NUTRITION
Recommended Dietary allowance
(RDA) represents the daily intake of a nutrient that meets the physiological requirements of nearly all (roughly 97% of ) healthy individuals in a given life-stage group and sex
The recommended percentage of the general population to consume protein is ?
10 to 35 percent of total energy
Food Bank
An agency that collects donated foods and distributes them to local food pantries, shelters, and soup kitchens
Define Infectious disease
An illness that is contagious, caused by a pathogen, and often times short-lived
What happens when people consume large amounts of antacids?
Antacids impair copper absorption, people who consume large amounts of them can sometimes develop copper deficiencies
How many kcal/day is needed for additional energy required for milk production?
Approximately 500 and 400 kcal/day, respectively
What is the percentage of pregnant women developing gestational diabetes?
Approximately 9 percent of pregnant women develop a form of diabetes called gestational diabetes during pregnancy-usually around 28 weeks or later.
Cholesterol is also a component of ?
Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes, where it helps maintain flexibility
If partial hydrogenation converts oils, such as corn oil, into solid fats, such as margarine or shortening, how is this process done?
By converting many of the carbon-carbon double bonds into carbon-carbon single bonds partial hydrogenation can convert corn oil into solid fats, margarine or shortening
Food born illness facts based on the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
CDC estimates that 48 million americans, or one out of every 6 people suffer from foodborne diseases annually. Of them, some 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 DIE
Carcinogens
Carcinogens are compounds that initiate the formation of cancer
Explain the physiology of a pregnant woman's bodies need for additional calcium intake
Changes in maternal physiology such as increased calcium absorption and decreased urinary calcium loss, accommodate these needs without increasing dietary intake.
What can't EAR values do
Ear values cannot, be used to evaluate dietary intakes of individuals
What part of the body are fat-soluble vitamins mostly absorbed at?
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed mostly in the small intestine
what is the percentage in alcohol when fermentation usually stops naturally in a barley-based beer ?
Fermentation usually stops naturally in a barley-based beer when ABV reaches 4-8percent
Where is folic acid found?
Folic acid is Rarely found in foods, but is often included in vitamin supplements and is added during the fortification of food
What do studies show with kids and food insecurities?
Food insecure children tend to have difficulties in school, exhibit more behavioral problems and depression
Misconception of food insecurity
Food insecurity is not caused by insufficient worldwide food production
What has 95% organically produced ingredients?
Foods that carry the USDA organic seal and are labeled 100% organic
How can dehydration and electrolyte imbalance occur?
Frequent vomiting and/or overuse of laxatives and diuretics can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Define Gastric banding
Gastric banding utilizes an adjustable,inflatable band that is carefully placed around the upper portion of the stomach.
what is glucose?
Glucose the most abundant monsaccharide in the human body; used extensively for energy, is produced when chlorophyll-containing plants use energy from sunlight to combine carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
where is glycogen found?
Glycogen is found primarily in liver and skeletal muscle
Food Desert
Residents rely on local food outlets that offer limited and expensive food choices that are low in nutritional value.
Explain how retinoic acid is synthesized and converted?
Retinoic acid can also be synthesized from retinal, but retinoid acid itself cannot be converted to any other retinoid.
Explain muscle tissue and water concentration
Muscle tissue contains more water than does adipose tissue, and therefore it more readily takes up alcohol
What is muscular endurance?
Muscular endurance refers to a person's ability to exercise for an extended period of time without becoming fatigued
What is the percentage of women with gestational diabetes ?
Nearly 40 percent of all women with gestational diabetes develop type 2 diabetes within the next 10 to 20 years
What does Niacin deficiency result in ?
Niacin deficiency results in Pellagra. A condition caused by niacin deficiency whereby dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and/or death occur
If your intake is below your AI?
No conclusion can be made about the adequacy of your intake
what is one advantage of sugar alcohol?
One advantage of sugar alcohol is that, unlike sucrose, they do not promote tooth decay
How is riboflavin destroyed?
Riboflavin is relatively stable during cooking but is quickly destroyed when exposed to excessive light. This is why milk cartons are generally packaged in cardboard, opaque, or translucent/cloudy containers to protect it from light and preserve its riboflavin content
People with a genetic disorder of Phenylketonuria (PKU) should not consume what?
Should not consume products sweetened with aspartame because they are not able to metabolize it properly. Examples are Nutrasweet and Equal
What mineral helps regulate a variety of body processes, such as water balance?
Sodium is a mineral that helps regulate a variety of body processes, such as water balance
what is a powerful defense against disease-causing bacteria?
Some health care professionals believe that consuming both probiotic and prebiotic foods provides a powerful defense against disease-causing bacteria
Explain sports anemia
Sports anemia is caused by a disproportionate increase in plasma volume as compared to the synthesis of new red blood cells
what does the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) suggest in regards to carbohydrates?
They suggests that 45 to 65 percent of your total caloric intake should come from carbohydrates.
How is Vodka processed?
This process of producing pure liquid alcohol concentrate is used to create distilled alcoholic beverages such as gin, vodka, and whiskey.
Why are trans fatty acids more likely to be solid (fats) at room temperature?
Trans fatty acids have fewer bend in their backbones than do their cis counterparts.
What are the estimates for undernourished people globally?
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that approximately 793 million people are undernourished
E. Coli 0157:H7 is an Enterohemorrhagic serotype of E.Coli. E.Coli harbors pathogenic organism in ...
Unpasteurized milk, apple juice, and apple cider sometimes harbors pathogenic organisms as does improperly prepared meat, including poultry
Preformed toxin
preformed toxins typically cause rapid reactions occurring in 1 to 6 hours such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes neurological damage
Single-blind study
when researchers know who is in the treatment group and who is in the placebo group, but participants do not.
The recommended percentage of the general population to consume Fat is ?
20 to 35 percent of total energy
What are the consequences of melamine in pet foods?
2007 the consumption of pet food contaminated with melamine caused numerous dogs and cats to become ill and even die
The recommended percentage of the general population to consume carbohydrates is ?
45 to 65 percent of total energy
What happens during a clinical assessment?
A clinician will likely note each visible or measurement sign of illness
Heifer International
A community receives a gift of livestock that brings benefits such as food, wool, and non mechanized power. To repay this loan, the community gifts the offspring of the livestock to another farmer or community.
Define food neophobia
A disordered eating pattern characterized bean irrational fear or avoidance of new foods
Define phylloquinone
A form of vitamin K found naturally in plant-based foods
what does a healthy and diverse GI microbiota do ?
A healthy and diverse microbiota can help inhibit the growth of disease-causing bacteria
What is beribe?
A life threatening condition caused by thiamin deficiency
Define photosynthesis?
A process whereby chlorophyll-containing plants produce glucose by combining carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) using energy harvested from sunlight
Food Pantry
A program that provides canned, boxed, and sometimes fresh foods directly to individuals in need.
Define enmeshment
A style of family interaction whereby family members are overly involved with one another and have little autonomy
What is lacto-ovo-vegetarian?
A vegetarian who consumes dairy products but not eggs in an otherwise plant based diet
How is ATP generated?
ATP is generated from the metabolic breakdown of glucose, fatty acids, and, to a lesser extent, amino acids
Alcohol use Disorders
AUD's are not discriminatory; they affect men and women, young and old, professional and nonprofessional, and rich and poor
Explain aerobic metabolism
Aerobic metabolism utilizes pyruvate from glycolysis, fatty acids, and to a lesser extent, amino acids to generate ATP.
How do people achieve the gradual transition to senescence?
After achieving physical maturity in young adulthood, adults typically undergo a long period of physical stability (Maintenance) before gradually transitioning to senescence
What are the Health consequences of impact of heavy alcohol consumption in fat-soluble vitamin ZINC?
Altered taste, loss of appetite
Aflatoxin
Aspergillus MOLD found on some agricultural crops such as peanuts, rice, and wheat
Why is B12 a unique vitamin?
B12 is a unique vitamin because it can only be synthesized by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi
what is one of the most common provitamin A carotenoids?
Beta-carotene (B-carotene), which the body converts to two retinal molecules.
How is blood magnesium regulated?
Blood magnesium concentrations are regulated primarily by the small intestine, and to a lesser extent, by the kidneys.
Similarities with food banks and food pantries
Both food banks and food pantries rely on community donations to stock their shelves with nonperishable and perishable items, which are then distributed to people who need them.
How is botulism destroyed?
Botulism toxin is destroyed by high temperatures. Recommend people boil canned foods for 10 minutes before consuming
Cholesterol is used to synthesize what?
Cholesterol is used to synthesize bile acids
How is hypervitaminosis A caused?
Chronic consumption of large doses of preformed vitamin A (three to four times the RDA) can lead to vitamin A toxicity, which can cause hypervitaminosis A
What do cones and rods inside your eyes enable you to do?
Cones enable you to see COLOR, whereas rods distinguish Black from White
The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans define excessive drinking as...
Consumption of eight or more alcohol beverages a week for women and 15 or more alcohol beverages a week for men
myth about alcohol metabolization
Contrary to popular belief, there is nothing a person can eat or drink to accelerate this process
What role does dietary fiber play in maintaining your health?
Dietary fiber maintains your health of your digestive tract and decreases the risk of certain conditions such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
What does Epidemiologic studies suggests about the high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood?
Epidemiologic studies suggest that high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood, or at least cholesterol contained in some types of LDS, are related to increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
What do experts recommend to athletes?
Experts recommend that athletes focus on dietary strategies to satisfy protein requirements
Health consequences of impact of heavy alcohol consumption and the water-soluble nutrient Vitamin B6
Health consequences are Anemia, and Impaired metabolic reactions involving amino acids
What are the Health consequences of impact of heavy alcohol consumption in the water-soluble nutrient Vitamin B12?
Health consequences are possible neurological damage, numbness and tingling sensations in the arms and legs
Many foods like high-fat dairy and beef that contain cholesterol also tend to contain what ?
High levels of saturated fats
Human milk contains ample amount of what?
Human milk contains ample amounts of these conditionally essential fatty acids, and many infant formulas are now fortified with arachidonic acid and DHA, making them more like human milk in this regard.
what are cardiovascular consequences of heavy drinking?
Hypertension, stroke, and irregular cardiac function. These detrimental effects can begin to develop in as few as five years.
Ideally people should keep a food tracker for how long?
Ideally, you should keep a food record for three days, however, and one day should be on the weekend
What is the total body weight percentage that is composed of water?
In adults, approximately 50 to 70 percent of total body weight is composed of water.
How long does it take the body to eliminate alcohol?
It takes about 1 hour for the body to eliminate the alcohol in a 12-ounce serving of beer
Explain how vitamin B6 functions as a coenzyme
Its pyridoxal phosphate form is involved in numerous chemical reactions related to the synthesis of nonessential amino acids from essential amino acids
Define Biochemical measurement
Laboratory analysis of a biological sample, such as blood or urine
Where is food insecurity rampant?
In countries with large refugee populations such as Turkey, Pakistan, and Lebanon, food insecurity and malnutrition are rampant
What are good sources of dietary vitamin K?
In general, dark green vegetables such as kale, spinach, broccoli, and brussels sprouts are good sources of dietary vitamin K
How does the body best absorb folate?
In general, the body absorbs folate found in supplements and fortified foods/folic acid, better than it absorbs naturally occurring folate.
Define "Indirect Calorimetry"
Indirect calorimetry is the most commonly used method for estimating a person's BMR
What do they give individuals who are eligible for (SNAP) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program?
Individuals who are eligible for SNAP are given electronic benefit transfer (EBT)
What other effects does insulin have in our body?
Insulin promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells
Explain why iron is essential in pregnant women?
Iron is essential for both the formation of hemoglobin and the growth and development of the fetus and placenta
Give one example of a theoretically way a person can lose weight
Limiting one's intake of starch and refined sugars should theoretically help a person lose weight
Linoleic acid is used to make?
Linoleic acid is used to make arachidonic acid. A 20-carbon, w-6 fatty acid.
More than one half of the calories in human milk comes from what?
Lipids
Define lipoprotein lipase
Lipoprotein lipase enables chylomicra to deliver their dietary fatty acids to cells
What are some examples of resistance exercises?
Many types of resistance exercise such as free weights, muscle isolation machines and resistance bands can improve muscular fitness
What is an Example of a nonessential nutrient
Milk contains essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin A and calcium, as well as several nonessential nutrients, such as cholesterol
What are the results of phosphorus toxicity?
Phosphorus toxicity, on the other hand, is more common, resulting in mineralization of soft tissues such as the kidneys.
Compounds and conditions that DENATURE proteins are called denaturing agents they include what?
Physical agitation, example shaking, heat, detergents, acids, alkaline-basic solutions, salts, alcohol, and heavy metals examples lead and mercury
How much are pregnant women advised to increase their energy intake?
Pregnant women are generally advised to increase their energy intakes by about 340 and 450 kcal/day for the second and third trimesters
What happens when individuals intake prolonged use of antibiotics?
Prolonged use of antibiotics can kill bacteria residing in the large intestine, resulting in vitamin K deficiency in all age groups
What are the benefits of cardiorespiratory exercises?
Promotes physical fitness by lowering blood pressure, improving blood lipid profiles, enhancing blood glucose regulation, and promoting a favorable ratio of lean to adipose tissues.
what is the American Heart association recommendation for the consumption of daily cholesterol ?
Recommendation is that individuals consume less than 300 milligrams of cholesterol daily
Recommendations for homemade cider?
Recommends that homemade cider be heated for 30 minutes at 155 Degree Farenheit
The Millennium Development Project
The Millennium Development project , initiated in 2000, pledged to have the proportion of people who live in hunger by the year 2015
What is the UL for magnesium
The UL for magnesium is 350 mg/day for adults
what does the accumulation of plaque do in our body?
The accumulation of plaque can slow or even block blood flow
How much can an average person metabolize of pure alcohol?
The average person can metabolize 0.5 ounces, 14.8 milliliters of pure alcohol per hour
How is the conversion of oils and margarine or shortening achieved?
The conversion of partial hydrogenation is achieved through the chemical addition of hydrogen atoms
What helps in long-term body weight regulation?
The hormone leptin primarily involved in long term body weight regulation
What is the phosphagen system?
The phosphagen system is the simplest and most rapid means by which active muscles generate ATP
What is one reason women produce less milk during the second 6 months ?
The reason women produce less milk during the second 6 months is that most infants are also fed supplemental foods by this age.
what is a sport of female athletes with the highest eating disorders?
The sports with the highest numbers of female athletes with eating disorders are cross-country, running, gymnastics, swimming, and track and field
What occurs with very high doses of Vitamin A ?
Very high doses of naturally occurring and/or synthetic vitamin A can also lead to birth defects such as neurological damage and physical deformities.
Where can you find visceral adipose tissue?
Visceral adipose tissue is primarily found in the abdominal cavity
Why is vitamin B6 unstable?
Vitamin B6 is somewhat unstable and is destroyed by extreme or prolonged heat and cold.
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin C and the B vitamins dissolve easily in water
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K do not dissolve easily in water.
Explain the roles of white adipose tissue (WAT) and Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
WAT serves as the body's primary depot for energy storage, BAT plays an important role in body temperature regulation and basal metabolism. Found primary in the neck and upper back.
Where can you find sufficient amounts of conditionally essential amino acids ?
We can typically find conditionally essential amino acids in our human milk or regular infant formula
Explain negative energy balance
When total energy intake (protein, carbohydrates, fat, and alcohol is less than energy expenditure (basal metabolism, physical activity, and thermic effect of food ) a person is said to be in negative energy balance
How many kilocalories is in alcohol?
While alcohol is not considered a nutrient, it does provide 7 kilocalories per gram
The 2015 Dieteary Guidelines for Americans for women stae
Women should only consume alcohol in moderation, as to not exceed ONE drink per day for women
Advice for a clean cooking environment
You should periodically sanitize counters, equipment, utensils, and cutting boards with a solution of 1 tablespoon of liquid chlorine bleach in 1 gallon of water
Define Maximal oxygen consumption
a measure of the cardiovascular system's capacity to deliver oxygen to muscles.
Dietitician
a nutrition professional who helps people make dietary changes and food choices to support a healthy lifestyle
nonessential nutrient
a substance that your body needs, but if necessary, can produce in amounts needed to satisfy its requirements
what is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer?
chronically elevated intake of red meat, beef, lamb, pork, or processed meats, bacon, sausage, hot dogs, ham, cold cuts is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer
what does disordered eating lead to ?
disordered eating can lead to very low levels of body fat, which can cause estrogen levels to decrease
Define Anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type
low body weight is maintained through both food restriction and periods of bingeing and/or purging.
Explain cardiorespiratory exercise
moderate and or vigorous in intensity, and continuous and/or rhythmic in motion cardiovascular fitness. Examples are walking, jogging, and swimming can be performed daily in a single, continuous session (30 minutes a day) or performed in multiple sessions of at least 10 minutes spread throughout the day.
Intervention study
requires participants-regardlesss of whether they are humans, animals, or simply cells-to undergo a treatment or intervention
Define mortality rate
the number of deaths that occur in a certain population group in a given period of time.
If your intake is between the RDA, and the UL
then it's probably accurate
