nutrition 12-13 test

The primary way of keeping your food safe from contamination is __________.

following the four Cs: clean, combat cross contamination, cook, and chill

A potential benefit of genetic modification is __________.

faster-growing crops

This term is used when a sufficient supply of nourishing food is unreliable.

food insecurity

Genetic modification involves the alteration of an organism's DNA to cause changes in its seeds or offspring. There are a variety of reasons for the use of this technology, but some people have concerns about the possible effects of GMOs on health and the environment. Choose the phrases below that represent common reasons for genetic modification.

-resistance to specific insects -improved drought tolerance -increased nutritional value

Which of the following dates on food labels would indicate that the product in the container is not safe to consume?

"use by"

Food insecurity occurs when individuals are uncertain of having, or unable to acquire, enough food to meet their needs. This is usually due to insufficient money or other resources for food. Fill in the blank below about food security. In 2014, approximately ___________ of American households experienced food insecurity.

14%

Which of the following is a suggested precaution to take when using dietary supplements?

Buy recognized brands or those with the U.S. Pharmacopoeia symbol on the label

Genetic modification alters the __________ of an organism to bring about specific changes.

DNA

This was the main goal of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative sponsored by UNICEF

Increase worldwide breastfeeding.

Which of the following facts about a famine is true?

It is often caused by weather events or human miscalculations.

Based on Theo's symptoms (e.g., eat a late lunch; by 5 PM he started to shake, sweat, feel nauseous, and vomit), he most likely had __________ food poisoning.

Staphylococcus symptoms occur 1 to 6 hours later.

You can expect this guarantee from a food bearing the Fair Trade Certified logo.

That it was produced without exploitation of workers.

Which of these foods provides a good source of vitamins, minerals, and fiber for the least amount of money?

a 5-pound bag of legumes at $3.98/bag Legumes are an inexpensive food that is nutrient-dense and are good sources of fiber.

Growth hormones and antibiotics are used in __________.

animals raised for food

The animals containing the largest levels of the nerve toxin mercury are __________.

large predatory fish

Which of the following conditions helps potentially pathogenic bacteria to thrive in foods?

leaving food at room temperature

People have been preserving food for centuries to keep it from spoiling. Current technology allows for foods to be preserved for long periods of time, while still maintaining taste and much of the nutrient quality. Choose the correct statements about food preservation.

-Broth, milk substitutes, and juice are often sold in aseptic packaging. All these methods of food preservation help reduce the number of microorganisms present in food and allow for food to be stored for long periods of time. -Dehydrating food by salting or smoking has been used for centuries to preserve food. All these methods of food preservation help reduce the number of microorganisms present in food and allow for food to be stored for long periods of time.

The farming and food service industries rely heavily on part-time and contingent workers. These trends create inequities in the labor practices used to produce and serve food. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about farm labor or food service. Select all that apply.

-Low wages in the food service industry affect all Americans. (Farm workers and food service workers are often poorly paid and do not receive sick leave or other benefits. This leads to risks for the employees and also for consumers of the foods these workers help produce.) -Ill food service and farm workers may spread foodborne illness.

Petroleum-based pesticides can pollute the environment, and also cause harm to humans and animals. These pesticides can act as neurotoxins, carcinogens, and endocrine disruptors. Due to these concerns, many consumers are looking for ways to decrease pesticide exposure. From the list below, select strategies that can reduce your exposure to pesticides.

-Wash fresh fruits and vegetables and scrub with a produce brush. (Making changes to diet and lifestyle can have long-term benefits, such as lowering the risk of certain cancers. To maximize benefits, make sure to consume adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables, while also taking steps to reduce exposure to probable carcinogens.) -Eat a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. -Peel fruits and vegetables. -Choose organic eggs and dairy products.

Which of the following statements about food additives is FALSE? -Additives allowed in the U.S. food supply are safe for consumption. -With regular consumption, food additives have been shown to act as nerve toxins, carcinogens, and endocrine disruptors. -Food additives must be listed on the ingredient list on the food's label. -Food additives can be used as antioxidants.

-With regular consumption, food additives have been shown to act as nerve toxins, carcinogens, and endocrine disruptors.

Ethiopian farms video

1. The overall complexity of how smaller farms have to walk a fine line in order to make money. For instance, they want to make a lot of crop in order to make money but not too much so the price of the crop won't go down. 2. Women farmers in Ethiopia have to give their proceeds to their husband. The women did all the work and put everything together but can't collect their own proceeds. 3. There was a woman who was one of the founding members of the farmers cooperative in Ethiopia that gave her power in her family. However, in family there shouldn't be a fight for "power". It should be equal regardless of gender or sex.

The quantity of food available and the amount distributed are affected by a wide variety of factors. Some factors are the result of natural phenomena, while others are influenced by human behavior. Fill in the blank below about chronic hunger. ___________ is the major cause of chronic hunger.

Unequal distribution of food Unequal food distribution is the greatest cause of chronic hunger. This distribution is most often influenced by poverty, but can also be affected by cultural biases that include gender, age, race, or religious traditions or other influences.

This is an example of unequal distribution of food despite an adequate supply.

distributing food to men first, then women

Is Liz at risk for iron deficiency? Why or why not? Are there any other micronutients that might be low in Liz's diet because she avoids meat? If so, what are they? Overall, will Liz get enough energy to support her high level of physical activity on a vegetarian diet? How would she know if she were low energy?

Your Answer: She doesn't seem to be at risk for iron deficiency. Liz seems to understand that some vegetables do have a good amount of iron. However, if she doesn't incorporate them into her meals then she would be at risk. Liz is a ballet dancer so she should be watching what she is eating and keeping up with her nourishment to stay healthy. Your Answer: Yes, she could lack in vitamin B12 and zinc. Your Answer: If Liz pays enough attention to her nutrition, she should get enough energy. Otherwise, she will start to get more and more tired and won't be able to do everyday tasks, let alone ballet.

The Food and Drug Administration classifies dietary supplements as ________.

foods

Enterotoxins damage the __________ system.

gastrointestinal

The Green Revolution __________.

has fostered the evolution of pesticide-resistant insects and so-called "superweeds"

The Fair Trade Certified logo __________.

indicates that the workers producing the food were paid equitable wages and had humane working conditions

Food __________ is a situation in which people are unable to obtain enough food to meet their daily physical needs.

insecurity Food insecurity describes the condition in which people cannot obtain sufficient energy and nutrients to meet their daily requirements.

This deficiency is a worldwide cause of preventable childhood mental impairment.

iodine deficiency

A deficiency of __________ is the most common deficiency in the world.

iron

Which preservative has been found to be potentially carcinogenic in animals?

nitrites

Which microorganism is the leading cause of foodborne infection in the United States?

norovirus

This farming method reduces the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.

organic farming

Four factors affecting survival and reproduction of food microorganisms include temperature, humidity, acidity, and __________.

oxygen content

In what way is the average American taxpayer subsidizing grocery stores and food corporations?

paying taxes that support government subsidies for low-wage workers in the food industry

What is the primary reason for undernutrition?

poverty

Food additives are chemicals commonly used to enhance processed foods. Examples include nutrients, coloring agents, preservatives, humectants, texturizers, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. Most are considered safe, but additives like sulfites and nitrites are a source of concern for some people. Complete the statement about food additives. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is safely added to food as a nutrient and also as a ___________.

preservative As a food additive, vitamin C acts as an antioxidant to help preserve foods.

A potential concern about genetic modification is __________.

production of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

All of the following are ways you can eat nutritiously on a budget EXCEPT __________. -purchasing only organic milk, meats, fruits, and vegetables -limiting high-calorie fast foods -limiting purchases of nutrient-poor foods and beverages -choosing whole or less processed versions of packaged foods

purchasing only organic milk, meats, fruits, and vegetables Organic foods are often more expensive and may not be any more nutritious than nonorganic choices.

This is a "Spending Less to Eat Right" tip about canned foods.

reduce sodium content of canned vegetables by draining the juice

This program encourages food acceptance by introducing students to fresh fruits and vegetables.

school gardening

Many instances of foodborne illness happen in the home, but there are some general strategies that can be used to reduce risk. The four basic steps identified by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services are clean, separate, cook, and chill. Fill in the blank about preventing foodborne illness. There are four basic steps for reducing foodborne illness. Of these, the ___________ step is especially helpful when trying to prevent cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods in your refrigerator.

separate Separating foods prevents the spread of microorganisms from one food to another. For example, it is important to keep raw meat and poultry separate from ready-to-eat foods like fruit. Be sure to clean, separate, cook, and chill foods properly in your home to reduce the risk of foodborne illness.

When preparing foods at home, you should always try to do the following: wash your hands and kitchen surfaces often, chill or freeze foods in storage, and ______.

separate raw foods

This term is defined as the ability to meet basic human needs now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base.

sustainability

This type of meat is produced without using antibiotics or growth hormones.

sustainable

All of the following actions will increase iron intake and absorption EXCEPT __________. -drinking a glass of orange juice with fortified breakfast cereal -adding small amounts of meat, poultry, or fish to enhance the absorption of non-heme iron in plant foods -taking an iron supplement with a glass of milk or iced tea -cooking foods in cast iron pans

taking an iron supplement with a glass of milk or iced tea (Ice tea and milk both contain substances that reduce absorption of iron.)

Which of the following statements about sustainable agriculture is true?

Sustainable agriculture attempts to satisfy humanity's needs for food without depleting natural resources and reducing environmental quality.

In the Rodgers family, Steve works 40 hours a week, all year, at a fast-food restaurant. He earns the federal minimum wage of $7.25. He has one week of paid vacation a year. Steve and his wife, Diane, have struggled to make ends meet since the birth of their son, now 5 months old, so Diane has decided to return to work at the same fast-food restaurant where her husband works. They have decided to stagger their schedules in order to avoid the cost of daycare for their son. The federal poverty threshold in 2016 was $20,160 for a family of three. Answer questions 5-6. Are Steve, Diane, and their son currently living above, at, or below the federal poverty line?

The family is living below the federal poverty line.

In the Rodgers family, Steve works 40 hours a week, all year, at a fast-food restaurant. He earns the federal minimum wage of $7.25. He has one week of paid vacation a year. Steve and his wife, Diane, have struggled to make ends meet since the birth of their son, now 5 months old, so Diane has decided to return to work at the same fast-food restaurant where her husband works. They have decided to stagger their schedules in order to avoid the cost of daycare for their son. The federal poverty threshold in 2016 was $20,160 for a family of three. Answer questions 5-6. If Diane were to return to work 40 hours a week, would the family be characterized as at increased risk for food insecurity?

Yes, the family will be characterized as at increased risk for food insecurity.

Read the Nutrition Debate entitled "Meat Consumption and Climate Change: Tofu to the Rescue?" and answer the 3 critical thinking questions there.

Your Answer: 1. Yes, we all have an ethical responsibility to reduce our consumption of meat. If we don't, we will put more and more carbon into the atmosphere and will further the problem. 2. The reduction in meat consumption could lead to the shut down of many farms and ranches. It will be bad; however, not as bad as our planet will be if we continue the way we are. 3. I don't think it's unpractical for myself to eat less meat. I think it would be fine because it would be good for my diet and the environment.

The meat factor (MFP factor) is __________.

a special quality found in meat, poultry, and fish that enhances iron absorption (MFP enhances non-heme iron absorption)

Large-scale farming has also had a negative effect on farm labor, often resulting in poor wages and conditions for farm workers. The fair trade movement aims to reduce exploitation of farm workers around the world. Select the option below that is a common result of fair trade.

decreased child labor You can support the fair trade movement by purchasing products like coffee, tea, cocoa, and fresh produce that carry the Fair Trade Certified logo

Industrial agriculture has this effect on food diversity.

decreases food diversity

A process for eliminating pathogenic microbes that also causes loss of vitamins A, E and K is __________.

irradiation

Which of the following locations is most likely to be described as a food desert?

isolated rural regions

All the populations below except _____________ are at especially high risk for serious foodborne illness. -sedentary adults -infants -elderly adults -young children

sedentary adults Additional high-risk populations include those with AIDS, transplant recipients, cancer patients, and anyone on immunosuppressive drugs.

Which government agency regulates the use of pesticides? -the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) -the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) -the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The green revolution utilized innovations from World War II in an attempt to increase worldwide food production. This included a focus on high-yield crop varieties; new farming and irrigation techniques; and improved seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. However, these changes favored large farms and came with some environmental costs. From the list below, choose all the correct consequences of the green revolution and unsustainable agriculture. Select all that apply.

-reduced supply of ground water (Fortunately, the sustainable agriculture movement is gaining momentum, with goals of improving farming methods while preserving the environment and still producing enough for the population.) -development of insects resistant to insecticides

A person must be at least this old to work on a U.S. farm during school hours.

16 years old

As of this date, supplement companies have been required to notify the FDA if a supplement contains a new dietary ingredient.

1994

The temperature danger zone is a range between __________.

40-140 degrees F

What is global warming? What are three effects on food supply that occur as a result of global warming?

According to the book global warming is, "the increase of about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit in temperature that has occurred near the Earth's surface over the past century". Global warming effects the food supply in many ways. For example, crop yields are reduced due to high temperatures and an increase in greenhouse gases. It causes crop destruction too. The weather causes the destruction of crops like tornados, droughts, hurricanes, and so forth. As the Earth is warming, the weather reacts to the increase in temperatures. Finally, seafood availability is reduced because the climate change decreases the amount and distribution of seafood.

The human body has ways to kill pathogens prior to causing sickness. Which of the following includes two mechanisms that help prevent food-borne illness?

Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva and hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Francis Moore Lappe wrote this book, which encourages an eco-mind that rejects depletion of resources in the name of profit.

Diet for a Small Planet

This U.S. agency plays a role in food safety by monitoring the use of pesticides in the food chain

Environmental Protection Agency

Which of the following statistics about food insecurity is true?

Even developing nations currently produce about 2,600 Calories per person per day

Following World War II, this program increased grain yield by crossbreeding plants and selecting for desirable traits.

Green Revolution

This is one way in which climate change is affecting the global food supply.

Higher temperatures reduce crop yields.

There are a wide variety of programs in place at the local, national, and international level that aim to increase access to healthful foods. From the list below, select initiatives or programs aimed at increasing access to nourishing food. Select all that apply.

-encouragement of breastfeeding (Programs may help individuals and families by offering education, supplementation, or help with sustainable farming techniques.) -Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) -terracing land and crop rotation -vitamin A supplementation

What is the name of the organization that produces the online "Herbs at a Glance" fact sheets?

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)

Although both methods are used for preserving fruits and vegetables, __________, unlike __________, preserves foods for a few years.

canning, modified atmosphere packaging

This use of land can alter local food production, leading to rural hunger.

cash crops

Before using any herbal supplement, you should always __________.

consult your healthcare provider

What is the purpose of the GRAS list?

to identify substances that are deemed safe based on a history of long-term use or expert consensus

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must prove a supplement is __________ before it will be removed from the marketplace.

unsafe

At this level of food insecurity, family members reduce the amount they eat and go hungry.

very low

This deficiency is the leading cause of blindness among children.

vitamin A deficiency

Herbal remedies and applications should be avoided by __________.

women who are pregnant or nursing

One of the populations at highest risk of serious consequences from foodborne illness is __________.

young children

Which disease-causing microorganism is responsible for the largest number of cases of foodborne illness in the United States?

Norovirus

What is one result of the move toward sustainable agriculture?

One result is an increase in family farms. Family farms are organic faming and diversifying crops.

Which of the following statements about organic foods is NOT consistently supported by recent research?

Organic food is more nutritious than conventionally grown food.

Pasteurization is one way to prevent food spoilage.

Pasteurization is when the food in question is heated long enough to kill microorganisms without changing the taste or quality of that food.

This was the first of eight Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations in 2000.

Reduce the proportion of people experiencing hunger by half within the next 15 years.

If a food contains 80% organic ingredients, it may be labeled __________.

made with organic ingredients

Who is responsible for determining that a supplement is safe?

manufacturing company

Foodborne illness can come from a variety of sources. Most commonly implicated are bacteria, viruses, parasites, and toxins. They can survive in a wide variety of environments, but certain environmental conditions are particularly hospitable for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. From the list below, choose the characteristics that encourage growth of most microorganisms. -low humidity -temperature below 32°F -temperature within the danger zone -pH below 3 -access to oxygen

-temperature within the danger zone (Most microorganisms thrive in a moist, oxygen-rich, warm, and neutral (or slightly acidic) environment.) -access to oxygen (Most microorganisms thrive in a moist, oxygen-rich, warm, and neutral (or slightly acidic) environment.)

Bacteria is killed by cooking the food to a high temperature. Why do foods infected with some bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum or Staphylococcus aureus cause illness even after cooking?

Bacteria cells produce toxins that are not killed when the food is cooked

fair trade

I found this article very interesting and heartbreaking at the same time. I ended up choosing About Us since I wasn't to far what they did. I always have known what fair trade was but I find it fascinating that there are people out there that are coming together and build this fellowship. Fair trade is a global movement, made up of a diverse network of producers, companies, consumers, advocates, and organizations putting people and planet first. They are building an innovative model of responsible business, conscious consumerism. Shared value to eliminate poverty and enable sustainable development for farmers, workers, their families, and their communities around the world. It all was started in 1983 when this business began, and started helping people. The Fair Trade believe they need to help anyone and everyone. The Fair Trade goods is a choice to support responsible companies, empower farmers, workers, and fishermen, and protect the environment. In other words, it's a world-changing way of doing business.

fair trade

I thought the video was super intriguing and gave some great real-world examples on how our purchases and our consumer decisions impact others in completely different parts of the world. I never knew that every time an item was purchased with a "fair trade" label, additional funds are poured back into the community and they are then able to vote for how this excess money should be used. I think it's a great system that benefits those in third world countries who would otherwise be without adequate food, dental care, or many other necessary resources that this system provides. For my topic, I chose "Fair Trade and the Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs)," which outlines the SDGs that Fair Trade most focuses on when they are serving these communities. Sustainable Developmental Goals are the United Nations' "call to actions by all countries to promote prosperity while protecting the planet." While the UN outlines 17 overall goals, Fair Trade focuses on six of these, which include: no poverty, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, decent work and economic growth, responsible consumption and production, and life below water. The fact that Fair Trade is willing to work towards both poverty eradication and global work equality is outstanding. Additionally, the organization strives to better the environment and introduce more environment-friendly production techniques and packaging, which is a huge project to undertake. Overall, the organization seems to focus on the people and the communities that they are helping, and I would be proud to start purchasing "fair trade" products the next time I hit the supermarket.

If Liz exhibited symptoms of impaired work performance, general fatigue, pale skin, depressed immune function, impaired cognitive and nerve function, and/or impaired memory, she is likely suffering from __________.

iron-deficiency anemia (This is common, especially among young menstruating woman.)

Three common types of fungi are yeasts, mushrooms, and __________.

molds

Elderly people may benefit from which specific supplements?

multivitamin-multimineral supplements and vitamin B12

Which population may benefit from vitamin K supplementation?

newborns

The primary reason that many of the world's people are hungry is that __________.

an adequate food supply is unequally distributed, largely because of poverty