Nutrition

In a person with type 2 diabetes, the blood sugar level remains high after a meal because ________.

cells do not respond to insulin

Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of carbohydrate because you are eating the dead animal's stored glucose.

false

Fiber is nondigestible by humans so it adds zero kcal to the human diet.

false

Oxidation of an amino acid via the citric acid cycle yields just as much ATP as oxidation of glucose.

false

Protein consumed in excess of body needs will be stored as amino acids in skeletal muscle.

false

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of ________.

fat

Complete the following statements to describe how insulin resistance affects health.

glucose uptake by cells is *lower* than normal. insulin secretion is *higher* than normal. lipolysis is *higher* than normal. gluconeogenesis is *higher* than normal. triglyceride synthesis in the liver is *higher* than normal.

To maintain a steady supply of glucose to body cells, the process of _______ frees glucose from its storage form in the muscle and liver.

glycogenolysis

Match each step of carbohydrate catabolism to its description 8-step enzymatic process that converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules 6-step enzymatic process that oxidizes acetyl CoA to yield high-energy electrons that can be used to power ATP synthesis Series of linked enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane that uses high-energy electrons to power ATP synthesis

glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport chain

dentify the top four leading causes of death in the United States (2014) and place them in order, beginning with number 1.

heart disease cancer chronic lower respiratory disease accidents

Insulin stimulates cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and promotes synthesis of glycogen, triglycerides, and muscle tissue. Insulin is an example of a(n) _______.

hormone

Regardless of the type of diabetes, the primary sign of the disease is ________, abnormally elevated blood glucose levels.

hyperglycemia

When a person's blood glucose level drops too low to provide enough energy for cells they have a condition called ________.

hypoglycemia

The treatment for type 1 diabetes always includes ________.

insulin therapy

In the colon, soluble fiber ________.

is fermented by "friendly" bacteria that use the products of fermentation for energy

Which enzyme breaks down the triglycerides in the core of lipoproteins so that fatty acids and glycerol can be taken up and stored by adipose cells?

lipoprotein lipase

In a person with type 1 diabetes, the blood sugar level remains high after a meal because ________.

no insulin is released

Failure to recognize basic concepts of a healthful diet contributes to poor nutritional status. For each of the people who are described below, identify which key nutrition concept the person is ignoring.

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Review the samples of nutrition fact or fiction below. Select each item that exemplifies one or more of the "red flags" that indicate unreliable nutrition information.

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Based on the information that is provided in the description, determine whether the website is a source of reliable nutrition information.ph

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Registered dietitian nutritionists can work in a variety of settings. Match the workplace setting with the type of dietitian who is associated with that kind of work.

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Determine whether each label on the left is associated with macronutrients or micronutrients.

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Many factors determine what people consider as food and when they choose to eat. Sort each of the following factors into its correct category.

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Alternative sweeteners are also called artificial sweeteners. They lend sweetness but add little or no calories when incorporated into food products.

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Determine whether each label is describing soluble or insoluble fiber.

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This pie chart shows macronutrient consumption in the United States. Label the carbohydrate wedges of the chart.

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Diabetes is a disease of improper glucose regulation that is a leading cause of death in the United States. Complete the sentence with its appropriate term.

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Determine whether each individual has metabolic syndrome or does not have metabolic syndrome.

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Sort the following foods depending on whether they're nutrient-dense or a rich source of empty calories.

photo 2

Complete the following statements about anabolism and catabolism.

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Catabolism of carbohydrates to yield ATP is a multistep process. Complete the following sentences to describe the three phases of carbohydrate catabolism.

photo 21

Complete the following statements to describe how cells use fatty acids for fuel.

photo 22

Match each metabolic pathway to its description.

photo 23

Which of the following pathways are turned on when carbohydrate intake is excessive and glycogen stores are full? Select all that apply.

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Insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on human metabolic processes. Complete each statement to describe the anabolic or catabolic influence of these hormones.

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The general steps scientists take when conducting research are referred to as the "Scientific Method." Using the diagram in this question, drag the step to the correct location in the Scientific Method.

photo 3

The scientific method can be applied to many areas, even in your personal life. Organize the components of Luisa's self-experiment as they pertain to the order of the scientific method.

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A group of scientists design a study to determine whether people who take vitamin D supplements regularly are less likely to develop lung cancer than people who do not take vitamin D pills. Match each description with the term that best describes it.

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The left hand column has descriptions of four different nutrition-related hypotheses. To the right of each hypothesis, there is a pair of descriptions for subjects in the study. Select the control group from each pair.

photo 6

Scientists plan to study the possible link (if any) between arthritis and dietary factors. Consider the four research designs described below, and match the design with the type of experimental or epidemiological study that it is describing.

photo 7

Determine whether the relationship represents an inverse or a direct correlation.

photo 8

There are a number of criteria for identifying an unreliable diet, including diets marketed for weight-loss. Analyze each diet or weight-loss claim and determine which "red flag" criterion the claim meets.

photo 9

Responsible scientists will not accept a novel hypothesis as fact until ________.

repeated testing confirms the findings

Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the ________.

small intestine

Attractive displays at the end of supermarket aisles are designed to direct shoppers to pricier items and increase sales.

true

Education influences a person's food selections.

true

What is the primary site for the following reaction within the cell?

Mitochondrion

Match the the complex carbohydrate to its description. Fiber: Glycogen: Oligosaccharide: Starch:

Nondigestible plant material Highly branched storage polysaccharide in animals Carbohydrate of 3-10 monosaccharides bonded together Storage polysaccharide in plants; composed of amylose and amylopectin

A popular brand of light ice cream lists the following sweeteners. Classify each as a nutritive or nonnutritive sweetener.

Nutritive sweetener sugar, corn syrup, polydextrose, sorbitol, maltodextrin Nonnutritive sweetener sucralose, acesulfame-k

Which of the following statements about reactive hypoglycemia is FALSE?

People with reactive hypoglycemia will feel better if they eat larger meals, three times a day, with no snacks in between.

Match the term with its definition; Anecdote Conventional wisdom Data Experiment

Report of personal experience Tradition Information Systematic testing of hypothesis

Which of these is/are the primary site(s) of glycogen storage? Check all that apply.

Skeletal muscle liver

Avoiding research bias in studies is important to the development of objective, reliable information that can be used by the public. Check all of the situations that are likely to indicate research bias.

all except- A university research team with no ties to the poultry industry is studying whether individuals who eat chicken that has been injected with salt have higher blood pressure levels than people who eat chicken that has not been injected with salt.

Which of the following can be used to control type 1 diabetes? (Check all that apply.)

all except; Avoiding complex carbohydrates

Which of the following situations lead to ketosis? Check all that apply.

all except; Epilepsy

Which of the following are hormones that regulate human metabolism? Check all that apply.

all except; Glucose

How is protein used by the body? Select all the possible metabolic fates of protein from the options below

all of the above

Which of the following factors contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome? (Check all that apply.)

all of the above

Insulin ________.

allows cells to take in glucose

Which of the following statements about carbohydrate digestion is FALSE?

Carbohydrate digestion occurs at the fastest rate in the acidic environment of the stomach.

The high-energy phosphate compound that cells use to perform work is _______.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Jasmine is trying to reduce her intake of refined carbohydrates, while she achieves a healthy eating pattern. Which of the following beverages is her best option?

100% unsweetened orange juice

The average American consumes 16 ounces of carbonated soft drinks per day. If a person consumes 16 ounces of cola-flavored, caffeinated, sugar-sweetened soda per day, approximately how many empty calories are added to his or her diet? Hint: A 12-ounce can of cola-flavored, caffeinated, sugar-sweetened soft drink contains 33 g of added sugars.

180

The net yield of oxidation of 1 glucose molecule via glycolysis is ______ ATP. Enter a whole number.

2

A kilocalorie is a unit of energy used to describe the amount of energy in a food or beverage. Which definition best describes how much energy is in one kilocalorie?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius.

Luisa is overweight and has a condition called prediabetes. She would like to locate a nutrition professional to help her lose weight. Which professional title should she seek to ensure that she will obtain reliable advice from a college-trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics?

A registered dietitian nutritionist who counsels patients in a hospital clinic

A nutrient is considered essential if ________.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following food marketing efforts can influence an individual's food selections?

All of the choices are correct.

Indicate whether or not the following steps of glucose catabolism require oxygen.

Anaerobic Process glycolysis Aerobic Process citric acid cycle electron transport chain

Complete the following statements to describe how amino acids can be utilized for energy.

Before an amino acid can be metabolized to yield ATP, its *nitrogen* group must be removed. This process requires the coenzyme form of *vitamin B-6.* Amino acids that are converted into pyruvate or intermediates of the citric acid cycle are called *glucogenic* amino acids. Amino acids that are converted into acetyl CoA are called *ketogenic* amino acids.

Match the enzyme to its action in carbohydrate digestion. Amylase: Lactase: Maltase: Sucrase:

Begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth Breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose Breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose Breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose

Contrary to popular belief, all of the alternative sweeteners approved for sale in the United States are safe for human consumption and have never been proven to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing) in humans. Of the following alternative sweeteners, which one is banned for sale in the United States because of controversial research that indicated the substance caused bladder cancer in mice?

Cyclamate

Place each polysaccharide in its appropriate category.

Digestible Carbohydrates amylose, glycogen, amylopectin Nondigestible Carbohydrates cellulose, gums, pectins, mucilages

Classify each simple sugar as a disaccharide or monosaccharide.

Disaccharide sucrose, lactose, maltose Monosaccharide fructose, glucose

Indicate the approximate amount of kilocalories stored in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue.

Glycogen stored in the liver 300-400 kcal Glycogen stored in the muscles 1200-1600 kcal Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue 80,000-100,000 kcal

Which of the following enzymes breaks down the triglycerides stored in adipose tissue to release fatty acids into the bloodstream?

Hormone sensitive lipase

Many variables can influence the outcome of an experiment. What research technique specifically allows scientists to determine whether the results of an experiment were influenced by the treatment itself or by variables that were not actually being tested?

Include a control group in the research design.

An abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver damages the liver tissue, eventually leading to cirrhosis. Which of the following are potential causes of fatty liver disease?

Insulin resistance Alcohol abuse

Which of the following factors does NOT have a major influence on a typical American college student's food choices?

Is nutrient-dense

During starvation, the body adapts to ensure that cells have access to a variety of fuel sources. Select all of the biochemical pathways that are active during periods of prolonged starvation.

Ketogenesis Lipolysis Proteolysis Gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is NOT a complex carbohydrate?

Lactose

Which U.S. government agency regulates nutrition and health-related claims on product labels?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Before being published in a well-respected medical journal, a research study will undergo peer review. Which of the following are true of peer review?

The reviewers assess the conduct of the study and the presentation of the results. and The reviewer should be an investigator who conducts research similar to the study under review.

Which of the following reasons is NOT an important reason why people should study nutrition?

To provide advice to people concerning which dietary supplements should be consumed and which should be avoided

Which of the following storage sites can yield the greatest amount of energy?

Triglycerides in the adipose tissue

The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. Complete the following statements to describe what happens to pyruvate

Under anaerobic conditions, such as intense exercise, pyruvate is converted to *lactate*. This 3-carbon molecule travels through the blood to the liver, where it can be converted to glucose by the *Cori* cycle. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, where it is converted to *acetyl CoA*. This 2-carbon molecule goes on to participate in a series of oxidative reactions called the *citric acid* cycle.

Complete the following statements to describe how the body handles glucose that is consumed in excess of immediate needs.

When carbohydrate consumption exceeds the body's immediate needs for energy, glycogenesis *increases* Glycogen storage space in the liver and muscles is limited. When glycogen stores are full, use of glucose for energy increases and oxidation of fat for energy *decreases* Overall, when carbohydrate intake is excessive, lipogenesis *increases*

Which substances can be metabolized to yield energy that human cells use to perform work?

Yield Energy carbohydrates, fats, proteins, alcohols Do Not Yield Energy vitamins, minerals

A number of hormones play important roles in glucose regulation. Complete each sentence with the appropriate term.

You overslept this morning and woke up late for class. You did not want to be late for class, so you skipped breakfast. A few hours later, your blood glucose level drops. This prompts your pancreas to release *glucagon* to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose. After morning class, with your stomach growling, you go to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases *insulin* in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.

A possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research is called ________.

a hypothesis