Nutrition C7

Nonessential Amino Acid descriptions

Also called dispensable amino acid. The body can make endogenously. Aspartic acid is this type of amino acid.

When a person eats more protein than their body needs the extra protein is _______.

converted to glucose or fat

Consuming excess dietary protein and amino acids _______.

does not build muscle

Increasing protein from 15% of calories to 30% of calories allows more protein to be used for _______.

energy

In the United States, newborns are routinely screened for PKU. PKU is a disease characterized by the body's inability to metabolize the essential amino acid __________.

phenylalanine

To ensure an adequate mix of proteins, combine one or more foods from at least two of the plant food groups: legumes, grains, and seeds, and tree nuts. Which of the following is a complementary protein dish?

1. Black beans and rice 2. Peanut butter on whole wheat bread 3. Hummus (mashed chickpeas/garbanzo beans) with sesame seeds

Put the protein synthesis steps in order as they occur to create a specific protein.

1. Messenger RNA forms from a gene and moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell. 2. Messenger RNA travels to the ribosomes where mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein. 3. A polypeptide chain is created from amino acids added one at a time according to the mRNA instructions and brought to the chain by the tRNA. 4. Polypeptide chain twists and folds into three-dimensional structure of the intended protein.

If a 180 pound man eats an adequate diet, with about 2220 kcals, approximately what % of protein calories are used to build muscle?

8%

Some people have a food allergy or food intolerance to certain amino acids or proteins in foods. Sort the following labels by whether they are a food allergy or a food intolerance. FOOD ALLERGY

An inflammatory response that results when the body's immune system reacts inappropriately to one or more harmless substances in a food. Peanuts. Soybeans. MIlk.

Some people have a food allergy or food intolerance to certain amino acids or proteins in foods. Sort the following labels by whether they are a food allergy or a food intolerance. FOOD INTOLERANCE

An unpleasant physical reaction following consumption of nonprotein substances in foods; does not trigger an immune response. Sulfites. Lactose. MSG.

Potential way to denature protein into its appropriate classification.

Cooking a piece of meat. Beating an egg vigorously with an electric beater. Adding acid to protein-containing food.

Low-quality (incomplete) proteins

Gelatin Garbanzo bean Rice

Plant-based diets should include foods fortified with this B vitamin, naturally found in animal products.

B-12

High-protein diets may contribute to osteoporosis due to higher-than-normal urinary losses of which mineral?

Calcium

Determine whether the breakfast is appropriate for a vegan, lactovegetarian, or lactoovovegetarian and drag the breakfast to its appropriate classification. VEGAN

Determine whether the breakfast is appropriate for a vegan, lactovegetarian, or lactoovovegetarian and drag the breakfast to its appropriate classification. Oatmeal made with soy milk and blueberries

An impoverished child living in a developing country is at risk of suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?

Insufficient protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes.

Steps involved in the digestion of protein.

Protein digestion begins in the stomach through the actions of HCl and pepsin. In the small intestine, further digestion occurs through the action of enzymes secreted by the pancreas. The final digestion of proteins occurs within absorptive cells. After being reabsorbed, amino acids enter the hepatic portal vein and travel to the liver. Very little dietary protein is excreted in the feces.

Altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation is called __________.

denaturation

Essential Amino Acid descriptions

Also called indispensable amino acids. Must be supplied by food in the diet. Tryptophan is this type of amino acid.

Americans are often mistaken about their own protein needs and the role of protein in the body. Indicate whether each protein statement is true or false by dragging the statement to its correct classification. TRUE

Americans would benefit from eating more plant sources of protein. Plant foods can be combined in the diet in the same meal or two subsequent meals to provide complementing amino acid profiles. Proteins contain nitrogen.

Protein is unique because it is the only macronutrient that has a nitrogenous component as part of its chemical makeup. When the carbon skeletons of amino acids are metabolized to produce glucose or fat, ammonia is the resulting product. What happens to ammonia?

Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.

High-quality (complete) proteins

Chicken Egg Whey (milk protein)

Determine whether the breakfast is appropriate for a vegan, lactovegetarian, or lactoovovegetarian and drag the breakfast to its appropriate classification. LACTOOVOVEGETARIAN

Determine whether the breakfast is appropriate for a vegan, lactovegetarian, or lactoovovegetarian and drag the breakfast to its appropriate classification. Omelet made with two eggs, shredded cheese, and peppers.

Determine whether the breakfast is appropriate for a vegan, lactovegetarian, or lactoovovegetarian and drag the breakfast to its appropriate classification. LACTOVEGETARIAN

Determine whether the breakfast is appropriate for a vegan, lactovegetarian, or lactoovovegetarian and drag the breakfast to its appropriate classification. Whole wheat toast with melted cheese and a glass of orange juice.

Americans are often mistaken about their own protein needs and the role of protein in the body. Indicate whether each protein statement is true or false by dragging the statement to its correct classification. FALSE

Health-care professionals should place more emphasis on ensuring Americans are getting enough protein in their diets. Only animal protein can provide all nine essential amino acids needed to make a complete protein.

Match each of the following levels of protein structure with its description. Label: Secondary structure

Match each of the following levels of protein structure with its description. Coiling of polypeptide chain

Match each of the following levels of protein structure with its description. Label: Quaternary structure

Match each of the following levels of protein structure with its description. Comprised of two or more polypeptide chains

Match each of the following levels of protein structure with its description. Label: Primary structure

Match each of the following levels of protein structure with its description. Linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Match each of the following levels of protein structure with its description. Label: Tertiary structure

Match each of the following levels of protein structure with its description. Twisted structure of a polypeptide chain that includes interactions between various amino acid groups on the chain

Match the name of the component of an amino acid with its role. Name: Amino group

Match the name of the component of an amino acid with its role. Role: Where nitrogen atom is contained

Match the name of the component of an amino acid with its role. Name: Carbon skeleton

Match the name of the component of an amino acid with its role. Role: Can be converted to glucose and used for energy

Match the name of the component of an amino acid with its role. Name: R group

Match the name of the component of an amino acid with its role. Role: Differs with each amino acid

Case study situation: Including moderate amounts of protein in the diet helps keep Manny's blood slightly basic and prevents it from getting too acidic.

Protein function classification: Contributes to Acid-Base Balance

Case study situation: Larissa is a chronically malnourished toddler whose only energy source comes from starchy foods; she recently contracted measles.

Protein function classification: Contributes to Immune Function

Case study situation: Louisa is a very elderly woman with malnutrition related to heart failure; lately she has been experiencing edema in her lower extremities.

Protein function classification: Maintains Fluid Balance

Case study situation: A malnourished baby who does not eat enough protein will likely have incomplete or poor bone formation.

Protein function classification: Needed to Make Body Components

Case study situation: After eating a meal, Charlie's pancreas secretes insulin to help shuttle the glucose into his cells.

Protein function classification: Needed to Make Enzymes & Hormones

Case study situation: Bill has been drinking two whey protein shakes per day and he cannot understand why he is gaining weight and inches around his waist instead of increasing muscle mass.

Protein function classification: Provides energy

Proteins contain which of the following elements? (Check all that apply.) 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Nitrogen 4. Oxygen

Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, similar to lipids and carbohydrates. Proteins also contain nitrogen, an element cells use to make many important biological compounds including hormones and enzymes.

Protein's structure can be altered (denatured) by treatment with heat, enzymes, acid solutions, or agitation. Will not denature protein.

Refrigerate a glass of milk. Exposing a piece of cheese to air (oxygen). Soaking lentils in water.

Case study situation Protein function classification

Support structures within bone are just one of the many body components to which proteins contribute. With inadequate protein consumption, the concentration of proteins in the bloodstream drops below normal. Excessive fluid builds up and accumulates in the tissues, causing edema. Some blood proteins are responsible for keeping the blood slightly alkaline. Insulin is a hormone and proteins make up hormones. Inadequate protein intake leads to underproduction of immune-enhancing factors and it increases susceptibility to infection and disease. Protein provides four kilocalories per gram and excess dietary protein is stored as fat.

In celiac disease, the peptide gliadin enters the intestinal mucosa and triggers an immune response that leads to nutrient malabsorption.

TRUE Gliadin is a peptide found in gluten, a protein found in many grains that provides texture and shape to baked products. In people with celiac disease, the gliadin enters the intestinal mucosa and activates the immune system. Intestinal villi are inflamed or destroyed leading to malabsorption of nutrients from the diet.

Western diets are higher in fat and energy than the typical vegetarian diet.

TRUE Western diets, which contain plenty of red meat, are higher in fat and energy than the typical vegetarian diet which relies heavily on plant foods. As a result, vegetarians tend to have a lower risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. Vegetarians consume more fiber, phytochemicals, folic acid, vitamins C and E, and the minerals potassium and magnesium than people following a Western diet.

Amino acids have a number of common properties in their chemical structures, but each has a defining component.

The nitrogen atom is in the amino group. The R group identifies the molecule as a particular amino acid. The carbon skeleton is an important component of an amino acid because the body can convert the carbon skeletons of certain amino acids to glucose and use the simple sugar for energy.

Explain structures of a protein.

The primary structure refers to the linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The secondary structure refers to the polypeptide chain's coiling because of chemical attractions between certain components of the chain's amino acids. The tertiary structure refers to the protein's final three-dimensional form. Some proteins exist in the quaternary structure. In this structure, two or more polypeptide chains associate with each other to form larger complexes.

When protein is converted to glucose or fat, how is nitrogen eliminated from the body?

Through the kidneys