Nursing Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Review (exam 4, spring 2017)

what is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle

1. SA node 2. through the atria 3. AV node 4. AV bundle 5. bundle branches 6. purkinje fibers 7. through the ventricles

sinusoids are found in:

1. bone marrow 2. spleen

sympathetic observation of the heart:

1. increases the heart rate 2. increases the force if contractions

which leukocytes are granulocytes

1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils

which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body

1. there is a unidirectional blood flow 2. arteries carry blood away from the heart (a= away) 3. veins carry blood toward the heart

during a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time:

2

which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials:

S-T segment

an autorhythmic heart cell is one in which (auto= spontaneous)

action potentials fire spontaneously (auto= spontaneous)

just prior to atrial contraction:

all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open

the plateau phase of an action potential:

allow cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up

which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output

an increase in afterload

norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes

an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells

which valve prevents the backflow of blood onto the left ventricle when the ventricles relax:

aortic semilunar valve

according to the Frank -Starling law:

as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful

in an ECG, the P wave is generated when the:

atria depolarize

which type of leukocyte releases histamine:

basophil

cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped:

by a single ventricle in one minute

once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which?

calcium come in through fast voltage-gates channels

gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the _______ and the tissues of the body:

capillaries

valves in veins:

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction

which is the most common type of capillary:

continuous

which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular(AV) valve:

contraction of the right ventricle

vagal tone refers to the:

decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation

the main function of leukocytes is to:

defend against pathogens

during the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential, the membrane stays:

depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters

oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of:

diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration

the largest arteries of the body are classified as:

elastic arteries

the membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains:

fast voltage-gated sodium channels and close voltage-gated calcium channels

as a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins:

get larger

cardiac output equals the:

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to:

inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues

the shutting of the semilunar valves occurs during which phase:

isovolumetric diastole

blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because:

it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle

cardiac output is usually expressed in:

liters per minute

the type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and: take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte

the layer of the heart wall composed of the cardiac muscle tissue is the (cardiac=heart, m(yo)=muscle)

myocardium (cardiac= heart, m(yo)=muscle)

A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the hearts contractions would be a:

negative inotropic agent

which are the most numerous of the leukocytes

neutrophils

the heart valves:

permit the passage of blood in one direction

which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart:

pulmonary veins

in an ECG, what does the T wave represent:

repolarization of the ventricles

which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood

right atrium and right ventricle

someone with tachyarrhythmia would be expected to show an abnormally:

small Q-T interval

which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach and pelvic regions:

systemic circuit (s=systems)

which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood:

systemic veins

during ventricular contraction:

the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close

the ______ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

tunica intima (inti= internal)

the _____ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells

tunica media (med= middle)

A network of small arteries called the _______ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa (exter=outside) of very large vessels

vasa vasorum

the term "epicardium" is another name for:

visceral layer of the serosal pericardium