NUTR 2351 Minerals - 10/15/20 - 10/20/20-10/22/20

Iron recycling

- 95% of iron is reused and recycled - iron from degraded hemoglobin is salvaged - make new RBC, incorporated into enzymes, stores in ferritin

Nonheme iron

- Ferric iron (Fe3+) - 80% of the iron found in foods - plant vegetables such as leafy green vegetables, legumes and grains

Metabolic Functions or Potassium

- Melps maintian fluid balance and pH balance - helps wit hmuscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction (regular heart beat) - Helps lower high blood pressure - acts as a buffer in blood - preserves calcium and phosphorous in the bones - increasing bone density - Helps reduce kidney stones

General Functions of Minerals

- Structure - Help chemical reactions take place in cells - immunity - muscle contraction - fluid and electrolyte balance

Metabolic funcitons of Zinc

- Wound healing - DNA and RNA synthesis - turns genes on and off (gene expression) - Keeps immune system healthy - may reduce duration of the common cold - acts as an antioxidant - reduces inflammation - part of enzymes and proteins that repair skin cells and enhance their proliferation - adequate intake improves taste perception (haha COVID) - May prevent age-related macular degeneration

Zinc Absprption and Transport

- Zinc is part of pancreatic digestive juices - rabsorbed by small intestine - zinc is recycled to the pancreas to be reused

Sulfate found where?

- abundant in food supply, prevent spoilage and discoloration in foods - found in wine - individuals can be more sensitive to it too, increased headache ontop of a hangover - meat, poultry, fish, and eggs - legumes - dairy foods - fruits and vegetables

Molybdenum (Mo) FUnction

- cofactor for a variety of metalloenxymes - involved in the metabolism of ceratin amino acids

Mineral Functions

- contribute to body structures - regulate fluid balance - act as cofactors needed for enzyme activity

Zinc absorption and Transport

- controlled at the small intestine - after absorption bounf to metallothionine, where its stored

Excess Phosphorus

- high phosphorus combined with low calcium = decreased bone mass, maybe. - impaired kidney function - may be associated with heart disease

Metabolic functions of calcium

- lower hbp - Reduce risk of colon cancer - reduce risk of kidney stones - reduce risk of obesity

Calcium

- most abundant mineral in the body - 99% in bones and teeth - in body cells and fluids, needed for: - muscle contraction - nerve transmission - blood pressure regulation through blood vessel dilation and contraction - stimulating hormone release and activating enzymes - blood clotting

Selenium (Se)

- most are enzymes - FAHHJDHAL - AHFJKDHAL - SAHFJKWHA

Populations at risk for iron-deficiency anemia

- pregnant women - menstruating women and teenage girls (especially with heavy blood losses) - preterm or low birth weight infants - older infants and toddlers

Mo toxicity

- reproductive problems and kidney disorders in animals

Metabolic functions of Selenium

- required by thyroid - plays an antioxidant role and may help fight cancer Glutathione peroxidase: protects cells from Free radicals - slows growth of tumor IN the tumor - may reduce death from lung, colon, and prostate cancer

Fluoride sources

- tap water, plants and animals, toothpaste, tea, marine fish with bones

Metabolic Functions of Chloride

-Maintains fluid balance - Assists in the removal of CO2

Flouride

-incorportated into crystals of tooth enamel which protects against cavity-causing acids produced by bacteria - present in saliva which decreases bacteria acid production Helps maintain strong bones - increases bone mineral density

Minerals can be in the form of..?

-individual charged ions (Sodium: NA+) - inorganic compounds (Phosphorus:PO4^-3

Two mechanisms to help the body maintain control over mineral balance

1. GI Tract - regulates absorption from food based on the body's need 2. Kidneys - excrete excess and reabsorb minerals

Trace mineral definition

1. need ot consume less than 20 milligrams per day 2. body contains less than 5 grams total

Define a Major mineral

1. need to consume more than 100 mg/day 2. at least 5 grams of the mineral in the body

Mn daily needs

1.8-2.3

RDA for Calcium

1000-1200 mg/day, depending on age

How many elements in the periodic table are essential to human life and we must CONSUME them, aka body cant synthesize? (Not including CHON)

16/118

AI for Sodium

2,300 mg/day

Phosphorus

2nd most abundant mineral in the body (1st is calcium) - bones and teeth - muscle, ICF, cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer) - major component of DNA - Acetyl CoA

how many men, women, and pregnant women are iron deficient withou teven showing it?

3%, 20%, 50% respectively

UL of CL is what?

3,600 mg (1tsp of salt is 3,600 mg CL)

What is the AI for Potassium?

4,700 mg/day (4.7g)

Selenium toxicity

400ug/day (micrograms) - Selenosis

Absorption of MG

50% (high fiber nad whole grains lower bioavailibility)

WHat % of pregnant women have a iodine deficiency

50% in america #yikes

Less than ____ of trace minerals are in the body

5g

Salt is what % Cl-?

60

Magnesium (Mg2+) is found where?

60% in bones, 25% in muscles, and the remainde rin cells

RDa Copper

900 micrograms/day

What is the absorption rate of Sodium

95-100%

Iodine

AH Critical to regulating Thyroid hormones

DRI for Iron

Adult males: 8mg/day Adult females 19-50: 18mg/day Adult females after menopause: 8mg/day Vegetarians need 1.8 x higher than non vegetarians

What is Chloride (Cl-)

An anion attached to sodium as NaCl in foods

Most iron loss occurs from what?

Bleeding

Magnesium Toxicity and deficiency

Both Rare Deficiency - Poorly controlled Diabetes - Some medications cause deficiency (diuretics)

Selenosis

Brittle nails and hair, both of which may fall out. Toxicity of selenium

Bone Health minerals

Calcium Phosphorous Magnesium Sulfur Fluoride

What are the Major minerals?

Calcium Sodium Potassium Chloride Phosphorus Magnesium Sulfur (salty potato chips contain pretty much salt)

Vitamin D enhances?

Calcium Absorption

Sodium (Na+)

Cation ( a positively charged ion - most commonly combined with Chloride as NaCl (table salt) (accounts for 90% of sodium consumed)

Keshan Disease

Causes congestive cardiomyopathy (disease of the myocardium FDHJKHA) - FJAHDKJLHAK

Metabolic Functions of Chromium

Chromium helps insulin in the body - increases insulin effectiveness in cells - may improve insulin's effects on metabolism and storage of energy-yielding nutrients - may improve blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes or pre-d - may improve metabolic syndrome - chromium does not improve weight or body comp

Mn Functions

Cofactor for metalloenzymes participates in formation of bone matric helps build cartilage

Menkes disease

Copper toxicity - copper transport disorder - accumulation can cause developmental problems, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseaee, early death no cure ;(

Wilson's disease

Copper toxicity Genetic disorder - prevents body from excreding copper through bile - accumulation can cause liver and brain damage

Phosphorus sources

Dairy Products, meat, cereal, bran, eggs, fish, food additives in baked goods, cheese, processed meats, and soft drinks

Calcium Excess

Decrease absorption of iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus. Constipation, abnormal heartbeat, fatigue, frequent urination, soft tissue calcification, kidney stones and damage

Dexa

Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry

Mn Toxicity

Exposure to environmental pollutants - welders damage to nervous system - symptons resembling Parkinson's disease

Fe+3 is stored as what in the enterocyte

Ferritin

Major sources of Mg?

Green leafy veggies whole grains nuts and beans

What does Cl- contribute to and make?

HCl (disassociates in the stomach)

What are the 2 forms of iron?

Heme iron Nonheme iron

Iron-deficiency anemia

Hemoglobin levels decrease - microcytic, hypochromatic - oxygen delivery to tissues diminished

Absorption of zinc is reduced when

High levels of nonheme iron are present - phytates and diets high in fiber are consumed - consuming animal proteins improves zinc absorption

Iodine deficiency

Hypothyroidism - slower metabolism - goiter Decreased IQ Cretinism - mental retardation, deafness, stunted growth, and other abnormalities

Where is Cl- found?

In the blood (~88%)

Type 1 Osteoporosis

In women results form lowered estrogen levels women experience during menopause, rapid bone loss

Trace minerals

Iron Zinc Copper Selenium Chromium Iodide Manganese Molybdenum Fluoride

Vitamin C enhances ?

Iron absorption

Selenium Deficiency

Keshan Disease- heart disease that is prevalent in China where foods and soil lack selenium

How is Potassium excreted

Kidneys maintain balance by excreting excess through urine

Protein has what effect on Calcium?

Low protein = better calcium absorption and digestion High protein = worse calcium absorption and digestion

Peak bone mass

Maximum bone density attained life, usually in young adulthood (16-30)

Deficiency

May trigger Keshans disease

Metabolic functions of Magnesium

Needed for metabolism - 300 enzymatic reactions in the body - needed for synthesis of DNA, RNA and body proteins - needed for bone metabolism and cell membrane synthesis - helps muscles and nerves function properly - helps lower blood pressure - more Mg = lower risk for type 2 diabetes

Do americans comsume enough Mg?

No!

Do Americans get enough Ca?

No! about 800/1,000

Do people get enough potassium?

No! women get maybe half. mega sad

Chronic calcium deficiency

Osteoporosis, hypocalcemia, osteomalacia, rickets, bone fractures

Sulfate (SO42-)

Oxidized form of Sulfur

Copper

Oxidized forms : Cupric and DJAFHJKAHA CUPRIC AND CUPROUS

Manganese (Mn)

Part of, or activates, many enzymes in the body - mostly found in bones and accessory organs

Examples of Binders

Phytates (grains, legumes) Oxalates (veggies) Polyphenols (tea, coffee)

What other compounds is sulfate a part of

Proteins Thiamin Biotin

Mn Deficiency

Rare - phytates, calcium, and iron can interfere with absorption - rash and scaly skin

Toxicitiy/Deficiency of Cl

Rare - prolonged diarrhea or vomiting - sympton=ms include basically all the flu bois

Copper deficiency

Rare symptoms: fatigue and weakness - premi infants fed cows milk, before age 1, they can't digest it

Osteoporosis

Reduced bone mass - fractures Disease of progressive bone loss

Iodine Deficiency

SImple goiter: enlarged thyroid gland Secondary goiter Goitrogens: Substanges in food that reduce use of iodine by the thyroid gland, resulting in goiter - rutabegas, cabbage, soybeans, etc

Where do we get Cl from?

Salt, processed foods, seaweed, tomateos, rye, celery, etc

What are minerals?

Single, inorganic elements

Electrolyte minerals

Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium

Cortical bone

Surface bone

Potassium (K+)

The Major cation found in intracellular fluid

Metabolic functions of Iodine

Thyroid hormones help regulate: - metabolic rate - reproduction - energy production in the TCA cycle - nerve, muscle, heart (?) functions

Calcitonin does what?

Tones down Calcium

Hypokalemia

Too little Potassium in the blood - increased risk of Hypertension, kidney stones, and loss of bone mass - caused by prolonged vomiting or diarrhea leads to: - muscle weakness and cramps - glucose intolerance - irregular heart beat

Hyperkalemia

Too much potassium in the blood (doesnt occur with food intake) - can lead to irregular heart beat, heart damage, death

Calcitriol does what?

Tries to increase Calcium

Iodine toxicity

UL = 1100 micrograms/day Enlarged thyroid, hypothyroidism, elevated TSH

Zinc Toxicity

UL: 40mg.day Symptoms: stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Excess can: - interfere wit hcopper absorption - suppress the immune system - reduce HDL cholesterol (the good one)

Mo Deficiency

Unknown

Nonheme iron absorption is enhances with ?

Vitamin C (6x amount of nonheme iron) increased absorption when consumed with heme iron - meat, fish, and poultry (MFP) factor

Calcium bioavailability is increased with what

Vitamin D and lactose

Are bones living tissues?

Yeah!!

Does Sodium move freely in the blood?

Yes! ***Major ECF cation*** (45 min in video, every slide after this is from 10/20/20)

Do americans consume enough Cl?

Yes! Too much actually, about 3,400 mg/day to 7,000 mg/day

Animal protein enhances?

Zinc absorption

Heme iron

_ Ferrous form (Fe2+) - part of hemoglobin and myoglobin - cytochromed in ETC - 2-3 times more bioavailable than nonheme - meat, poultry and fish, plant foods

Metabolic funcitons of Iron

a major component of hemoglobin and myoglobin (transports oxygen and AHHH to AHHH) - Participates in energy metabolism - AHHHH - needed for brain function - synthesizes neurotransmitters - dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin - deficiency in young children decreases cognitive ability during later school years

How much potassium is absorped

about 85%

Sulfate absorption

absorbed all thought the GI tract 80%

what is zinc bound to in blood?

albumin

Zinc nasal sprays may cause ______ - a loss of smell therefore taste

anosmia

What are binders

can reduce bioavailibility of some minerals

Zinc deficiency

decreased growth and sexual organ development, poor immunity, skin rashes, diarrhea - mild zinc deficiency seen in older adults

Symptoms of Iron-deficiency anemia

fatigue, weakness, reduced ability to fight infection, pale skin, SOB, light-headedness

Daily zinc needs

femaled 8mg/day males 11mg/day

Fluoride Excess

fluorosis causing black and brown stains (in children up to age 8 is when it forms)

Zinc

found in small amounts in almost every cell of the body, mostly muscle and bone - involved in the fun FJHDHFKJHSA - - FJDKHA

Hepcidin

hormone that controls iron absorption (GOT O THIS SLIDE IN PPT, MANY MORE IMPORTANT THINGS THERE)

Trabecular bone

inside of bone, more sensitive to changes in dietary calcium

What are the trace minerals?

iron zinc iodine selenium copper manganese fluoride chromium molybdenum

Sources of Copper

liver, seafood, nuts, seeds, chocolate, nuts

Iron (Fe)

mOst abundant mineral on Earth and most abundant trace mineral in the body - iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency around the world

How is bioavailibity of iron affected by

molecular form of iron, iron status of the individual, and types of food eaten at the same time

Copper absorption

mostly absorbe din small intestine bioavailibility is enhances by amino acids bav is hurt by zinc

Sulfate toxicitiy and deficiency

no symtopms or known of either

Type 2 Osteoporosis

occurs in men and women

nonheme iron absorption is decreased with :

oxalates (leafy veggies) polyphenols (tea and coffee) reduced by up to 70%

Zinc sources

oysters, grains, seafood

Metabolic functions of Sulfate

part of amino acids methionine and cysteine

Metabolic function of copper

part of several metalloenzymes and proteins - needed for oxidation reactions and reducing free radical damage - part of enzyme (ceruloplasmin) that oxidizes the iron into ferric form - assist in energy production - links the protein collagen and elastin - Wound Healing***!!! - past of superoxide dismutase - antioxidant to protect nearly all cells exposed to oxygen from free radical damage - synthesis melanin - plays a role in blood clotting and maintaining a healthy immune system

Phsophorus deficiency

rare - form diarrhea or poor absorption

Cr deficiency

rare in us (tied to sugar) may increas BGL and fatty acids

Cr Toxicity

reduces aborption and utilization and transport of iron

Sources of iodine

seafood milk processed grains iodized salt

Selenium sources

seafood, kidney, liver, eggs, grains, nuts, seeds

Copper Toxicitiy

stomach pains and cramps, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and liver damage

Iron Toxicity

symptoms: constipation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea - tolerable upper level: 45 mg/day - this is too high for individuals with liver disease - other diseases that affect iron stores in the body - supplementation - Genetic disorders - hemochromatosis can lead to iron overload - most common poisoning in children - accidental overdose is the leading cause of poisoning deaths in children

Fluoride deficiency

tooth decay

Chromium (Cr)

very little Cr is absorbed, but once it is, its in a variety of tissues - just recently discovered to be essential in development