Nusc 1167

June Parties (Brazil)

- Catholic celebration of the harvest of Brazil - bonfires, food, music, dancing - individuals dress up in farm outfits

Family structure in Brazil

- patriarchal - extended family members typically live close to one another - daily visits common - relatives mentor children through rites of passage such as confirmation, graduation, the start of a career and marriage

Treatments sought by Caribbean Islanders (4 types)

- prayer - home remedies - over the counter remedies - voodoo and witchcraft

Strategies for preventing illness (Italy)

- praying to saints - use of good luck charms - practices of a maghi (witch)

Pirao (Brazil)

- rice or cornmeal porridge - side dish

Umbanda

- rural areas - lower-income residents in urban areas - combines several Afro-Brazilian faiths with spiritism and the idea of Christian charity

What factors were associated with LOWER body mass index (BMI) among Brazilians?

- traditional diets - low in calorie density - high in fiber

What factors were associated with HIGHER body madd index (BMI) among Brazilians?

- westernized diets - foods high in added fats (butter, margarine, fried snacks) and sugars (soft drinks)

Examples of Arawak and African foods

Arawak - maize - manioc (cassava and yucca) - sweet potatoes - game and fish African - akee (mild, apple sized fruit) - yams - okra - taro - coffee - plantains - bananas

Arawaks vs. Caribs

Arawaks = Indian group that populated the Caribbean Islands Caribs = Indian group that originated in South America and took over different Indian groups residing in the Caribbean

Ingredients in Brazilian fritters

dried shrimp, dried salt cod, yams, black-eyed peas, mashed beans, peanuts, and ripe plantains fried in dende oil

To Italians, what is necessary for good health?

fresh air

Role of father (Italy)

head of household strict disciplinarian

What do Brazilians associate faith with?

health

Why do Brazilians usually have oranges with the meal?

help with iron absorption from the beef

What is an example of a common remedy that is used for treatment in Brazil?

herbal teas

Obesity concerns - Caribbean Islands

higher than national state averages

Role of mother (Italy)

home activities family budget

Overall aims of Italy's food guidance

improve nutritional quality, safety, and sustainability of Italian population's diet

Characteristics from Ministry of Health and Wellness Campaign Video from Jamaica - How does it promote healthy behaviors?

joyful song about things you can be do to be healthier --> eating better, exercise, doctor

What do Brazilians attribute bad health to?

liver problems or hot-cold imbalance

Factors contributing to health disparities in Caribbean Islands population

lower rates of preventive care, health care insurance coverage, and higher rates of risk factors

Carribean Islanders Beliefs on Illness

many Caribbean Islanders believe illness is a punishment from God; fate determines life and death

What is the churrasco method used for in Brazil?

meats slow cooked over fire

Brazil - how did meal patterns differ by socioeconomic status?

middle-class and affluent --> 3 meals a day low-income, rural areas --> early breakfast and large dinner around 6pm (stew and side dish of potatoes)

Cuban families

patriarchal and includes relatives

Areas of Italy where Italians came from between 1880 to 1920

poorer sections of southern Italy and parts of Sicily --> settled in large northeastern cities

Nervios (Puerto Rico) treatments

prayer, massage, sedatives, herbal teas

Challenges descendants of slaves faced in Brazil?

racism, marginalization, and lack of visibility

Santeria

ritual cleansing of the body with various objects to maintain spiritual and physical wellbeing

Sugarcane was an ingredient for ...

rum

Characteristics of Southern Italian families

self-reliant and distrusted outsiders

Minor religions of Brazil

spiritism, umbanda, candomblé

Purpose of slave trade in Brazil

to work in sugar cane fields

Gender roles related to meal intake in Brazil

women prepare meals and serve them to men, women eat when men finish their food

Caribbean families in the US

women work in greater numbers than men, and may hold more authority in the home

Caribbean Islands - special occasions

- Carnival: Pre-Lent festivities - Puerto Rican Day Parades - Dominican Day Parade - Thanksgiving - Christmas

Candomble

- Afro-Brazilian faith - founded in Bahia region - practiced nationwide by followers of all ethnicities - African-derived beliefs dealing with matters of the earth such as health and wealth are combined with Catholic cosmology

Puerto Rican meal patterns in the U.S.

- Breakfast: toast and coffee, eggs - Midday meal: sandwich and soft drink - Later dinner: rice, beans, starchy vegetable, meat, soup, may include salad

Brazil Independence Day

- Sept 27th - recognizes independence from Portugal - parades in major cities

Malagueta pepper (Brazil)

- adopted by West Africans in Brazil - used in sauces and stews

Immigration Patterns (Brazil)

- approximately 326,500 Brazilians reside in the United States - "Little Brazils" were established in Queens and Manhattan - settlements in Pennsylvania, Washington DC, and Miami

What does Italy's food guidance promote

- balance - increase in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes - decrease in sugar, alcohol, fat - sustainable diets

Ser nervioso (Puerto Rico)

- being nervous for life - trauma as a child - crying bouts, headaches, stomach maladies, violence in men Treatment: herbal teas, talking to family members, religious advisors, or mental health professionals

Spiritism

- came from France - combines Christian precepts with scientific principles - Brazil's middle class - followers communicate with the dead through spiritual mediums

Factors that may contribute to illness (Italy)

- contamination through an unclean or sick person - heredity - drafts, as surgery may be avoided not to expose organs to air - suppression of emotions - supernatural cuases - Evil Eye

Padacer de los nervios (Puerto Rico)

- depression in adults Treatment: psychologists or psychiatrists assist with treatment

Carnival (Brazil)

- festivities, parties, traditional fare - celebration with parties 3 days before Lent

Feast of San Gennaro

- honors patron saint - protector of Naples - celebrated each September in NYC's Little Italy for 11 days

Ataques (Puerto Rico)

- hysterical reaction to stress - acute breathing difficulties, frenzy, sudden onset of illness

Barriers to Health Care and Communication Styles of Individuals from the Caribbean

- language problems - health beliefs different from provider - access to medical care is limited

Slave Trade

- many slaves came from West Africa to Caribbean countries to work in sugar cane fields - migration of foods from Africa were implemented into their new countries

Examples of Cuban foods

- meat or fish - Savory Picadillo (beef hash) - black beans and rice - bread - flan

Feijoada Completa

- national dish of Brazil - originated in RIo de Janeiro - smoked meats, sausage, bacon, beans, rice, hot sauces, lime juice, cassava meal, and oranges - ties to slavery in the country - Sat or Sun food - followed by Siesta

Ingredients in Brazilian Vatapa

- paste made with smoke dried shrimp, peanuts, cashews, coconut milk, and malagueta chiles - used as a filling for black-bean fritters - sometimes served with rice as entree

What regions in Brazil are Afro-Brazilian Fare foods from?

Bahia region

What is Capoeira?

Brazilian Martial Arts dance, acrobatics, and music created by slaves to hide fighting with dance at the beginning of the 16th century -- expressing African culture

Capirinhas (Brazil)

Brazilian beverage - cachaca with lime juice, sugar, mint served over ice

Guarana (Brazil)

Brazilian beverage - carbonated soft drink made from seeds of guarana fruit - contains caffeine

Cachaca (Brazil)

Brazilian beverage - distilled spirit made from sugarcane

Brazilian breakfast, lunch, and dinner composition

Breakfast - light meal - bread or roll with jan - cup of coffee with milk - fresh fruit or pastries, occasionally ham or cheese Lunch - main meal - with family or friens - appetizers: fritters or empanadas - meat or seafood stew or grilled meat dish - sides: rice, beans, fried potatoes, green - salad served with the meal Afternoon Coffee Break Dinner - lighter meal - around 9pm - cold cuts, seafood salad, or a serving of soup or stews

What do Spiritist followers use for treatments?

Homeopathy, exorcism, or other alternative treatments

Puerto Rico etiquette

Host initiates the meal by saying "Bon appetite!"

Dominican Republic etiquette

Host says "Buen provecho" prior to the meal

Significance of the sugarcane plantations on the Caribbean islands

Increased sugarcane plantations Labor intensive Import of slaves from Africa

What cultures influenced Caribbean food habits?

Indians, Spanish, French, British, Dutch, Danes, Africans, Asian Indians, Chinese

What is Rastafari?

Jamaica Afro-Caribbean faith Practice a natural, simple lifestyle

Ital diet

Jamaican - vegetarian or vegan - eat plant-based foods from the earth - avoid alcohol - herbal remedies

Jerk Chicken

Jamaican chicken marinated with Jamaican Jerk Spice

Callaloo

Jamaican spinach

Ackee and saltfish

Jamaican national dish

Jamaican foods

Jerk chicken ackee and saltfish callaloo Ital diet

Examples of Caribbean staple foods

Legumes, rice, preas

Haitians - Two types of illness

Natural: due to poor diet Supernatural: due to angry spirits

What country occupied Brazil previously? What was the purpose of this country arriving in Brazil?

Portuguese arrived in the 16th century and sought land to cultivate sugarcane

What cultures influenced Brazil foods?

Portuguese, African, and Native Influenced

Tres leche cake

Puerto Rico

Sofrito

Puerto Rico - foundation for many dishes - tomato, cilantro stems, pepper, alcapparrado (pickled mix of capers) and recaito (recao, onions, garlic, bell peppers)

Mofongo

Puerto Rico - fried (green) plantain with garlic, olive oil, and meat - served with a broth

Asapao

Puerto Rico - thick rice soup with chicken, pork, or seafood - parmesan cheese topping - in DR includes fried plantains and avocado

Empanandas

Puerto Rico - turnover with animal protein and cheese

Flan

Puerto Rico baked custard with caramel

Bacalacitas

Puerto Rico codfish fritters

Traditional foods of Puerto Rico

Rice and Beans · Sofrito · Baclitaos · Mofongo · Empnadas · Flan · Tres leche Cake

Major religion followed in Brazil

Roman Catholic

Major religion in carribean islands

Roman Catholic

Majority religion followed in Italy

Roman Catholic

Haitians - Blood Irregularities

Types: hot, cold, thin, thick, dirty, yellow Febeles = occurs when there is insufficient blood

Puerto Rico

US territory inhabitants are US citizens

What is voodoo?

West African tribal rituals, Catholic beliefs, local customs

Where Northern Italians initially settled

West Coast during the Gold Rush

Examples of Common foods in Brazil

Yucca Acai Berry Rice and Beans Tapioca Breads (Pao)

What is a curandiero?

a priest or priestess who diagnoses and treats spiritual problems prescribes healing baths or botanicals

What are the health beliefs of Candomble followers?

balance between the earth and spiritual aspects is needed for health

Brazilian beverages commonly consumed at meals

beer, wine, fruit juice, soft drinks

How do Italian define well-being?

being able to pursue normal, daily activities

Canjica (Brazil)

caramel custard and corn

Pao de Queijo (Brazil)

cheese bread

What is compadrazago?

co-parenting

Examples of Caribbean common beverages

coffee, rum, juices