge. Nasal discharge is usually not associated with pharyngitis. Acute nasopharyngitis would have bilateral mucous discharge.

Ch. 20 39. A 3-year-old child is experiencing pain after a tonsillectomy. The child has not taken in any fluids and does not want to drink anything, saying, My tummy hurts. The following health care prescriptions are available: acetaminophen (Tylenol) PO (orally) or PR (rectally) PRN, ice chips, clear liquids. What should the nurse implement to relieve the childs pain? a. Ice chips b. Tylenol PO c. Tylenol PR d. Popsicle

ANS: C The throat is very sore after a tonsillectomy. Most children experience moderate pain after a tonsillectomy and need pain medication at regular intervals for at least the first 24 hours. Analgesics may need to be given rectally or intravenously to avoid the oral route.

Ch. 20 56. A term infant is delivered, and before delivery, the medical team was notified that a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) was diagnosed on ultrasonography. What should be done immediately at birth if respiratory distress is noted? a. Give oxygen. b. Suction the infant. c. Intubate the infant. d. Ventilate the infant with a bag and mask.

ANS: C Many infants with a CDH require immediate respiratory assistance, which includes endotracheal intubation and GI decompression with a double-lumen catheter to prevent further respiratory compromise. At birth, bag and mask ventilation is contraindicated to prevent air from entering the stomach and especially the intestines, further compromising pulmonary function. Oxygen and suctioning may be used for mild respiratory distress.

Ch. 20 57. A child has a streptococcal throat infection and is being treated with antibiotics. What should the nurse teach the parents to prevent infection of others? a. The child can return to school immediately. b. The organism cannot be transmitted through contact. c. The child can return to school after taking antibiotics for 24 hours. d. The organism can only be transmitted if someone uses a personal item of the sick child.

ANS: C Children with streptococcal infection are noninfectious to others 24 hours after initiation of antibiotic therapy. It is generally recommended that children not return to school or daycare until they have been taking antibiotics for a full 24-hour period. The organism is spread by close contact with affected persons direct projection of large droplets or physical transfer of respiratory secretions containing the organism.

Ch. 20 9. The nurse is interpreting a tuberculin skin test. If the nurse finds a result of an induration 5 mm or larger, in which child should the nurse document this finding as positive? (Select all that apply.) a. A child with diabetes mellitus b. A child younger than 4 years of age c. A child receiving immunosuppressive therapy d. A child with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection e. A child living in close contact with a known contagious case of tuberculosis

ANS: C, D, E A tuberculin skin test with an induration of 5 mm or larger is considered to be positive if the child is receiving immunosuppressive therapy, has an HIV infection, or is living in close contact with a known contagious case of tuberculosis. The test would be considered positive in a child who has diabetes mellitus or is younger than 4 years of age if the tuberculin skin test had an induration of 10 mm or larger.

Ch. 20 10. The nurse is preparing to admit a 7-year-old child with pulmonary edema. What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Fever b. Bradycardia c. Diaphoresis d. Pink frothy sputum e. Respiratory crackles

ANS: C, D, E Clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema include diaphoresis, pink frothy sputum, and respiratory crackles. Fever or bradycardia are not manifestations of pulmonary edema.

Ch. 20 54. A family requires home care teaching with regard to preventative measures to use at home to avoid an asthmatic episode. What strategy should the nurse teach? a. Use a humidifier in the child's room. b. Launder bedding daily in cold water. c. Replace wood flooring with carpet. d. Use an indoor air purifier with HEPA filter.

ANS: D Allergen control includes the use of an indoor air purifier with HEPA filter. Humidity should be kept low, bedding laundered in hot water once a week, and carpet replaced with wood floors.

Ch. 15 16. A mother asks the nurse, When should I begin to clean my baby's teeth? What is the best response for the nurse? a. You can begin when all her baby teeth are in. b. You can easily begin now. Just put some toothpaste on a gauze pad to clean the teeth. c. I don't think you have to worry about that until she can handle a toothbrush. d. You can begin as soon as your child has a tooth. The easiest way is to take cotton swabs or a facecloth and just wipe the teeth. Toothpaste is not necessary.

ANS: D An infants teeth need to be cleaned as soon as they erupt. Cleaning the teeth with cotton swabs or a face cloth is appropriate. Waiting until all the baby teeth are in is inappropriate and prolongs cleaning until 2 years of age. Because toothpaste contains fluoride and infants will swallow the toothpaste, parents should avoid its use. Even when a child has the ability to hold a toothbrush, the parent should continue cleaning the childs teeth.

Ch. 20 7. Parents bring their 15-month-old infant to the emergency department at 3:00 AM because the toddler has a temperature of 39 C (102.2 F), is crying inconsolably, and is tugging at the ears. A diagnosis of otitis media (OM) is made. In addition to antibiotic therapy, the nurse practitioner should instruct the parents to use what medication? a. Decongestants to ease stuffy nose b. Antihistamines to help the child sleep c. Aspirin for pain and fever management d. Benzocaine ear drops for topical pain relief

ANS: D Analgesic ear drops can provide topical relief for the intense pain of OM. Decongestants and antihistamines are not recommended in the treatment of OM. Aspirin is contraindicated in young children because of the association with Reye syndrome.

Ch. 15 13. The mother of a 10-month-old infant asks the nurse about beginning to wean her child from the bottle. Which statement by the mother suggests that the child is not ready to be weaned? a. My son is frequently throwing his bottle down. b. The baby takes a few ounces of formula from the bottle. c. He is constantly chewing on the nipple. It concerns me. d. He consistently is sucking.

ANS: D Consistent sucking is a sign that the child is not ready to be weaned. A decreased interest in the bottle starts between 6 and 12 months. Throwing the bottle down is a sign of a decreased interest in the bottle. When the child is taking more fluids from a cup and decreasing amounts from the bottle, the child is demonstrating a readiness for weaning. Chewing on the nipple is another sign that the infant is ready to be weaned.

Ch. 1 1. Which intervention is appropriate for the infant hospitalized with bronchiolitis? 1. Position on the side with the neck slightly flexed. 2. Administer antibiotics as ordered. 3. Restrict oral and parenteral fluids if tachypneic. 4. Give cool, humidified oxygen.

ANS: D Cool, humidified oxygen is given to relieve dyspnea, hypoxemia, and insensible fluid loss from tachypnea. The infant should be positioned with the head and chest elevated at a 30- to 40-degree angle and the neck slightly extended to maintain an open airway and decrease pressure on the diaphragm. The etiology of bronchiolitis is viral. Antibiotics are given only if there is a secondary bacterial infection. Tachypnea increases insensible fluid loss. If the infant is tachypneic, fluids are given parenterally to prevent dehydration.

Ch. 20 35. Pancreatic enzymes are administered to the child with cystic fibrosis. What nursing considerations should be included in the plan of care? a. Give pancreatic enzymes between meals if at all possible. b. Do not administer pancreatic enzymes if the child is receiving antibiotics. c. Decrease the dose of pancreatic enzymes if the child is having frequent, bulky stools. d. Pancreatic enzymes can be swallowed whole or sprinkled on a small amount of food taken at the beginning of a meal.

ANS: D Enzymes may be administered in a small amount of cereal or fruit at the beginning of a meal or swallowed whole. Enzymes should be given just before meals and snacks. Pancreatic enzymes are not a contraindication for antibiotics. The dose of enzymes should be increased if the child is having frequent, bulky stools.

Ch. 20 4. It is important that a child with acute streptococcal pharyngitis be treated with antibiotics to prevent which condition? a. Otitis media b. Diabetes insipidus (DI) c. Nephrotic syndrome d. Acute rheumatic fever

ANS: D Group A hemolytic streptococcal infection is a brief illness with varying symptoms. It is essential that pharyngitis caused by this organism be treated with appropriate antibiotics to avoid the sequelae of acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. The cause of otitis media is either viral or other bacterial organisms. DI is a disorder of the posterior pituitary. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis, not streptococcal pharyngitis, can cause DI. Glomerulonephritis, not nephrotic syndrome, can result from acute streptococcal pharyngitis.

Ch. 15 8. The mother of a 9-month-old infant is concerned because the infant cries when she leaves him. Which is the best response for the nurse to make to the mother? a. You could consider leaving the infant more often so he can adjust. b. You might consider taking him to the doctor because he may be ill. c. Have you noticed whether the baby is teething? d. This can be a healthy sign of attachment.

ANS: D Healthy attachment is manifested by stranger anxiety in late infancy. An infant who manifests stranger anxiety can be supported by the mother leaving the infant for only short periods of time. Assessing developmental needs is appropriate before taking an infant to a physician. Pain from teething expressed by the infants cries would not occur only when the mother left the room.

Ch. 20 51. A quantitative sweat chloride test has been done on an 8-month-old child. What value should be indicative of cystic fibrosis (CF)? a. Less than 18 mEq/L b. 18 to 40 mEq/L c. 40 to 60 mEq/L d. Greater than 60 mEq/L

ANS: D Normally sweat chloride content is less than 40 mEq/L, with a mean of 18 mEq/L. A chloride concentration greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic of CF; in infants younger than 3 months, a sweat chloride concentration greater than 40 mEq/L is highly suggestive of CF.

Ch. 20 52. A preschool child has asthma, and a goal is to extend expiratory time and increase expiratory effectiveness. What action should the nurse implement to meet this goal? a. Encourage increased fluid intake. b. Recommend increased use of a budesonide (Pulmicort) inhaler. c. Administer an antitussive to suppress coughing. d. Encourage the child to blow a pinwheel every 6 hours while awake.

ANS: D Play techniques that can be used for younger children to extend their expiratory time and increase expiratory pressure include blowing cotton balls or a ping-pong ball on a table, blowing a pinwheel, blowing bubbles, or preventing a tissue from falling by blowing it against the wall. Increased fluids, increased use of a Pulmicort inhaler, or suppressing a cough will not increase expiratory effectiveness.

Ch. 20 28. What drug is usually given first in the emergency treatment of an acute, severe asthma episode in a young child? a. Ephedrine b. Theophylline c. Aminophylline d. Short-acting b2-agonists

ANS: D Short-acting b2-agonists are the first treatment in an acute asthma exacerbation. Ephedrine and aminophylline are not helpful in acute asthma exacerbations. Theophylline is unnecessary for treating asthma exacerbations.

Ch. 20 6. What statement best represents infectious mononucleosis? a. Herpes simplex type 2 is the principal cause. b. A complete blood count shows a characteristic leukopenia. c. A short course of ampicillin is used when pharyngitis is present. d. Clinical signs and symptoms and blood tests are both needed to establish the diagnosis.

ANS: D The characteristics of the diseasemalaise, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, central nervous system manifestations, and skin lesionsare similar to presenting signs and symptoms in other diseases. Hematologic analysis (heterophil antibody and monospot) can help confirm the diagnosis. However, not all young children develop the expected laboratory findings. Herpes-like Epstein- Barr virus is the principal cause. Usually, an increase in lymphocytes is observed. Penicillin, not ampicillin, is indicated. Ampicillin is linked with a discrete macular eruption in infectious mononucleosis.

Ch. 20 49. A 6-year-old child is in the hospital for status asthmaticus. Nursing care during this acute period includes which prescribed interventions? a. Prednisolone (Pediapred) PO every day, IV fluids, cromolyn (Intal) inhaler bid b. Salmeterol (Serevent) PO bid, vital signs every 4 hours, spot check pulse oximetry c. Triamcinolone (Azmacort) inhaler bid, continuous pulse oximetry, vital signs once a shift d. Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) IV every 12 hours, continuous pulse oximetry, albuterol nebulizer treatments every 4 hours and prn

ANS: D The child in status asthmaticus should be placed on continuous cardiorespiratory (including blood pressure) and pulse oximetry monitoring. A systemic corticosteroid (oral, IV, or IM) may also be given to decrease the effects of inflammation. Inhaled aerosolized short-acting b2- agonists are recommended for all patients. Therefore, Solumedrol per IV, continuous pulse oximetry, and albuterol nebulizer treatments are the expected prescribed treatments. Oral medications would not be used during the acute stage of status asthmaticus. Vital signs once a shift and spot pulse oximetry checks would not be often enough.

Ch. 15 9. Which statement concerning physiological factors of infancy is true? a. The infant has a slower metabolic rate than an adult. b. An infant is not able to digest protein and lactase. c. Infants have a slower circulatory response than adults. d. The kidneys of an infant are less efficient in concentrating urine than an adults kidneys.

ANS: D The infants kidneys are not as effective at concentrating urine compared with an adults kidneys because of immaturity of the renal system and a slower glomerular filtration rates. The infants metabolic rate is faster, not slower, than an adults. Although the newborn infants gastrointestinal system is immature, it is capable of digesting protein and lactase, but the ability to digest and absorb fat does not reach adult levels until approximately 6 to 9 months of age.

Ch. 20 29. Cystic fibrosis (CF) may affect single or multiple systems of the body. What is the primary factor responsible for possible multiple clinical manifestations in CF? a. Hyperactivity of sweat glands b. Hypoactivity of autonomic nervous system c. Atrophic changes in mucosal wall of intestines d. Mechanical obstruction caused by increased viscosity of mucous gland secretions

ANS: D The mucous glands produce a thick mucoprotein that accumulates and results in dilation. Small passages in organs such as the pancreas and bronchioles become obstructed as secretions form concretions in the glands and ducts. The exocrine glands, not sweat glands, are dysfunctional. Although abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system are present, it is not hypoactive. Intestinal involvement in CF results from the thick intestinal secretions, which can lead to blockage and rectal prolapse.

Ch. 20 11. A 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department. She has a froglike croaking sound on inspiration, is agitated, and is drooling. She insists on sitting upright. The nurse should intervene in which manner? a. Make her lie down and rest quietly. b. Examine her oral pharynx and report to the physician. c. Auscultate her lungs and prepare for placement in a mist tent. d. Notify the physician immediately and be prepared to assist with a tracheostomy or intubation.

ANS: D This child is exhibiting signs of respiratory distress and possible epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is always a medical emergency requiring antibiotics and airway support for treatment. Sitting up is the position that facilitates breathing in respiratory disease. The oral pharynx should not be visualized. If the epiglottis is inflamed, there is the potential for complete obstruction if it is irritated further. Although lung auscultation provides useful assessment information, a mist tent would not be beneficial for this child. Immediate medical evaluation and intervention are indicated.

Ch. 20 45. A 3-year-old is brought to the emergency department with symptoms of stridor, fever, restlessness, and drooling. No coughing is observed. Based on these findings, the nurse should be prepared to assist with what action? a. Throat culture b. Nasal pharynx washing c. Administration of corticosteroids d. Emergency intubation

ANS: D Three clinical observations that are predictive of epiglottitis are absence of spontaneous cough, presence of drooling, and agitation. Nasotracheal intubation or tracheostomy is usually considered for a child with epiglottitis with severe respiratory distress. The throat should not be inspected because airway obstruction can occur, and steroids would not be done first when the child is in severe respiratory distress.