Smartbook 22 : Immune Systme and the Body's Defense

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The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a ______.

hapten

Identify the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response.

haptens

The ability of a plasma cell to produce a different type of antibody, class switching, requires direct contact between the plasma cell and ______.

helper T-lymphocytes

Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation.

histamine

Antibody-mediated immunity is also called _________ immunity.

humoral

Identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes.

hyaluronic acid

Pyrogens target the ______.

hypothalamus

Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have ______ _________ .

immune privilege

An antigen that induces an immune response is called an immunogen. Its ability to cause an immune response is termed _______ .

immunogenicity

Antibodies ______.

immunoglobulins

Antibody titer is a measure of ______.

immunologic memory

What causes redness and heat in an inflamed area?

increased blood flow

The complement system ______ the inflammatory response.

increases

Identify the function of pyrogens.

induce fever

Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of

inflammation

Nonspecific immunity is another name for immunity.

innate

The skin is an example of

innate (nonspecific) immunity

A class of cytokines released from leukocytes is called ________ , also referred to as IFN.

interferon

Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ______.

interferons and complement

Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the __________ phase.

latent

During inflammation, more fluid immune cells, and proteins ______ the capillaries.

leave

Identify the true statements regarding active immunity.

- Active immunity may result from direct exposure to an antigen. - Active immunity includes the development of memory cells

Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur?

- CD40 surface protein - cytokines - CD154 protein

High fevers can cause

- Death - Irreversible brain damage - Denaturation of proteins - Vomiting -Seizures

Identify the true statements regarding IgG.

- It can neutralize snake venom - It can cross the placenta - Predominant antibody in the lymph

Match each cell type with its effector response. - cytotoxic T cell: - plasma cell: - helper T cell

- Plasma cell - produce antibodies - Cytotoxic T Cell - Destroys infected cells via apoptosis - Helper T Cell - Releases interleukins cytokines to stimulate other cells

Identify the benefits of fever.

- Promotion of interferon activity - Inhibition bacteria reproduction - Accelerated tissue repair

Activated helper T cells release which two of the following to stimulate other immune cells?

- cytokines - interleukins

Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?

- cytotoxic T cells - B cells

Identify the antigen-presenting cells.

- dendritic cells - macrophages - B lymphocytes

Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin and mucous membranes.

- immunoglobulin A - sebum - lysozyme

Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin.

- mast cells - basophils

Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity.

- size - complexity

Where are complement proteins synthesized?

liver

Place the events of activation of a T helper - helper T cell binds APC - APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule - helper T cell proliferates - helper T cell secretes IL-2

1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule 2. helper T cell binds APC 3. helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. helper T cell proliferates

Place the events of B cell activation in order ______. - B cell binds free antigen - activated helper T cell releases IL-4 - B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell - B cell proliferates

1. B cell binds free antigen 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell 3. Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4. B cell proliferates

Natural killer cells are a type of ______.

lymphocyte

Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen?

lymphocyte recirculation

Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction. - effector phase - sensitization phase - activation phase

1. effector phase 2. sensitization phase 3. activation phase

Correctly order the events of inflammation. - vasodilation - recruitment of immune cells - delivery of plasma proteins - release of chemicals

1. vasodilation 2. recruitment of immune cells 3. delivery of plasma proteins 4. release of chemicals

A booster shot for tetanus is recommended every ______ years.

10

A fever is considered significant when it is above ______ degrees F.Choose the minimum level it is considered significant.

100

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has ______ receptor complexes.

100,000

Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ______.

109 degrees Fahrenheit

Fever is defined by having a body temperature of ______ or higher.

38 degrees Celsius

What is the half-life of IgA in the blood?

5.5 days

Which illustration represents a macrophage attacking an infectious agent?

A

Identify the parts of the antibody pictured.

A- Antigen-binding site B- Variable region C- Constant region

Identify the parts of the antibody labeled in the given image.

A: arm region B: stem region C: light chain D: heavy chain

Identify each antibody function in the given picture.

A: complement fixation B: opsonization C: activation of NK cells

Identify each antibody function in the figure provided.

A: neutralization B: agglutination C: precipitation

Vesicles with infectious agents that formed during phagocytosis merge with ______.

lysosomes

Identify the enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria.

lysozyme

Vaccines are administered to increase the number of memory ______ cells you have for a specific antigen.

B

Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme?

lysozyme

Letter A is a picture of cells called a of the lungs.

macrophages

Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries.

margination

Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______.

CD4 cells

Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become ______.

memory B-lymphocytes

CD8 cells are also called ______.

Cytotoxic T cells

Which illustration represents an eosinophil attacking a microbe?

D

All IgM antibodies have what region in common?

Fc

Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?

Fc

Which region of an antibody helps activate complement?

Fc

HIV blood tests look for the presence of ______ ______ in the blood.

HIV antibodies

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk.

IgA

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that causes the release of histamine from basophils and mast cells.

IgE

Identify the class of immunoglobulins that are usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

IgE

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half-life in the blood of 23 days.

IgG

What class of antibody is produced in a much higher concentration during a secondary response?

IgG

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement.

IgM

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is usually a pentamer found mostly in blood.

IgM

Which class of antibodies usually exists as a pentamer?

IgM

What does an antigen-presenting cell do to the resulting peptide fragments of a microbe once digestion is complete?

It incorporates the fragments into its cell membrane.

Identify the antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte.

TCR

Positive selection tests to see if the ______ of a T-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule.

TCR

Helper T-cells contain ______.

a CD4 protein

Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______.

a secondary lymphatic structure

The type of immunity that lasts longer is ______ immunity.

active

Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired ______ immunity.

active

Which type of hypersensitivity occurs within seconds following exposure to the antigen?

acute

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes are part of ______ immunity.

adaptive

Acquired immunity is also called immunity.

adaptive / specific

If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as _________.

agglutination

The complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. The _______ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.

alternative

A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______.

an MHC class II molecule presented by an APC

The memory response of the immune system is also called the ______ response.

anamnestic

The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response.

anamnestic

A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) _________ monomer.

antibody

B-cells are primarily involved in ______-mediated immunity.

antibody

What is the circulating concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen called?

antibody titer

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their ______.

antigens

Interferons and complement are categories of ______.

antimicrobial proteins

Cytotoxic T cells release granzymes onto infected cells, inducing cell death by ______.

apoptosis

Immunity due to a vaccine is an example of ______.

artificially acquired active immunity

Receiving injections of antibodies following a snake bite is an example of ______.

artificially acquired passive immunity

Disorders that result when the immune system does not have tolerance for a specific self-antigen and attacks the cells are called _________ disorders.

autoimmune

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens _______ disorders occur.

autoimmune / immune

Identify the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and nonself-antigens.

autoimmune disorders

Basophils and mast cells are both proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells. Which of these two cells circulates in the blood?

basophils

Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ______ shot for tetanus every ten years.

booster

Phagocytic cells ______.

cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins

T-lymphocytes are a part of ______ immunity.

cellular

Identify the waxy secretion secreted by the external auditory meatus that may trap microbes.

cerumen

Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells.

chemotaxis

Hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed is ________ .

cilia

The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called ______ ________ .

class switching

Identify the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies.

classical pathway

The stem of an antibody contains which of the following regions?

constant

Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper T-lymphocyte, a specific type of ________ released from the helper T-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching.

cytokine

Small ________ proteins called serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.

cytokines

Various complement proteins kill target cells through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell. Identify the name of this process.

cytolysis

Identify the last event of a fever.

defervescence

Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection.

diapedesis

What does the antigen-presenting cell do to a microbe once it is engulfed?

digests the microbe into peptide fragments

Hives, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis may occur during the ______ phase of acute hypersensitivity.

effector

The various ways that activated lymphocytes combat an antigen are collectively referred to as the ______ response.

effector

From which structure are leukotrienes made?

eicosanoids

Identify the immune system cells that are associated with allergies and asthma.

eosinophils

Identify the immune system cells that target parasites.

eosinophils

Dendritic cells are found in _____ tissues.

epithelial

A process involving proteins that are engulfed from outside a cell is called an ______ pathway.

exogenous

During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called ______.

exudate

An abnormal elevation of core body temperature is called ________ .

fever or pyrexia

A B cell is first stimulated by ______.

free antigen

Plasma cells typically produce antibodies ______.

from lymph nodes

MHC class I molecules are ______.

glycoproteins

Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell.

monocyte

IgG usually exists as a ______.

monomer

T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to their specific foreign antigen are called ______ T-lymphocytes.

naive

Identify the immune cell that is part of innate immunity.

natural killer cell

Lymphocytes are tested to see that they do not bind to any self-antigens. This test is called ______.

negative selection

When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be ______.

neutralized

Natural killer cells provide ______ immunity.

nonspecific

The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because ______.

of the presence of memory B cells

Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an

opsonin

The process of antibodies coating a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it, is called ______.

opsonization

The exogenous pathway involves engulfing pathogens from ______ the cells.

outside

Immunity obtained from another individual is called _______ immunity

passive or acquired

Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ______.

perforins and granzymes

Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into _______ cells that produce antibodies.

plasma

Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called ________ cells.

plasma

Which is not an example of an antigen?

plasma

Antigen presentation is the display of an antigen on a cell's ______.

plasma membrane

T-lymphocytes that can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called ______.

positive selection

When antibodies clump together viral particles,they become insoluble, or ______.

precipitated

The first time you are exposed to a particular strain of flu virus, your production of antibodies is called the ______ response.

primary

A membrane attack complex is the name for a ______.

protein channel

Cytokines are ______.

proteins

The complement system is made of 30 different ______.

proteins

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ________ .

recirculation or migration

T-lymphocytes originate in the _______ bone marrow.

red

Identify the location of leukocyte formation.

red bone marrow

Identify the first event of inflammation.

release of chemicals

Identify the structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Identify the skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids.

sebaceous gland secretions

T-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as ______.

self-tolerance

The second time you are exposed to the same antigen, the lag phase will be ______ and you will produce ______ antibodies.

shorter; more

Where are epidermal dendritic cells located?

skin

Antibodies target ______ antigens.

specific

Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?

spleen

Identify the type of hypersensitivity that occurs within 1 to 3 hours of exposure.

subacute hypersensitivities

Dendritic cells are found in ______.

the skin

The first line of defense of innate immunity includes ______.

the skin

T-lymphocytes mature in the _______ .

thymus

Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody _______ .

titer

The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody _________ .

titer

Identify the lymphatic tissues.

tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes

True or false: Acid is produced by the digestive and reproductive systems, aiding the immune system.

true

True or false: Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals.

true

An antibody monomer is made of ______.

two heavy chains and two light chains

When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) _______ , an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.

vaccine, vaccination, immunization, or antigen

The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the _______ region.

variable

What is the region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific?

variable region

Which occurs during inflammation?

vasodilation

Identify the name for the hairs in the nose that trap microbes.

vibrissae

Identify the type of microbe that interferon targets.

viruses

HIV is identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?

when the patient develops an opportunistic infection


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