Nutrition 101

The energy content of food is expressed in kilocalories (kcal). Which definition best describes how much energy is equal to 1 kcal?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius.

What is a probiotic?

A probiotic contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health.

The high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the cells is called

ATP

Which of the following are functions of phospholipids in the body?

Absorption and transport of nutrients Digestion of fats Formation of cell membranes

Which of the following are functions of phospholipids in the body? Multiple select question.

Absorption and transport of nutrients Formation of cell membranes Digestion of fats

When there is not enough research on a nutrient to set a precise RDA, a(n) ______ is set for the nutrient. Multiple choice question.

Adequate intake

How are each of the following nutrients involved in nervous system function?

Amino acids are used in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Vitamin B-12 is required for the synthesis of myelin, which insulates the nerve cells. Sodium and potassium are two electrolyte minerals that are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses along the nerve cell membrane. Calcium is required for the release of neurotransmitters from neurons.

Identify the parts of the urinary system.

Bladder Urethra Kidneys

Transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body

Cardiovascular system

Which of the following are functions of the nervous system? Multiple select question.

Detects sensations Controls intellectual functioning Directs movements

With reference to nutrient standards, DRI stands for

Dietary Reference Intake.

'' The Recommended Dietary Allowances, Adequate Intakes, Estimated Energy Requirements, Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, and the Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intakes are different types of

Dietary Reference Intakes, Dietary Reference Intake, DRI, or DRIs

Breaks down food both mechanically and chemically

Digestive System

Breaks down food both mechanically and chemically Breaks down food both mechanically and chemically

Digestive system

Individuals with type 1 diabetes

Do not produce insulin

The. system has a major role in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, and water balance.

Endocrine

Regulates metabolism through the action of hormones

Endocrine system

What deficiency would you suspect if a person has flaky and itchy skin, diarrhea, and poor wound healing with infections?

Essential fatty acids

High-fructose corn syrup yields more calories than sucrose

False

The presence of lectins in cooked legumes causes a vast array of health problems in humans.

False

Two complementary proteins must be eaten in the same meal to provide adequate essential amino acids for protein synthesis

False

Which of the following are components of phospholipids?

Fatty acids Glycerol Phosphate

How does fiber help prevent constipation?

Fiber makes the stool large and soft. Fiber remains in the intestinal tract and supplies bulk to the feces, making elimination easier. The larger stool size stimulates the intestinal muscles to contract.

Which of the following are functions of phospholipids in the body?

Formation of cell membranes Absorption and transport of nutrients Digestion of fats

Preventing pathogens from invading the body is a shared role of which two of the following systems?

Immune system Digestive system

What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids? Multiple select question.

Impaired wound healing Flaky/itchy skin Growth restriction

Item10 1/1points awarded ItemScored Show correct answers Item 10 What are alternative terms for specific and nonspecific immunity? Click and drag to match the terms.

Innate immunity is another word for nonspecific immunity, which refers to the physical and chemical barriers that prevent any pathogen from infecting the body. Adaptive immunity is another word for specific immunity, which refers to the antibody/antigen response—the targeted action of white blood cells against specific pathogens.

Which of the following statements about the acidic nature of gastric juice is true.

It converts the inactive digestive enzymes to their active form. It halts the biological activity of proteins. It partially digests food protein.

What is the latest recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for dietary cholesterol?

Keep dietary cholesterol as low as possible while still meeting your needs for essential nutrients.

Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol? Multiple choice question.

LDL contributes to the development of plaques inside the arteries.

Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium?

Large intestine

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream? Multiple choice question.

Lipoprotein lipase

Removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption

Lymphatic system

What are two large research studies mapping the microbial genome and trying to understand how probiotics and prebiotics influence human health?

Metagenomics of Human Intestinal Tract program in Europe The Human Microbiome Project in the United States

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish. Multiple choice question.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions

Nervous system

There are several ways the immune system can defend the body against pathogens. Click and drag to distinguish specific from nonspecific immunity.

Nonspecific (innate) immunity refers to the physical and chemical barriers that prevent any pathogen from infecting the body. Specific (adaptive) immunity refers to the targeted action of white blood cells against specific pathogens.

What is the main component of the lipid bilayer that makes up all cell membranes?

Phospholipids

Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream? Multiple select question.

Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion

One of Linda's work colleagues has organized a blood and plasma drive at the office and is inviting coworkers to participate. Linda's boss asks, "I don't mind giving blood, but what is plasma?" How would you answer her question?

Plasma is the fluid, extracellular portion of the circulating blood that contains blood serum and all blood-clotting factors.

Which of the following are roles of the endocrine system? Multiple select question.

Produces hormones Plays a major role in the regulation of metabolism Maintains water balance

What happens to protein synthesis when one essential amino acid is in short supply?

Protein synthesis halts when the supply of the limiting amino acid has been depleted.Correct

There are a number of medications related to development or treatment of ulcers. Match the classification of medication with its mechanism as it pertains to ulcer treatment.

Proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers are prescribed to reduce stomach acid production temporarily, so that the ulcer can heal. Antibiotics are prescribed to cure H. pylori infection. NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, should be avoided because these medications tend to reduce mucus production in the stomach, thus exposing the stomach lining to the damaging effects of stomach acid.

Before feces are eliminated, they are held in the

Rectum

Which of the following substances are present in blood but are NOT present in lymph? Multiple select question.

Red blood cells Platelets

What are some health benefits associated with consuming seafood twice a week? Multiple select question.

Reduces inflammation Promotes brain health Reduces risk of heart disease

of the external anal sphincter allows for elimination.

Relaxation

Dietary consumption of which of the following has the greatest impact on blood lipids?

Saturated fat

What was the first nutrient to have a CDRR intake value?

Sodium

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______.

Starch

Match the following types of carbohydrates with their category.

Starch cellulose

There are many myths associated with carbohydrates. Click to select the true statements below that are backed by evidence.

The following are true statements about carbohydrates: fruits provide natural sugars; nearly all plant-based foods contain carbohydrates; many white foods are rich in nutrients; most carbohydrates are anti-inflammatory; and sugar-free does not always mean nutritious.

Choose the true statements about the human microbiota.

The human microbiota is recognized as a human organ. The human microbiota has high metabolic activity. The human microbiota influences nearly every aspect of human health.

Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage? Multiple select question.

They are chemically stable. They are energy dense.

What is the maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in most all people? Multiple choice question.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?

Triglycerides

Removes waste products from the circulatory system

Urinary system

Which lipoproteins are made by the liver? Multiple choice question.

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

The digestive system not only processes the foods we eat, but it is also the site of some nutrient production. Which two nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine?

Vitamin K and biotin

Lymph contains which of the following? Multiple select question.

White blood cells, Dietary fat, Plasma

What substances do lymph and blood have in common? Multiple select question.

White blood cells. Plasma

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine ______.

absorbs fewer nutrients houses more bacteria

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine ______. Multiple select question.

absorbs fewer nutrients houses more bacteria

The _____ in gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and makes dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed. Multiple choice question.

acid

Insulin

allows cells to take in glucose.Correct

Feces are expelled from the body through the

anal sphincters.

A general term for blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart is .

arteries

The microbial metabolism of fiber is used ______.

as energy for the cells that line the intestine

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream Multiple choice question.

as part of lipoproteins.

The presence of fat in the small intestine causes the release of a hormonal signal that triggers the gallbladder to release ______. Multiple choice question.

bile

The Dietary Guidelines promotes a varied dietary pattern that permits individuals to enjoy different foods and beverages tailored to meet

both cultural and personal preferences.

Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source for the ______. Multiple select question.

brain red blood cells nervous system

Salivary and gastric lipase digest primarily ______. Multiple select question.

butterfat triglycerides short-chain fats

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the

capillaries.

Which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram? Multiple choice question.

carbahydrates

Self-contained, living structures that join together to form tissues are called

cells

Which fat is used to make bile acids? Multiple choice question.

cholesterol

Variety in the diet means

choosing foods from various food groups. choosing different foods within a given food group (e.g. subgroups).

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood. Multiple choice question.

decreases

The AHA have set no specific limits on dietary cholesterol because ______. Multiple choice question.

dietary cholesterol has little impact on blood cholesterol levels

Which body system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food and the removal of waste? Multiple choice question.

digestive

The ______________________ system has a major role in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, and water balance.

endocrine

The catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields

energy or ATP

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends an Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) of 20% to 35% of total calories for ______.

fat

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram?

fat

The fatty acid tails located in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane are ______. Multiple select question.

fat-soluble lined up so they point toward the interior of the membrane

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine? Multiple select question.

fatty acids monoglycerides

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?

fatty acids monoglyricerides

Choose the outcomes of microbial metabolism.

fuels the cells that line the intestine synthesizes vitamin K and several B vitamins

The organ that stores bile is the Multiple choice question.

gallbladder

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

Lipoprotein lipase breaks triglycerides into ______.

glycerol free fatty acids

What is essential for immune system development and maintenance?

healthy gut microbiota

A healthy gut microbiota profoundly influences ______.

immune functions

Dysbiosis is implicated in several long-term gastrointestinal problems such as ______.

inflammatory bowel disease irritable bowel syndrome

Adipose tissue is a storage depot for

lipids

Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ______ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body. Multiple choice question.

lipids

Which nutrient does not readily dissolve in water? Multiple choice question.

lipids

Which nutrient is an important source of fuel for the body, a regulator of chemical processes in the body, and a structural component of all cells? Multiple choice question.

lipids

After water-soluble nutrients are absorbed from the intestine, they travel through the hepatic portal vein to the

liver

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in Multiple select question. breaking down fats.

making dietary minerals soluble. partially digesting protein. activating some digestive enzymes.

Polysaccharides are carbohydrates made of Multiple choice question.

many sugar units.

What are common features that all cells share? Multiple select question.

membranes, organelles, cytoplasm

Glucose is the major ______ found in the body. Multiple choice question.

monosaccharide

Where does short-term storage of carbohydrate occur?

muscle and liver

The ______ system is a regulatory system that centrally controls most body functions. Multiple choice question.

nervous

According to the American Heart Association, individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease (or who already have cardiovascular disease) should limit saturated fat intake to ______.

no more than 5% to 6% of total kilocalories

The starch-digesting enzyme, amylase, is produced by the ______ and ______. Multiple select question.

pancreas salivary glands

Fill in the blank question. A series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food along the GI tract is called

peristalsis

Babies in North America are routinely screened for phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is a disease characterized by the body's inability to convert the essential amino acid _____ to the nonessential amino acid _____

phenylalanine; tyrosine

Carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 1000 or more are called _____. Multiple choice question.

polysaccharides

A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a Multiple choice question.

prebiotic

The digestive system supports the immune system by

preventing pathogens in food from invading the body.

What is the part of the nervous system that receives information about what is happening within the body and in the outside environment? Multiple choice question.

receptors

What is a temporary condition in which lactase production is decreased in response to another condition, such as diarrhea?

secondary lactose maldigestion

Most digestion and absorption of food occurs in the Multiple choice question.

small

The main site of nutrient digestion and absorption is the ______ intestine. Multiple choice question.

small

Chyme passes from the stomach into the ______. Multiple choice question.

small intestine

What can occur when a blood vessel becomes blocked by cholesterol? Multiple select question.

stroke heart attack chest pain

The endocrine system is related to nutrition through Multiple choice question.

the effects of hormones on metabolism and growth.

A community of 100 trillion microorganism that colonizes throughout the body is termed ______. Multiple choice question.

the microbiota

A collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function is called a(n)

tissue

A(n) ______ is a group of cells that works together to perform a specific function. Multiple choice question.

tissue

The primary role of HDL in the body is to transport lipids

to the liver for metabolism.

Which of the following have the biggest impact on blood cholesterol levels? Multiple select question.

trans fat intake saturated fat intake

In the small intestine, lipase breaks down ______ to produce a mixture of fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides. Multiple choice question.

triglycerides

Each kidney is connected to the bladder by a ______.

ureter

Triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscles Multiple select question.

when the body is at rest. during low-intensity physical activity.

What substances do lymph and blood have in common?

white blood cells plasma

The Dietary Guidelines apply to ______. Multiple select question.

young adults older adults adolescents