NUTR 240 Midterm
primary action of GIP
Stimulates insulin release, slows gastric emptying, inhibits gastric acid secretion
The majority of the world's hungry people live in A) Asia B) South America C) Sub-Saharan Africa D) The developing world
Sub-Saharan Africa
T/F: We consume glycogen in food.
false
T/F: A micelle is responsible for transport of lipid from the intestinal enterocyte to the lymphatic system.
False
T/F: Apples, due to their high sugar content, have a higher glycemic index than potatoes.
False
T/F: People with low amount of body fat do not use lipid for energy during physical activity.
False
The critical structural component of cell membranes is: A) glycerol B) estrogen C) triglycerides D) phospholipids
D) phospholipids
Which of the following is NOT a possible FATE of the carbohydrate we consume? A) repletion of liver glycogen B) repletion of muscle glycogen C) fat storage D) production of essential amino acids
D) production of essential amino acids
Glycogenolysis is the _________ A) synthesis of new glucose from amino acids B) storage of glucose in the body tissue C) uptake of glucose by the body's cells D) release of stored glycogen from the liver into the blood
D) release of stored glycogen from the liver into the blood
Most digestion and absorption occurs in what part of the GI Tract A) stomach B) Mouth C) large intestine D) small intestine
D) small intestine
Dave is a stay-at-home dad who generally prepares most of the meals for his household. Even though he always prepares meals that offer enough calories and nutrients from all five food groups for his family of four, he often tends to make the same meals. Which characteristic of a healthy diet is Dave not incorporating into his meal planning? A) adequacy B) balance C) moderation D) variety
D) variety
What is the correct order of the segments of the small intestines?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Match the following term with its definition: Term: EAR : # EER : # RDA : # UL : # Definitions: 1. Calculation to estimate the estimated energy requirements of individuals 2. represents the average intake level that meets the requirements for 97-98% of healthy individuals 3. standard used to estimate the daily nutrient needs of half of all healthy individuals 4. the intake level of specific nutrients that should generally not be exceeded.
EAR: 3 EER: 1 RDA: 2 UL: 4
Which of the following hormones is produced from cholesterol? A) Estrogen B) Insulin C) Epinephrine D) Glucagon
Estrogen (sex hormones)
T/F: Protein-Energy Malnutrition is a condition resulting from a diet that provides enough energy (Calories), but not enough protein.
False
T/F: The primary audience for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 is consumers.
False: it is for health professionals and policy makers
primary action of somatostatin
Inhibits gastrin, other hormones, and enzymes involved in digestion
Which of the following reflects the primary differences between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus forms of malnutrition? The question may have more than one correct answer(s). -Kwashiorkor is the result of prolonged starvation -Kwashiorkor & Marasmus are the same, but occur in different parts of the world -Kwashiorkor occurs in early teens when growth rate exceeds energy intake -Kwashiokor malnutrition is a result of an inadequate protein, but not necessarily energy deficient diet.
Kwashiorkor is the result of prolonged starvation and Kwashiokor malnutrition is a result of an inadequate protein, but not necessarily energy deficient diet.
Which of the following are NOT a hypothesis discussed in Ch 16 as to why hunger and obesity are observed together. Question may have multiple correct answer(s). - Energy dense, low nutrient dense foods are cheaper and have longer shelf lives, which are important for individuals who have little food money and cannot afford for food to spoil. - Cheaper, energy dense foods often have higher satiety value and will therefore keep them fuller longer by decreasing hunger cues -The stress of poverty results in hormonal changes that result in decreased metabolism and increased appetite as well as short-sighted food decision making. - Obesity results in decreased motivation to make healthy food choices - Hunger and malnutrition cannot result in obesity
Obesity results in decreased motivation to make healthy food choices, and Hunger and malnutrition cannot result in obesity
T/F: Eating out can be part of a healthful diet.
True
T/F: The determination of the DRIs is based on research evidence
True
The leading cause of longstanding hunger in a region is? A) Famine B) War C) overpopulation D) unequal distribution of food, largely due to poverty
Unequal distribution of food, largely due to poverty
Which preventable diseases are not listed in your textbook as one associated with poverty? A) Iron Deficiency B) Prenatal iodine deficiency C) Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D Deficiency
CCK site of production
duodenum and jejunum
T/F: As a part of their functions, both the liver and gallbladder produce and store bile.
false
T/F: As exercise time increases, the amount of energy from adipose tissue triglycerides decreases.
false
T/F: Lactose intolerance causes an allergic reaction in the body.
false
True or false: The AMDR for vitamin D is 15-25%.
false
T/F: Appetite is the physiological drive to consume foods.
false, it is hunger
Select all enzymes, hormones, and/or other secretions involved in digestion that are produced by the mouth. -salivary amylase -lingual lipase -secretin -intrinsic factor -saliva
Salivary amylase, lingual lipase and saliva
Primary action of insulin
lowers blood sugar, promotes glucose storage
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
mouth
The primary enzyme for digesting lipids in the small intestine is A) lingual lipase B) pancreatic lipase C) amylase
pancreatic lipase
Undernourishment promotes socioeconomic problems by _____ . Question may have more than one correct answer(s). - Decreasing work capacity - Diminished or stunted cognitive development -loss of vision - increased chronic weakness and lethargy - increased sickness and illness - increased laziness and reliance on others
-decreasing work capacity - diminished or stunted cognitive development -loss of vision -increased chronic weakness and lethargy -increased sickness and illness
The AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for Protein is? A) 5-15% B) 10-35% C) 45-65%
10-35%
How many grams of carbohydrate (per day) are recommended to prevent ketosis in healthy individuals (RDA)?
130 grams
The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines recommends that Americans limit their added sugar to no more than 10% of their daily Caloric intake/needs. Calculate the maximum intake of added sugar (in teaspoons) for an individual who consumes an adequate calorie diet of 2300 kcals/day. Recall that there are 4 g per teaspoon
14-15 tsp.day (10% of 2300 is 230/4g/kcal = 57.5 / 4 g/ tsp = 14.375
Christopher's lunch contains 121 grams of carbohydrate, 40 grams of protein, and 25 grams of fat. What percent of kilocalories in this meal come from Protein?
18 %
Triglycerides are broken down (digested) into A and B before being absorbed. What are A and B? Please select two that best describes. -2 fatty acids -glycerol -3 fatty acids -monoacylglyceride
2 fatty acids, monoacylglyceride
The Nutrition Facts Panel on a box of crackers indicates that one serving provides 140 calories with 55 calories coming from fat. What is the percentage of Calories from fat in this product?
39%
What is the AMDR for carbohydrate?
45-65%
The adequate intake (AI) for alpha-linolenic acid is: A) 1.1 g per day for women; 1.6 g per day for men B) 11-12 g per day, equal to Linoleic acid C) 14-17 g per day for men; 11-12 g/day for women D) 1.6 g per day for women; 1.1 g/day for men
A) 1.1 g per day for women; 1.6 g per day for men
Why are most types of fiber indigestible in the human GI tract? A) Beta bonds present in fiber are difficult for the body to break down. B)The molecular structure of fiber is too highly coiled to be broken down. C) Alpha bonds present in fiber are difficult for the body to break down.
A) Beta bonds present in fiber are difficult for the body to break down.
An RDA is established based on the: A) EAR B) DRI C) UL D) AI
A) EAR
Which of the following is NOT a major function of fat in the human body? A) Fat provides an immediate source of energy during exercise. B) Fat maintains the integrity of cell membranes. C) Fat provides insulation to help retain body heat. D) Fat assists in the transport of fat soluble vitamins.
A) Fat provides an immediate source of energy during exercise.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) HCl inhibits the digestion of fat so it does not compete with protein digestion. B) HCl activates pepsinogen from pepsin. C) HCl untangles the strands of protein and breaks the peptide bonds. D) HCl denatures protein to allow digestive enzymes to break down the protein.
A) HCl inhibits the digestion of fat so it does not compete with protein digestion.
What are the two types of claims regulated by the FDA that food companies can put on food labels? A) nutrient and health claims B) health and beauty claims C) structure-function claims D) energy and nutrient claims
A) Nutrient and health claims
The critical structural component of cell membranes is: A) Phospholipids B) Triglycerides C) Estrogen D) Glycerol
A) Phospholipids
Which of the following disaccharides is what we know as table sugar? A) sucrose: glucose+ fructose B) lactose: glucose+ galactose C) maltose: glucose + glucose
A) Sucrose: glucose+ fructose
What is the cephalic phase of digestion? A) The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food. B) The phase in which semi-digested food leaves the stomach and slowly enters the small intestine. C) The phase in which the majority of absorption occurs, primarily in the small intestine.
A) The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food
Which is true of trans-fat? A) They result from partial hydrogenation B) They are made by the body in large quantities C) Fresh fruits are a good source D) Consumption decreases risk of heart disease
A) They result from partial hydrogenation
You are reading a food label (based on the new format) which indicates that the product contains 22% of the DV of calcium; 2% of the DV of Potassium; and 30% of the DV from fat. Based on this information which of the following statements is correct? A) This product is high in calcium. B) This product is high in potassium. C) This product is low in fat. D) This product is low in calcium.
A) This product is high in calcium.
Which type of fat below is most likely to be liquid at room temperature? A) Unsaturated fat with only cis- double bonds B) Saturated fat C) Unsaturated fat with only trans- double bonds D) Partially hydrogenated oil
A) Unsaturated fat with only cis- double bonds
Which of the following is NOT required on food labels? A) a photo or illustration of the food B) ingredient list C) name and address of manufacturer D) the net contents of the package
A) a photo or illustration of the food
Which vegetarian food is highest in grams of omega-3 fatty acids per serving? A) Canola oil B) Salmon C) Walnuts D) Spinach
A) canola oil
Red blood cells and the central nervous system rely on ___________ for their primary energy source. A) glucose B) amino acids C) fatty acids
A) glucose
Which monosaccharide is the preferred source of energy for the brain? A) glucose B) fructose C) maltose
A) glucose
Which of the following nutrients are absorbed through active absorption? A) glucose, sodium, potassium B) water, vitamin C, lipids C) fructose
A) glucose, sodium, potassium
Which of the following lists of digestive secretions are all produced by the stomach? A) intrinsic factor, gastric lipase B) bicarbonate, amylase, HCl C) ghrelin, CCK, pepsin D) pepsin, lysozymes, amylase
A) intrinsic factor, gastric lipase
According to your text which of the following foods has the highest glycemic index? A) jelly beans B) an orange C) a banana D) kidney beans
A) jelly beans
Gretchen is determined to lose weight, and has been following a very low-carb diet and running a 12-mile loop six days a week. As her body's glycogen stores become depleted, what fuel provides energy to her brain? A) ketones B) glucose C) fructose
A) ketones
Good sources of fiber include ______. A) legumes, vegetables, fruit, nuts and seeds B) potatoes, starches, and dairy C) meat, fish, poultry
A) legumes, vegetables, fruit, nuts and seeds
Most lipids are transported in the body as part of spherical compounds called: A) lipoproteins B) peptides C) monoglycerides D) glycerols
A) lipoproteins
The term complex carbohydrates refers to A) oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. B) monosaccharides C) glucose D) disaccharides
A) oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Phospholipids are not essential because A) our bodies make all we need B) they're not naturally found in a healthy body C) gastrointestinal bacteria produce all we need D) they have no useful function in the body
A) our bodies make all we need
The primary enzyme for digesting lipids in the small intestine is A) pancreatic lipase B) lingual lipase C) lipoprotein lipase
A) pancreatic lipase
Assuming each has the same number of calories, which has the greatest nutrient density? A) Small sweet potato B) 1 cup orange juice C) 4 cookies D) 1 muffin
A) small sweet potato
Which of the following BEST describes the glycemic index? A) the extent to which a given food raises the blood glucose level B)the glucose content of a given food C) an individual's glucose/insulin ratio in a fasted state
A) the extent to which a given food raises blood glucose level
Bicarbonate is released into the duodenum during the process of digestion. Why? A) to neutralize the acidic chyme B) to activate the hormonal release of bile C) to digest fats/oils
A) to neutralize the acidic chyme
Which of the following types of small intestinal absorption allows nutrient absorption AGAINST their concentration gradient? A) Passive Diffusion B) Facilitated Diffusion C) Active Transport
Active transport
Which of the following are true about the comparison of "resources used for 1,000 kcal of beef production" as compared to plant food production (wheat, rice, potatoes)? Question may have more than one correct answer(s). - Beef production results in an increased release of reactive nitrogen compared to plant food production - Beef uses more land for production than plant foods - Beef production results in an increased production of greenhouse gases as compared to plant food production - Beef production uses more water than plant food production
All of them
The AMDR for total Protein is: A) 20-25% B) 10-35% C) 45-65%
B) 10-35%
Which element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat? A) hydrogen B) carbon C) oxygen D) nitrogen
D) nitrogen
Which of the following is the largest organization of food and nutrition professionals in the United States and the world? A) NIH (National Institutes of Health) B)Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) C)CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) D) SNE (Society for Nutrition Education)
B) Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND)
Which class of nutrients provides the primary source of energy for our body? A) proteins B) carbohydrates C) water
B) Carbs
In celiac disease which of the following is true A) Individuals cannot digest the protein gluten B) Individuals have an inflammatory response to gliadin found in gluten C) Celiac disease affects 40% of the US population
B) Individuals have an inflammatory response to gliadin found in gluten
Which of the following foods is rich in monounsaturated fat? A) Corn oil B) Olive oil C) Beef fat D) Butter
B) Olive oil
Which of the following statements about farm and food service labor is true? A) In many states in the U.S. farm and food service workers may lawfully be paid just $2.13 an hour. B) The majority of farm and food service workers live below the poverty line. C) On average, nearly 100 workers die each year from farm-labor injuries D)Federal law prevents children aged 16 or younger from working on farms during school hours.
B) The majority of farm and food service workers live below the poverty line
A friend of yours announces that they've decided to use megadoses of vitamins to cleanse their system and reboot for the new year. No harm--they are natural right? Which Dietary Recommended Intake component might be most useful to you in assessing risk associated with the doses your friend plans to take? A) RDAs B) UL C) AI D) EAR
B) UL
Which of the following is a type of starch? A) insulin B) amylose C) ketone
B) amylose
Which of the following lists of digestive secretions are all produced by the pancreas? A) gastric lipase, bicarbonate and proteases B) elastase, bicarbonate, amylase C) sucrase, maltase, lactase
B) elastase, bicarbonate, amylase
Which GI hormone plays a role in stimulating eating? A) gastrin B) ghrelin C) secretin
B) ghrelin
The region of the brain that is responsible for prompting us to seek food is the A) pituitary gland B) hypothalamus C) thalamus
B) hypothalamus
Which micronutrient deficiency is the most common in the world? A) Vitamin A B) Iron C) Vitamin D
B) iron
In the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the: A)liver and pancreas B) liver and muscles C) liver and kidneys
B) liver and muscles
The type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by a general lack of protein, energy, and nutrients in the diet is called: A) cystic fibrosis B) marasmus C) kwashiokor
B) marasmus
Beneficial bacteria that reside in the large intestine are consumed intentionally in _________ foods. A) organic B) probiotic
B) probiotic
The MOST common source of added sugar in the U.S. diet is: A) fruit B) sodas C) chocolate D) alcohol
B) sodas
Which of the following is a micronutrient? A) linoleic acid B) vitamin C C) Fatty acids
B) vitamin C
Which of the following BEST describes minerals? A) Micronutrients that are broken down easily during digestion B) Minerals are easily destroyed by heat and light C) Inorganic micronutrients that are found in a variety of foods D) Minerals are needed in large amounts by the body
C) Inorganic micronutrients that are found in a variety of foods
When a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) interview of patients includes open-ended questions aimed at detailing recent intake, the RDN is probably using which of the following types of assessment tools: A) diet records B) Food frequency questionnaire C) 24-hour recall
C) 24-hour recall
What is the recommended intake of dietary fiber per day? A) 25-30 grams per day B)At least 5 servings of foods from the fruit and vegetable groups C) 25 g/day for women, 38 g/day for men
C) 25 g/day for women, 38 g/day for men
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with the disease Marasmus? A) Extremely inadequate energy, protein, and essential nutrient intake B) Stunted physical and mental development. C) Elevated metabolism D) Low body temperature E) Wasting and weakening of muscles, including heart muscle F) Fluid and electrolyte imbalances G) Deterioration of the intestinal lining
C) Elevated Metabolism
Which statement BEST explains why carbohydrate digestion ceases when food reaches the stomach? A) carb digestion is completed in the mouth B) carbs are completely absorbed in the esophagus C) Salivary enzymes cannot function in the acid environment of the stomach.
C) Salivary enzymes cannot function in the acid environment of the stomach.
Which of the following lists best reflects absorbable forms of nutrients. Lists may NOT include ALL absorbable nutrients. A) carbs, protein, fats, vitamins, minerals B) water, protein, glucose, trygliceride, fiber C) amino acids, glucose, fructose, galactose, fatty acids, vitamins, water
C) amino acids, glucose, fructose, galactose, fatty acids, vitamins, water
Bile is a greenish fluid that ____ . A) is stored in the pancreas B) is produced by the gall bladder C) emulsifies fats D) denatures proteins
C) emulsifies fats
In the absence of carbohydrate, the body breaks down the stored fat in a process called A) glycogenesis B) amylosis C) ketosis
C) ketosis
The primary function of liver glycogen is to: A) fuel muscles B) store fat C) maintain blood glucose levels
C) maintain blood glucose levels
Which of these food categories is not specifically included in MyPlate? A) fruits B) grains C) meats D) dairy
C) meats
Hydrochloric Acid is secreted by which cells of the stomach? A) enterocytes B) beta cells C) parietal cells
C) parietal cells
Which of the follow is NOT a primary component absorbed by the large intestine? A) electrolytes B) water C) proteins D) short-chain fatty acids
C) proteins
Gluconeogenesis is the ____ A) release of stored glycogen from the liver. B) release of stored glycogen from the liver. C) synthesis of new glucose from amino acids or other sources that are not carbohydrates. D) uptake of glucose by the body's cells.
C) synthesis of new glucose from amino acids or other sources that are not carbohydrates.
A savory taste due to the presence of glutamic acid is called: A) bitter B) sour C) unami
C) unami
Why is white wheat flour a less nutritious choice than whole-wheat flour? A) white wheat flour contains less endosperm than whole-wheat flour B) white wheat flour consists only of wheat germ C) white wheat flour contains less fiber, vitamins, and minerals
C) white wheat flour contains less fiber, vitamins, and minerals
Gluconeogenesis is the ____ A) release of stored glycogen from the liver. B) release of stored glycogen from the muscle C) synthesis of new glucose from amino acids or other sources that are not carbohydrates.
C)synthesis of new glucose from amino acids or other sources that are not carbohydrates.
In celiac disease, which of the following is true? A) Celiac disease is curable B) Individuals cannot absorb the protein gluten, but can absorb other nutrients very well. C) Celiac disease affects 40% of the US population D) Individuals have an over-exaggerated immune response to gliadin found in gluten
D) Individuals have an over-exaggerated immune response to gliadin found in gluten
The information provided on a food label that identifies intake of nutrients based on 2,000 kilocalories a day is called the: A) Nutrition Facts Panel B) percent daily values C) daily reference value D) reference daily intake
Percent Daily Values
Which of the following is a disaccharide? A) sucrose B) glucose C) galactose D) fructose
Sucrose
In the United States, a food desert is A) typically located in a suburb B) by definition also served by fast-food restaurants and convince stores C) by definition also inhabited almost exclusively by low-income populations D) a geographic are where people lack access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food
a geographic are where people lack access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food
Which of the following are symptoms associated with Kwashiorkor malnutrition? Question may have more than one correct answer(s). - Growth and development slowed, but not to the level of Marasmus - Fatty degeneration of the liver - Loss of appetite - Apathy, irritability, sadness - Dry hair and skin problems - Extensive muscle wasting
all of the above besides extensive muscle wasting
Marasmus impacts which of the following? Question may have more than one correct answer(s). - Digestion - Nutrient absorption - Immune function - Physical growth
all of them
Which of the following purchases would optimally support food equity, sustainability, and quality? Question may have more than one correct answer(s). -a fair trade certified coffee -a cup of hot apple cider you buy at a farmer's market -a certified organic meat-free burger on a whole-grain bun from an organic foods restaurant -a pint of strawberries you pick yourself at a nearby organic farm
all of them
glucagon site of production
alpha cells of the pancreas
Insulin site of production
beta cells of the pancreas
Which of the following contain only NATURALLY OCCURRING SUGARS? This is a multiple answer question. Select all that apply. - honey from a bottle - candy with added honey -fruit flavored yogurt -plain yogurt -strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries
honey from a bottle, plain yogurt, and strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries
primary action of Glucagon
increases blood sugar: glycogenolysis
Which of the following nutrients yields the most energy per gram? A) lipid B) carbohydrate C) alcohol D) protein
lipids do (alcohol is not considered a nutrient)
The final product of carbohydrate digestion is ____________________. Select all that apply. - monosaccharide - glucose - starch - insulin
monosaccharide and glucose
Where does the chemical digestion of lipids begin?
mouth
where does fat digestion begin
mouth
Which of the following ARE NOT types of digestion used in the body? May include multiple correct answers - mechanical - chemical - osmosis - acidic
osmosis and acidic
Select all enzymes, hormones and/or other secretions involved in digestion that are produced by the pancreas. -pancreatic lipase -intrinsic factor -gastin -cck -pancreatic amylase
pancreatic lipase and pancreatic amylase
Which snack will have the highest satiety value, assuming the calories are similar? A) slice of bread B) piece of cheese C) apple sauce D) Grape juice
piece of cheese
primary action of gastrin
prepares gastric juices
GIP site of production
small intestine
The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend specific measurable intake limits for which of the following: -fruits and veges -protein -added sugars - total fat -saturated fats -sodium
sodium, added sugars, and saturated fats
Primary action of CCK
stimulates gall bladder contraction, slows gastric emptying, stimulates digestive enzymes
primary action of ghrelin
stimulates hunger
secretin
stimulates the pancreas to create bicarbonate
gastrin site of production
stomach
where does protein digestion begin?
stomach
ghrelin site of production
stomach and lower GI
somatostasin site of production
stomach, small intestine and pancreas
Which of the following is a disaccharide? Select all that apply. -sucrose -galactose -fructose -maltose -ribose
sucrose and maltose
What is the primary form of lipid in the diet?
triglycerides
T/F: A person can both be obese and malnourished
true
T/F: Less than half of the cash revenues from U.S. farmers come from two crops: soybeans and corn.
true
T/F: Most absorbed fats travel through the lymphatic system before reaching the bloodstream.
true
T/F: The best source of fiber is through whole foods
true
The five characteristics of a healthful diet are adequacy, balance, moderation ___ and ____. -Calories -color -value -variety -nutrient density
variety and nutrient density
