Nut 10 - Vitamin

Lack of _________ prior to conception or during early pregnancy may lead to dangerous birth defects, called neural tube defects. Thiamin B12 B6 Folate Iodine Iron

- Folate Correct. Folate deficiency prior to conception or during the first several weeks of pregnancy could cause serious birth defects, called neural tube defects.

Check all that apply: The outer layer, or hull, of a whole grain contains Water-soluble fiber Water-insoluble fiber Thiamin Vitamin E Niacin Iron

- Water-insoluble fiber Correct. The outer layer (hull) of a whole grain contains water-insoluble fiber, thiamin, niacin, and iron. -Thiamin -Niacin - Iron

Vitamin C functions as a(n) Hormone Antioxidant Lipoprotein Energy source

Antioxidant Correct. Vitamin C also functions as an antioxidant and helps protect fats from becoming oxidized. Vitamin C is not considered a hormone, a lipoprotein, or an energy source.

Vitamin D regulates __________ absorption. Vitamin A Potassium Calcium Vitamin C

Calcium Correct. Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption in the intestinal tract through a protein car

Which of the following people may want to consider taking a dietary supplement? Check all that apply. An elderly female consuming less than 1,500 kcals/day A female college student following her total energy intake recommendations, as calculated from her diet project An adult female planning to become pregnant in the next year A college student short on sleep A person who is a frequent partier and drinks more than 5 drinks a night. A male college student following his total energy intake recommendations, as calculated from his diet project A college student whose diet consists of top ramen, frozen pizza, and cheeseburgers

- An elderly female consuming less than 1,500 kcals/day Correct. People who are consuming less than 1,500 kcals/day may want to consider a supplement because it is challenging to meet all micronutrient needs with a low-calorie intake, especially if they are female or elderly. - An adult female planning to become pregnant in the next year Correct. People who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant may want to consider a supplement because certain nutrient needs increase during pregnancy, such as iron. It is also wise to ensure stores of folate are sufficient to help prevent neural tube defects. -A person who is a frequent partier and drinks more than 5 drinks a night Correct. People who consume alcohol regularly and in excessive amounts may want to consider a supplement because alcohol affects nutrient status in several ways, which we will learn more about in chapter 10. -A college student whose diet consists of top ramen, frozen pizza, and cheeseburgers Correct. People who habitually make poor food choices may want to consider a supplement to ensure they are meeting nutrient needs.

____________ develops with deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate. Rickets Osteoporosis Goiter Anemia

- Anemia Correct. Deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate results in anemia.

Vitamin E functions as a(n) _____________ in the body. Antioxidant Digestive enzyme Hormone Energy source

- Antioxidant Correct. Vitamin E is an antioxidant and protects the unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from oxidation. Vitamin E does not function as a digestive enzyme or as a hormone, nor does it provide energy in the form of calories.

Deficiency of thiamin results in Scurvy Pellagra Beriberi Anemia

- Beriberi Correct. Thiamin deficiency results in a condition called beriberi.

____________ is the carotenoid that is most efficiently converted to vitamin A in the body. Beta-carotene Cholesterol Lycopene Vitamin E

- Beta-carotene Correct. Beta-carotene is the carotene responsible for the red/orange/yellow pigment in fruits and vegetables and is the carotenoid that is most efficiently converted to vitamin A in the body, making it a plant source of vitamin A.

What diseases/conditions can result from the overconsumption of vitamin E? Check all that apply. Anemia Bleeding Night blindness Flu-like symptoms

- Bleeding -Flu-like symptoms Correct. Consuming too much vitamin E is linked to bleeding (because the blood doesn't clot well), as well as flu-like symptoms.

Thiamin and niacin both work as coenzymes in ___________ energy metabolism. Protein Carbohydrate Fat Fiber

- Carbohydrate Correct. Most of the B vitamins are coenzymes in energy metabolism. Thiamin and niacin function as coenzymes in carbohydrate energy metabolism. Niacin also functions as a coenzyme in protein and fat metabolism.

Check all that apply: Pellagra is characterized by Muscle fatigue Dermatitis Anemia Diarrhea A smooth tongue Dementia Dysphagia (trouble swallowing) Death

- Dermatitis Correct. Pellagra is characterized by the 4 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death. -Diarrhea -Dementia -Death

True or false: All species require the same vitamins and minerals. True False

- False Correct. The correct answer is false. Although across all species the minerals required remain the same, different species require different amounts of those minerals.

Due to its importance in preventing serious birth defects, all grain products in the U.S. are fortified with Vitamin C Folate (folic acid) Potassium Zinc

- Folate (folic acid) Correct. Since deficiency of folate prior to conception and during early pregnancy can cause neural tube defects, folate was added to the list of grain enrichment nutrients in 1996.

______________ is needed for cell replication and a deficiency of it causes anemia. Adequate intake of this vitamin during pregnancy may help prevent birth defects. Folate (folic acid) Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Thiamin Niacin (B3)

- Folate (folic acid) Due to folate's important role in genetic material (DNA/RNA) replication, lack of folate pre-conception or during the first several weeks of pregnancy may lead to serious birth defects called neural tube defects.

The ______ sprouts into a new plant and contains minerals, B vitamins, and vitamin E. Kernel Hull Germ Starch Outer layer

- Germ Correct. The germ is the part of the kernel that actually sprouts into a new plant, which is why the germ is rich in a variety of nutrients.

The milling process strips off the _________ and leaves the _________. Hull; starch and germ Hull and germ; starch Correct. The milling process strips off the outer layer (hull) and also removes the germ of the kernel. This refinement process leaves just the starch and removes the kernel's nutrients, which is why the U.S. government created the grain enrichment program to add nutrients back into refined grains. However, whole grains are still nutritionally superior to refined grains. Starch and germ; hull

- Hull and germ; starch Correct. The milling process strips off the outer layer (hull) and also removes the germ of the kernel. This refinement process leaves just the starch and removes the kernel's nutrients, which is why the U.S. government created the grain enrichment program to add nutrients back into refined grains. However, whole grains are still nutritionally superior to refined grains.

Vitamin B12 requires a special carrier for absorption, called Hemoglobin Vitamin C B12 carrier protein Oxalic acid Intrinsic factor Phytic acid

- Intrinsic factor Correct. Although the acid in the stomach helps break vitamin B12 away from food for absorption, the acid can also damage vitamin B12. Due to this, a special carrier protein, called Intrinsic Factor, is made by the stomach to bind with vitamin B12to protect and transport the vitamin.

The RDAs for both vitamin B12and folate are in the ______ quantity. Microgram Milligram Gram Kilogram

- Microgram Correct. The RDAs for both vitamin B12 and folate are in the microgram quantity, which is a very small amount.

Check all that apply: Beriberi is characterized by Muscle fatigue Anemia Stunted growth Nervous system dysfunction Diarrhea

- Muscle fatigue Correct. Muscle fatigue, along with nervous system dysfunction, are the characteristics of beriberi. - Nervous system dysfunction Correct. Nervous system dysfunction, along with muscle fatigue, are the characteristics of beriberi.

Vitamin B12 has an important role in the _____________ system. Skeletal Digestive Nervous Circulatory

- Nervous Vitamin B12 plays an important role in the nervous system by helping make the covering around nerves called the myelin sheath.

Check all that apply: Vitamins are Organic compounds Inorganic compounds Essential nutrients Nonessential nutrients

- Organic compounds - Essential nutrients Correct. Vitamins are essential nutrients since the body cannot make them, so we must get vitamins from food and water.

Choose the best combination. Vitamins are _________ substances that are essential and serve a _________ role. Organic; structural Organic; regulatory Inorganic; structural Inorganic; regulatory

- Organic; regulatory Vitamins are organic substances that serve a regulatory role in the body. Minerals are inorganic substances and function in regulatory and/or structural roles.

Deficiency of niacin results in Scurvy Pellagra Beriberi Anemia

- Pellagra Correct. Niacin deficiency results in a condition called pellagra.

As you age, your need for vitamin B12 increases because your body Produces more acid Produces less acid Produces more pepsin Produces less pepsin

- Produces less acid Correct. As you age, your body produces less stomach acid. The acid in your stomach helps absorb vitamin B12 from food, so the decrease in stomach acid results in a decreased absorption of vitamin B12. This is why elderly people have an increased need for vitamin B12. Pepsin is the enzyme in the stomach that helps break down protein.

Vitamin B12 and folate function as regulators and have an important role in Adding hemoglobin to red blood cells Replication of genetic material Building bones Maintaining fluid balance

- Replication of genetic material Vitamin B12 and folate have critical roles in DNA/RNA (genetic material) replication. Iron plays an important role in forming the hemoglobin inside red blood cells.

What diseases/conditions are caused by vitamin D deficiency? Check all that apply. Rickets Paralysis Osteomalacia Anemia

- Rickets -Osteomalacia Correct. In children, deficiency of calcium and/or vitamin D causes rickets. In adults, a type of rickets (osteomalacia) forms when bones become soft.

Deficiency of vitamin C results in Beriberi Pellagra Rickets Scurvy

- Scurvy Correct. Deficiency of vitamin C results in a condition called scurvy.

The bulk of the kernel is Vitamin E Water-soluble fiber Water-insoluble fiber Starch Glycogen

- Starch Most of the grain kernel is made up of starch. The fiber found in the hull of the kernel is water-insoluble fiber.

Which of the following is a good food source of niacin? Check all that apply. Broccoli Steak Yogurt Tuna. Chicken Nuts Kidney beans Milk Whole-wheat bread Soda Fortified breakfast cereal

- Steak Correct. Good food sources of niacin are steak, tuna, chicken, nuts, kidney beans, whole-wheat bread, and fortified breakfast cereal. -Tuna. - Chicken - Nuts -Kidney beans -Whole-wheat bread -Fortified breakfast cereal

Which of the following are true about the characteristics of scurvy? Check all that apply. Teeth become loose and fall out Partial paralysis is a common feature Joints become painful and sore The tongue becomes smooth Gums become painful, swollen, and bloody White blood cells burst Intestinal problems lead to other nutrient deficiencies Bones become fragile Eventually results in death

- Teeth become loose and fall out Correct. Scurvy causes teeth to become loose and fall out, as well as joints to become painful and sore, gums to become painful, swollen, and bloody, bones to become fragile, and, if left untreated, scurvy eventually results in death. -Joints become painful and sore -Gums become painful, swollen, and bloody - Bones become fragile - Eventually results in death

True or false: Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver. True False

- True Correct. Vitamin B12 is the only water-soluble vitamin that is stored in the body, specifically in the liver. Due to the body's ability to store vitamin B12, outward signs of deficiency take longer to present as compared to other water-soluble vitamins.

Check all that apply: Which of the following foods are good sources of vitamin E? Vegetable oil Beef Almonds Mushrooms exposed to UV light Whole-wheat bread Avocado Eggs SUBMITTEDCONTINUE

- Vegetable oil - Almonds - Whole-wheat bread - Avocado Correct. Vegetable oil, almonds, whole-wheat bread, and avocado are all good food sources of vitamin E.

Which of the following is true about the function of vitamin A? Check all that apply. Vitamin A helps with the vision cycle Vitamin A is used in carbohydrate energy metabolism Vitamin A is involved in maintaining epithelial tissues Vitamin A helps with fluid balance

- Vitamin A helps with the vision cycle Correct. Vitamin A is involved in the vision cycle and in maintaining epithelial tissues. - Vitamin A is involved in maintaining epithelial tissues Correct. Vitamin A is involved in the vision cycle and in maintaining epithelial tissues.

In the body, vitamins Function as regulators Provide energy Form structures

-Function as regulators Vitamins function as regulators inside the body. Vitamins do not provide energy in the form of calories.

During grain refinement, what nutrients are lost? Check all that apply. Minerals Calcium B vitamins Vitamin C Fiber Vitamin E

-Minerals - B vitamins -Fiber -Vitamin E Correct. The refining process removes minerals, B vitamins, fiber, and vitamin E, leaving only the starch from the grain kernel.

Vitamin C is used to make the Hemoglobin in red blood cells Hormone insulin Protein collagen Lipoprotein HDL

-Protein collagen Correct. Vitamin C's basic function is regulatory and works in a chemical reaction to make the protein collagen.

People generally know that citrus fruits are good food sources of vitamin C, but there are plenty of non-citrus sources as well. Which of the following non-citrus foods are good sources of vitamin C? Check all that apply. Steak. Strawberries Yogurt Milk Tomatoes Jalapeños Cantaloupe

-Strawberries -Tomatoes - Jalapeños -Cantaloupe

Rank the following stages of a water-soluble vitamin deficiency in the correct order by typing in the corresponding number (1= what happens first, 2 = what happens second, 3 = what happens last). 1) clinical lesion develops (outward sign of deficiency) 2) tissue levels of vitamin decline steadily 3) biochemical lesion develops (enzyme activity decreases)

2 ->3 ->1

Match each vitamin characteristic by typing in the correct letter for the correct class of vitamin below. A. Water-soluble vitamins B. Fat-soluble vitamins Turnover in the body is fast Turnover in the body is slow Excess is excreted Excess is stored Function as coenzymes Mainly function in general roles

A- Water-soluble vitamins - Turnover in the body is fast - Excess is excreted - Function as coenzymes B. Fat-soluble vitamins - Turnover in the body is slow - Excess is stored Mainly function in general roles

Match each vitamin to its correct classification by typing in the correct letter for the correct class of vitamin below. A. Water-soluble vitamin B. Fat-soluble vitamin Thiamin (B1) Vitamin B12 Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E Pyrodoxine (B6) Folate (folic acid) Vitamin D Vitamin K Niacin (B3)

A. Water-soluble vitamin -Thiamin (B1) - Vitamin B12 -Pyrodoxine (B6) - Folate (folic acid) - Niacin (B3) -Vitamin C B. Fat-soluble vitamin - Vitamin A - Vitamin E - Vitamin D - Vitamin K

Which of the following is a good food source of thiamin? Check all that apply. Brown rice Milk Turkey Nuts Beef Broccoli Pork Legumes Yogurt Fortified breakfast cereal Juice

Brown rice Correct. Good food sources of thiamin are brown rice, turkey, beef, pork, legumes, and fortified breakfast -Turkey -Beef -Pork -Legumes -Fortified breakfast cereal

Check all that apply: Good food sources of vitamin D include Eggs Vitamin A and D fortified milk Whole-wheat bread Oranges Liver Fortified breakfast cereal Grass-fed beef Salmon Mushrooms exposed to UV light

Eggs Vitamin A and D fortified milk Liver Fortified breakfast cereal Salmon Mushrooms exposed to UV light Correct. Eggs, vitamin A and D fortified milk, liver, some fortified breakfast cereals, salmon, and mushrooms exposed to UV light are all good food sources of vitamin D.

Which of the following groups of people have an increased need for vitamin D? Check all that apply. Pregnant females Lactating females Growing teenage females Growing teenage males Elderly females Elderly males

Elderly females Elderly males Correct. Although vitamin D plays important roles in the body, only elderly people (>70 years old) have an increased RDA for vitamin D. This is because the body's ability to produce vitamin D declines with age. Also, many elderly people often stay indoors, which means that their bodies are not producing as much vitamin D from the sunlight.

Check all that apply: Vitamins are Organic compounds Inorganic compounds Essential nutrients Correct. Vitamins are essential nutrients since the body cannot make them, so we must get vitamins from food and water. Nonessential nutrients

Essential nutrients Correct. Vitamins are essential nutrients since the body cannot make them, so we must get vitamins from food and water.

Beta-carotene is ____________, which means consuming too much beta-carotene is ____________. Stored; nontoxic Stored; toxic Excreted; nontoxic Excreted; toxic

Excreted; nontoxic Correct. There are no toxicity concerns with beta-carotene because excess is able to be excreted. Consuming too much beta-carotene can cause the skin to develop an orange tinge, particularly in the palms and soles of the feet. However, this pigmentation change is harmless.

True or false: Dietary supplements are strictly regulated in the United States. True False

False Correct. In the United States, supplements are not regulated in the same way that food products are, so it's up to consumers to do their own research when choosing and using a product. Supplements are also not strongly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, so supplements could contain other ingredients in addition to what is listed on the label.

True or false: The nutrition science community, including researchers and health professionals, recommend meeting vitamin and mineral needs from supplements rather than whole foods. True False

False Correct. The correct answer is false. Research supports consumption of whole foods to meet vitamin and mineral needs, rather than supplements. This is because whole foods also offer many phytochemicals in addition to the vitamins and minerals they provide. As we will learn in chapter 10, phytochemicals have been linked to providing protection against age-related diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.

Match each food source to the vitamin the food contains. Answer only for the food source listed in the caption of each picture. You will type the letter that corresponds to the related food source vitamin in the blank provided. Choose the best answer combination across all the items, since each vitamin will only be used once. Thiamin Vitamin C Niacin Folate Vitamin B12

Folate - Food source: broccoli, spinach, asparagus, orange juice, liver THIAMIN - Food source: Whole-wheat bread, brown rice, liver, pork, legumes, fish VITAMIN C - Food source: Broccoli, oranges, strawberries, tomatoes, kiwi VITAMIN B12 - Food source: Steak, chicken, kimchi/fermented food, miso soup, eggs, yogurt NIACIN - Food source: Beef, fish, turkey, brown rice, fortified breakfast cereal, nuts, beans

What disease/conditions are caused by vitamin E deficiency? Osteoporosis Hemolytic anemia Beriberi Scurvy

Hemolytic anemia Correct. Deficiency of vitamin E causes a type of anemia, called hemolytic anemia, where the red blood cells break open because of weakened cell membranes.

Check all that apply: Good food sources of vitamin A (or beta-carotene) include Liver Whole-wheat bread Green bell peppers Butternut squash Pumpkin Ground flax seeds Vitamin A and D fortified milk Vegetable oil Eggs

Liver Correct. Liver, butternut squash, pumpkin, vitamin A and D fortified milk, and eggs are all good food sources of vitamin A. Butternut squash Pumpkin Vitamin A and D fortified milk Eggs

Which of the following is a good food source of folate? Check all that apply. Liver Milk Orange juice Yogurt Spinach Carrots Broccoli Navy beans Red bell peppers Fortified breakfast cereal Soy milk

Liver Orange juice Spinach Broccoli Navy beans Fortified breakfast cereal Liver, orange juice, spinach, broccoli, navy beans, and fortified breakfast cereal are good sources of folate.

Which of the following is a good food source of vitamin B12? Check all that apply. Milk Spinach Carrots Yogurt Beef Red bell peppers Eggs. Grapefruit Miso soup Kimchi Fortified soy milk

Milk Yogurt Beef Eggs Miso soup Kimchi Fortified soy milk Correct. Milk, yogurt, beef, eggs, miso soup, kimchi, and fortified soy milk are all good sources of vitamin B12.

Check all that apply: Vitamin A deficiency can lead to Night blindness Paralysis Xerophthalmia (surface of eye or cornea sloughs off) Neural tube defects Infection of epithelial tissues Stunting of growth in children Rickets

Night blindness Xerophthalmia (surface of eye or cornea sloughs off) Infection of epithelial tissues Stunting of growth in children Correct. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, xerophthalmia, infection of epithelial tissues, and stunting of growth in children.

Check all that apply: The need for vitamin B12 and folate increases (and the RDA is the highest amount) during Pregnancy Childhood Lactation Exercise

Pregnancy Lactation Correct. The need for vitamin B12 and folate increases during pregnancy, as well as during lactation, due to these vitamins' important roles in genetic material replication in cells.

The RDA for vitamin C is increased for Lactation Growth spurts Smokers

Smokers Smokers have a higher RDA for vitamin C because smoking causes more oxidative stress in the body, which increases the breakdown of vitamin C. Although certain nutrients should be increased during lactation to support the growth of the newborn, the body's vitamin C requirement does not change during lactation.

Vitamin A is ____________, which means consuming too much vitamin A is ____________. Stored; nontoxic Stored; toxic Excreted; nontoxic Excreted; toxic Incorrect. Since vitamin A is stored in the liver or fatty tissues, consuming too much vitamin A from food or supplements comes with a toxicity risk. During pregnancy, consuming too much vitamin A (25 times the RDA) can cause serious birth defects.

Stored; toxic Incorrect. Since vitamin A is stored in the liver or fatty tissues, consuming too much vitamin A from food or supplements comes with a toxicity risk. During pregnancy, consuming too much vitamin A (25 times the RDA) can cause serious birth defects.

True or false: Consuming too much vitamin D (~ 3 times the adequate intake) can be toxic for children. True False

True Correct. Consuming too much vitamin D can be toxic for children because their bones are rapidly growing. Vitamin D also plays a role in calcium homeostasis and too much vitamin D causes the calcium levels in the blood to increase and then be deposited into soft tissues, such as organs. Gross malformations can also occur since too much vitamin D can lead to overgrowth of bones in the face.

True or false: Each species has a different vitamin requirement. True False

True Correct. The correct answer is true. The types of vitamins required vary across all species. For example, humans must get vitamin C from the diet, but dogs don't have to get vitamin C from the diet because dogs can make their own vitamin C.

Which of the following is true about vitamin D? Vitamin D helps maintain fluid balance Vitamin D can be made through sun exposure Vitamin D can be made from beta-carotene in the body Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy causes neural tube defects

Vitamin D can be made through sun exposure Incorrect. Inside the body, vitamin D is produced from cholesterol through sufficient sun exposure. Deficiency of folate during pregnancy causes neural tube defects.