Nursing Research: Test 1, 2, & Practice Questions
Descriptive statistics should be reported in every study to
show the sample characteristics
Systematic review
structured, comprehensive synthesis of quantitative and outcomes studies and meta-analyses in a particular healthcare area to determine the best research evidence available for expert clinicians to use to promote evidence-based practice
Meta-analysis
synthesis or pooling of the results from several previous studies using statistical analyses to determine the effect of an intervention or the strength of relationships that provides one of the strongest levels of evidence for practice
Meta-synthesis
systematic compiling and integration of qualitative studies to expand understanding and develop a unique interpretation of the studies' findings in a selected area
One characteristic not generally used for participant selection in qualitative research
Random selection of participants
One criterion not usually found in participant selection in qualitative studies is:
Random selection of participants
The faces scale used to measure pain in children is an example of which type of data collection tool:
Rating scale
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from the general to the specific or from a general premise to a particular situation.
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from the specific to the general.
A primary step in critiquing a literature review is to evaluate the what?
Relevance of the sources cited
Consistency is associated with?
Reliability
A study of hospital acquired pressure ulcers that repeats a previous study is called?
Replication study
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn is called?
Representative sample
Science knowledge is generated through what?
Research
Historical research
Research about from where nursing has come
Why is research essential for the delivery of quality nursing care?
Research provides the nurse with knowledge needed to make sound clinical decisions
Which of following sources would be most useful for a researcher conducting a literature review?
Research reports found in a refereed professional journal
An epidemiological study in which the researcher identifies a group of people who have experienced a particular event for investigation, such as an infection following a surgical procedure
Retrospective cohort study
Review of theoretical and empirical sources to determine what is known and not known about a problem
Review of literature
Subjects who participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are described as the?
Sample
A study that involves any reanalysis of data or information collected by another researcher or organization, including analysis of data sets collected from a variety of sources to create time-series or area-based data sets
Secondary analysis
Source whose author summarizes or quotes content from a primary source
Secondary source
Mixed-methods systematic review
systematic synthesis of the findings from independent studies conducted with a variety of methods (quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods) to determine the current knowledge in an area
Evidence-based practice
the conscientious integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values and needs in the delivery of high quality, cost-effective health care
control
the power to direct or manipulate factors to achieve a desired outcome
Best research evidence
the strongest empirical knowledge available generated from the synthesis of quality study findings to address a practice problem
Mary Jane Smith is mentally challenged and has been asked to participate in a study. Her diminished autonomy must be managed if she is to participate in a study. This characteristic is directly linked which of the following human rights?
Self-determination
An instrument that is very good at identifying the diseased patient is highly what?
Sensitive
Bracketing
Setting aside one's values and perspectives during the data collecting and analysis process
A norm on which quality of care is judged such as clinical guideline, critical paths, and care maps.
Standard of care
The observed number of deaths are divided by the expected number of deaths and multiplied by 100
Standardized mortality ratio
The elements of organization and administration. as well as provider and patient characteristics, that guide the process of care
Structures of care
Ethnographic research
Study that explores the culture of a specific group of people or an organization
descriptive statistics
Summary statistics researchers use to organize data in ways that give meaning and facilitate insight.
A study utilizes residents of a middle-class community to evaluate the income of a city. What type of measurement error would result?
Systematic error
The synthesis of research studies to establish best practices for clinical practice is called what?
Systematic review
What title indicates use of qualitative methodology?
The Experience of Mother-Child Bonding in Inner City Popula
Borrowing
The appropriation and use of knowledge from other fields or disciplines to guide nursing practice.
Independent variable
The intervention or treatment that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on a dependent variable
What is an example of random assignment?
The names of the subjects were placed in a bowl and names were drawn for placement in the control versus experimental groups
Which of the following correctly identifies a variable in the following study?: "Brief research report: impact of a 5-minute scrub on the microbial flora found on artificial, polished, or natural fingernails of operating room personnel, Nursing Research, 47(1), 54-9"
The presence and type of microbes are dependent variables
Multicausality
The recognition that several interrelating variables can be involved in causing a particular effect
Dependent vairable
The response, behavior, or outcome that is predicted or explained in research. Changes in the dependent variable are presumed to be caused by the independent variable.
An implicit framework is a set of
theoretical ideas that are nebulas and vaguely expressed
A research article entitled the effect of massage to decrease muscularskeletal pain an intervention study is what type of research
applied
Calculate the range of values + 1 SD from the mean
2.5 to 4 (2.5 4)
Which of the following is a probability statement?
60% of clients will improve their knowledge of diabetes after taking this course.
Quantitative research
A formal, objective, systematic research process to describe, test relationships, or examine cause-and-effect interactions among variables.
Nursing Research
A scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice.
Qualitative research
A systematic, interactive, subjective research approach used to describe the experience and give them meaning
Which of the following research designs is used to answer questions that seek to investigate causality?
Experimental design
generalization
Findings acquired from a specific study; applied to a target population
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the purpose of qualitative nursing research?
Findings are used to gain understanding of patients' experiences
Phenomenological research
Focused on the lived experience
Hypothesis
Formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population.
What is the primary purpose for reviewing the literature in quantitative research?
Gain a broad understanding of the information available related to a problem
Which ethical principle is violated when a benefit to which a person is entitled is denied without good reason or when a burden is imposed unduly?
Justice
Explanation
Knowledge generated from research that clarifies relationships among variables
Prediction
Knowledge generated from research that enables one to estimate the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation.
Role modeling
Learning by imitating the behaviors of an expert and the process of teaching less-experienced professionals by demonstrating model behaviors.
Alpha
Level of significance set at the start of a study.
The scale that presents a set of attitude statements and a continuum of possible answers on a five to seven point scale of numbers is referred to as a "
Likert scale
In experimental research, the researcher's control of the "treatment" is referred as what?
Mainpulation
A researcher has designed a study looking at the effects of peer support of outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft CABG pts. In designing this study, the researcher randomly assigns some pts to a group who will receive support from a recovered CABG pt and some pts to a group who receive no formal support from another CABG pt. This process would be an example of which of the following?
Manipulation
The difference between the observed score and what exists in reality (true score) is called?
Measurement error
Which of the following is not a relational statement
Measuring blood sugar is an important way to assess a diabetics condition
Theories that are located between abstract and concrete theories are more limited in scope and address specific phenomena or concepts are called:
Middle-range theories
A research study explored the meaning of health for migrant farm worker woman in a southern state. A convenient sample of 20 migrant farm worker women in GA was surveyed. What is the population of the study?
Migrant farm worker woman in GA
A convenience sample of 20 migrant farm-worker women in Georgia was surveyed. What is the population of this study?
Migrant farm-worker women in Georgia
Gender is an example of which level of measurement
Nominal
When renewing a nursing license, nurses are asked to indicated their area of specialization. This data is measured on what scale?
Nominal
What is wrong with using the measurement described below for nominal-scale measurement? Category: race/ethnicity Choices: black, white, other
Not all inclusive, Hispanics can be black or white
"Abstract" is defined in research as what?
Not well defined and general
Field notes
Notes from a research observation
Sample attrition would be reflected by the what?
Number of patients who drop out of a study
This includes a group of indicators that could facilitate the bench marking, or setting of a desired standard, that would allow comparisons of hospitals in terms of their nursing care quality
Nursing care report card
These outcomes are influenced by nursing care decisions and actions
Nursing sensitive patient outcomes
The statement This study explored the experience of a caregiver by adult daughters of parents with Alzheimers disease is an example of which of the following components of a research study?
Objective or aim
Which of the following is an example of random error in measurement?
Occasional discussion of questions with some subjects during completion of the measurement tool
A researcher records the educational status of subjects in a study as: 1 = finished high school 2 = finished college 3 = finished graduate school What level of measurement is used?
Ordinal
A researcher notes that 3 of 30 subjects had extreme anxiety scores when compared to the other subjects. These 3 subjects would be treated as
Outliers
dependent (paired) groups
Paired Groups; subjects in control group are matched to subjects in the experimental group based on selected variables.
Snowballing
Persons who have provided data for a study tell other eligible persons about the study
Studies conducted within the context of the patients' community rather than the context of the medical system, such as the elderly individuals' physical and psychological functional levels in their homes
Population-based studies
One example of a research population with diminished autonomy would be:
Prisoners
power
Probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference or relationship that exists.
An epidemiological study where researchers identify a group of people who are at risk for experiencing a particular event and then follow them over time to observe whether the event occurs such as the incidence of health problems in morbidly obese individuals
Prospective cohort study
Grounded theory research
Qualitative method that describes social processes and proposes a framework of related concepts
the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge
Quality of care
What type of research involves the systematic investigation of cause and effect interactions among variables
Quasi experimental research
Nurses in a hypertension clinic have found that many patients do not comply with their treatment regimen. They designed an intervention based on Bandura's social cognitive theory and wanted to study the effect of this intervention in a convenience sample. Which of the following designs would be best suited?
Quasi-experimental
A study is entitled, "The Use of Biofeedback as an intervention for Decreasing Phantom Limb Pain." What type was conducted?
Quasi-experimental research
What type of research involves the systematic investigation of cause-and-effect interactions among variables?
Quasi-experimental research
Open-ended interview
Questioning research participants orally without a fixed list of questions
A non-reproducible error that arises from a variety of factors in measurement and does not affect the average scores but do affect the variation that exists around the average is called the :
Random error
A critical appraisal should be a
balanced appraisal of a study's strengths and weaknesses
A research article entitled the effect of heat application to decrease tissue inflammation in laboratory mice is what type of research
basic
design
blueprint for conducting a study
Critical appraisal of research
careful examination of all aspects of study to judge its strengths, limitations, meaning and significance
examination of clinical progression of liver failure in a patient with Hep C
case study design
independent variable
cause or experimental variable
manipulation
controlling a treatment or intervention in an experimental study
nurses' perceptions of empowerment in medical surgical inpatient setings
descriptive design
how are quantitative and qualitative research approaches different
design is highly controlled in quantitative research and adaptable in qualitative research
the _____ section of a research report includes the implications of the findings for nursing in the recommendations for future research
discussion
Bias
distortion of study findings or to deviate from the true or expected
The following research steps could be found in which type of qualitative research? Identification of the culture to be studied, gaining entrance, cultural immersion, acquiring informants, theory development
ethnographic
Physiological measures are:
measurement methods used to quantify the level of functioning of living beings
which value is the 50th percentile?
median = 3.10
Gender
nominal
hospital, nursing home, rehab center
nominal
education level
ordinal
pain level ranking
ordinal
salary ranges
ordinal
causality
particular cause leads to specific effect our outcome
Which of the following methods would be most reasonable to use if a researcher is interested in finding out what it is like to live with a person who has a terminal illness
phenomenological approach
study examining the lived-experiences of homeless people
phenomenology
Subjects who participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are described as the:
sample
Quantitative research methods
-Experimental research -Correlational research -Quasi-experimental research -Descriptive research
Qualitative research methods
-Exploratory-descriptive qualitative research -Phenomenological research -Historical research -Ethnographic research -Grounded theory research
What is wrong with using the measurement described below for nominal-scale measurement? Category: househome income Choices: <$5000, $5000-$10,000, >$10,000
-The categories are not mutually exclusive -The choices are not nominal measures
Which of the following levels of significance would decrease the chance of a type 2 error
0.10
A nurse is using theories from psychology to expand her understanding of the grief process period. This is an example of which way of acquiring knowledge for nursing practice?
Borrowing
Secondary source
Account of an event by a person who learned about the event from another person
Inferential statistics
Address objectives, questions, or hypotheses in studies to allow inference from the study sample to the target population.
Which of the following decreases the amount of control in the design?
Allowing all events to occur in a natural setting
What definition best describes rigor in quantitative research?
Amount of control and precision exerted by the methodology
What is a population that meets the population criteria for a study and is available?
An accessible population
Trial and error
An approach with unknown outcomes that is used in a situation of uncertainty when other sources or knowledge are unavailable
Research problem
An area of concern in which there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. Research is conducted to generate essential knowledge to address the practice concern, with the ultimate goal of providing evidence-based practice.
Which of following is an example of data-based literature?
An article describing the results of a descriptive study
Outcome research
An important scientific methodology that was developed to examine the results of patient care
The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided is called:
Anonymity
What category or type of research is suggested by the following research question, " Does telephone follow-up nurses improve patients' compliance with their medication regimens?"
Applied
A research problem is the
Area of concern or gap in the knowledge base
Statements that are taken for granted or are considered true, even though they have not been scientifically tested, are called what?
Assumptions
Which of the following is a role of the BSN-educated nurse in regard to research?
Critique research articles fro clinical usefulness
Which of the following statements BEST describes a critique of research?
Careful examination of a study to evaluate its strengths, limitations, meaning, and significance
Rigor
Characteristics of a study that give its findings credibility and greater value
Demographic variable
Characteristics or attributes of subjects that are collected to describe the sample.
The author, year, title of a source, and publication information that allows a reader to find the reference to which the author is referring
Citation
What is most likely a single-study research report?
Comparison of two types of wound care
Research topic
Concept of broad problem area that provides the basis for generating numerous research questions and problems
Abstract connections making a logical scheme and having a common theme defines:
Conceptual model
Research purpose
Concise, clear statement of the specific goal or aim of the study. The purpose is generated from the problem
Research question
Concise, interrogative statement developed to direct the study; focuses on describing variables, examining relationships among variables and determining the differences between two or more groups.
The selection of a sample based on subjects who are accessible to the researcher is called:
Convenience sampling
What is true about convenience sampling?
Convenience sampling is the most commonly used method of sampling
The question "Is there a relationship between caffeine intake and intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma" is an example of which type of research?
Correlational
Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic
Correlational analysis
Which of the following is a role of the BSN educated nurse in regard to research
Critique research articles for clinical usefullness
post hoc analysis
Data analysis after analysis of variance to determine differences among 3 groups.
outliers
Data points with extreme values that seem unlike the rest of the sample
An electronic index of information categorized by relevant classifications that can be searched via computer technology is called a:
Database
Conceptual definition of variable
Definition that provides a variable or concept with connotative (abstract, comprehensive, theoretical) meaning established through concept analysis, concept derivation, or concept synthesis
effect size
Degree to which a phenomenon is present in a population, strength of a relationship between two variables, or the degree to which the null hypothesis is false.
The purpose of phenomenological research is to do what?
Describe experiences as they are lived
Operational definition of variable
Description of how variables or concepts will be measured or manipulated in a study.
A researcher is studying the relations between age and involvement in social activities. This is what type of research?
Descriptive
What study would NOT be considered nursing research?
Developing innovative pin insertion techniques for fracture treatment
Which of the following studies would NOT be considered nursing research?
Developing innovative pin insertion techniques for fracture treatment
What section of a research report includes the implications of the findings for nursing and the recommendations for future research?
Discussion
A journal published and available on the internet
Electronic journal
type II error
Error acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is false. " You say there ISN'T evidence when there actually IS.
type I error
Error occurs when you reject the null hypothesis when it is true. "You say there IS evidence when there actually ISN'T.
The following research steps could be found in which type of qualitative research? - Identification of the culture to be studied - Gaining entrance - Cultural immersion - Acquiring informants - Theory deelopment
Ethnographic
Personal experience
Gaining knowledge by being personally involved in a situation, such as providing care to patients in ICU.
What is an of a theory from a physiological background that is used by nurses as a framework for nursing students?
Gate control theory of pain
A research problem is defined as a:
General area of concern requiring study
The primary purpose of nursing research is to:
Generate scientific knowledge to guide nursing practice
independent groups
Groups selected so the participants are unrelated to the selection of other subjects.
Experimental studies are most often conducted in what setting?
Highly controlled setting
The initial and one of the most significant steps in conducting the research process is:
Identifying the research problem
Threats to validity can be handled by the researcher in all of these ways EXCEPT
Ignore the threat
What is most likely a single-study research report?
Impact of a cardiac education program for homeless populations
The researcher is using the FACES pain scale to measure pain in a pediatric population. This measure is an example of a what?
Indirect measure
Knowledge
Information acquired in a variety of ways that is expected to be an accurate reflection of reality and is used to guide practice.
Intuition
Insight or understanding of a situation or event as a whole that usually cannot be logically explained
Which critiquing criterion would apply to physiologic measures
Is there a provision for evaluating the accuracy of the instrument
An implicit framework is a set of?
Theoretical ideas that are nebulous and vaguely expressed
The components of evidence based practice include all of the following EXCEPT
Time honored accepting nurses practices
Which of the following unethical studies involved the U.S. Public Health Service studying syphilis in African American men over a 40-year period of time?
Tuskegee study
Transcription
Typing a verbatim narrative from a recorded interview or focus group
The purpose of a study must include which of the following?
Variables
Extraneous variable
Variables that exist in all studies and can effect the measurement of study variables and the relationships among these variables
Correlational research has which of the following characteristics?
examines the relationships between existing variables
An electronic collection of complete journal articles
full-text database
What is the primary purpose for reviewing the literature in quantitative research
gain a broad understanding of the information available related to a problem
study to develop a theory on physician practices of disclosure of errors to patients
grounded theory
Experimental studies are most often conducted in which of the following settings
highly controlled settings
The study included adults over the age of 18, able to read and speak english, and hospitalized for their first abdominal surgery. These are an example of the:
inclusion sample criteria
temperature
interval
the amount of stress measured with a Likert scale
interval
which of the following are the four major parts most often included in a research report?
introduction, methods, results, and discussion
Major concepts of a topic used to begin a computer search
keywords
Clinical expertise
knowledge and skills of the health care professional providing care and is determined for a nurse by years of clinical experience, current knowledge of research and clinical literature, and educational preparation.
Which value is the 50th percentile?
mean 3.42
which value is the average?
mean = 3.42
Use the following excerpt of a published study to answer the question: Edel E Houston S kennedy, V & Latocco M. . Brief research report impact of a 5-minute scrub on the microbial flora found on artificial, polished, or natural fingernails of operating room personnel Nursing Research Which of the following correctly identifies a variable in the above study? The
presence and type of microbes are dependent variables
What type of source is written by the person who originated it or who is responsible for generating the ideas
primary
Source whose author originated or is responsible for generating the ideas published
primary source
A study is entitled the use of biofeedback as an intervention for decreasing phantom limb pain. What type of research was conducted
quasi experimental
A study is entitled the use of massage as an intervention for decreasing low back pain. What type of research was conducted?
quasi experimental research
Effectiveness of a new drug to treat htn in adults. the study had a large convenience sample and included all patients with htn in five primary care clinics.subjects were randomly assigned to either the treatment or comparison groups.
quasi-experimental design
A study examining student results on a calculation exam taken in the morning
random error
a fasting blood sugar
ratio
exam grade of 80%
ratio
hemoglobin level
ratio
Used to connect concepts in a theory:
relational statement
a primary step in critiquing a literature review is to evaluate the:
relevance of the sources cited
study on the use of gel pillows that is being repeated
replication study
What is the most important characteristic of a sample?
representativeness
Evidence-based guidlines
rigorous explicit clinical guidelines developed based on the best research evidence available in that area
Sensitivity refers to a test's ability to
rule a condition in
Specificity refers to a test's ability to
rule a condition out
A highly specific test is very good at identifying the patient:
without a disease