Smartbook 22 : Immune Systme and the Body's Defense
The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a ______.
hapten
Identify the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response.
haptens
The ability of a plasma cell to produce a different type of antibody, class switching, requires direct contact between the plasma cell and ______.
helper T-lymphocytes
Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation.
histamine
Antibody-mediated immunity is also called _________ immunity.
humoral
Identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes.
hyaluronic acid
Pyrogens target the ______.
hypothalamus
Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have ______ _________ .
immune privilege
An antigen that induces an immune response is called an immunogen. Its ability to cause an immune response is termed _______ .
immunogenicity
Antibodies ______.
immunoglobulins
Antibody titer is a measure of ______.
immunologic memory
What causes redness and heat in an inflamed area?
increased blood flow
The complement system ______ the inflammatory response.
increases
Identify the function of pyrogens.
induce fever
Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of
inflammation
Nonspecific immunity is another name for immunity.
innate
The skin is an example of
innate (nonspecific) immunity
A class of cytokines released from leukocytes is called ________ , also referred to as IFN.
interferon
Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ______.
interferons and complement
Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the __________ phase.
latent
During inflammation, more fluid immune cells, and proteins ______ the capillaries.
leave
Identify the true statements regarding active immunity.
- Active immunity may result from direct exposure to an antigen. - Active immunity includes the development of memory cells
Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur?
- CD40 surface protein - cytokines - CD154 protein
High fevers can cause
- Death - Irreversible brain damage - Denaturation of proteins - Vomiting -Seizures
Identify the true statements regarding IgG.
- It can neutralize snake venom - It can cross the placenta - Predominant antibody in the lymph
Match each cell type with its effector response. - cytotoxic T cell: - plasma cell: - helper T cell
- Plasma cell - produce antibodies - Cytotoxic T Cell - Destroys infected cells via apoptosis - Helper T Cell - Releases interleukins cytokines to stimulate other cells
Identify the benefits of fever.
- Promotion of interferon activity - Inhibition bacteria reproduction - Accelerated tissue repair
Activated helper T cells release which two of the following to stimulate other immune cells?
- cytokines - interleukins
Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?
- cytotoxic T cells - B cells
Identify the antigen-presenting cells.
- dendritic cells - macrophages - B lymphocytes
Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin and mucous membranes.
- immunoglobulin A - sebum - lysozyme
Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin.
- mast cells - basophils
Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity.
- size - complexity
Where are complement proteins synthesized?
liver
Place the events of activation of a T helper - helper T cell binds APC - APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule - helper T cell proliferates - helper T cell secretes IL-2
1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule 2. helper T cell binds APC 3. helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. helper T cell proliferates
Place the events of B cell activation in order ______. - B cell binds free antigen - activated helper T cell releases IL-4 - B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell - B cell proliferates
1. B cell binds free antigen 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell 3. Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4. B cell proliferates
Natural killer cells are a type of ______.
lymphocyte
Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen?
lymphocyte recirculation
Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction. - effector phase - sensitization phase - activation phase
1. effector phase 2. sensitization phase 3. activation phase
Correctly order the events of inflammation. - vasodilation - recruitment of immune cells - delivery of plasma proteins - release of chemicals
1. vasodilation 2. recruitment of immune cells 3. delivery of plasma proteins 4. release of chemicals
A booster shot for tetanus is recommended every ______ years.
10
A fever is considered significant when it is above ______ degrees F.Choose the minimum level it is considered significant.
100
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has ______ receptor complexes.
100,000
Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ______.
109 degrees Fahrenheit
Fever is defined by having a body temperature of ______ or higher.
38 degrees Celsius
What is the half-life of IgA in the blood?
5.5 days
Which illustration represents a macrophage attacking an infectious agent?
A
Identify the parts of the antibody pictured.
A- Antigen-binding site B- Variable region C- Constant region
Identify the parts of the antibody labeled in the given image.
A: arm region B: stem region C: light chain D: heavy chain
Identify each antibody function in the given picture.
A: complement fixation B: opsonization C: activation of NK cells
Identify each antibody function in the figure provided.
A: neutralization B: agglutination C: precipitation
Vesicles with infectious agents that formed during phagocytosis merge with ______.
lysosomes
Identify the enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria.
lysozyme
Vaccines are administered to increase the number of memory ______ cells you have for a specific antigen.
B
Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme?
lysozyme
Letter A is a picture of cells called a of the lungs.
macrophages
Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries.
margination
Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______.
CD4 cells
Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become ______.
memory B-lymphocytes
CD8 cells are also called ______.
Cytotoxic T cells
Which illustration represents an eosinophil attacking a microbe?
D
All IgM antibodies have what region in common?
Fc
Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?
Fc
Which region of an antibody helps activate complement?
Fc
HIV blood tests look for the presence of ______ ______ in the blood.
HIV antibodies
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk.
IgA
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that causes the release of histamine from basophils and mast cells.
IgE
Identify the class of immunoglobulins that are usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
IgE
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half-life in the blood of 23 days.
IgG
What class of antibody is produced in a much higher concentration during a secondary response?
IgG
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement.
IgM
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is usually a pentamer found mostly in blood.
IgM
Which class of antibodies usually exists as a pentamer?
IgM
What does an antigen-presenting cell do to the resulting peptide fragments of a microbe once digestion is complete?
It incorporates the fragments into its cell membrane.
Identify the antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte.
TCR
Positive selection tests to see if the ______ of a T-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule.
TCR
Helper T-cells contain ______.
a CD4 protein
Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______.
a secondary lymphatic structure
The type of immunity that lasts longer is ______ immunity.
active
Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired ______ immunity.
active
Which type of hypersensitivity occurs within seconds following exposure to the antigen?
acute
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes are part of ______ immunity.
adaptive
Acquired immunity is also called immunity.
adaptive / specific
If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as _________.
agglutination
The complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. The _______ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.
alternative
A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______.
an MHC class II molecule presented by an APC
The memory response of the immune system is also called the ______ response.
anamnestic
The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response.
anamnestic
A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) _________ monomer.
antibody
B-cells are primarily involved in ______-mediated immunity.
antibody
What is the circulating concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen called?
antibody titer
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their ______.
antigens
Interferons and complement are categories of ______.
antimicrobial proteins
Cytotoxic T cells release granzymes onto infected cells, inducing cell death by ______.
apoptosis
Immunity due to a vaccine is an example of ______.
artificially acquired active immunity
Receiving injections of antibodies following a snake bite is an example of ______.
artificially acquired passive immunity
Disorders that result when the immune system does not have tolerance for a specific self-antigen and attacks the cells are called _________ disorders.
autoimmune
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens _______ disorders occur.
autoimmune / immune
Identify the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and nonself-antigens.
autoimmune disorders
Basophils and mast cells are both proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells. Which of these two cells circulates in the blood?
basophils
Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ______ shot for tetanus every ten years.
booster
Phagocytic cells ______.
cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins
T-lymphocytes are a part of ______ immunity.
cellular
Identify the waxy secretion secreted by the external auditory meatus that may trap microbes.
cerumen
Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells.
chemotaxis
Hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed is ________ .
cilia
The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called ______ ________ .
class switching
Identify the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies.
classical pathway
The stem of an antibody contains which of the following regions?
constant
Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper T-lymphocyte, a specific type of ________ released from the helper T-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching.
cytokine
Small ________ proteins called serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.
cytokines
Various complement proteins kill target cells through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell. Identify the name of this process.
cytolysis
Identify the last event of a fever.
defervescence
Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection.
diapedesis
What does the antigen-presenting cell do to a microbe once it is engulfed?
digests the microbe into peptide fragments
Hives, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis may occur during the ______ phase of acute hypersensitivity.
effector
The various ways that activated lymphocytes combat an antigen are collectively referred to as the ______ response.
effector
From which structure are leukotrienes made?
eicosanoids
Identify the immune system cells that are associated with allergies and asthma.
eosinophils
Identify the immune system cells that target parasites.
eosinophils
Dendritic cells are found in _____ tissues.
epithelial
A process involving proteins that are engulfed from outside a cell is called an ______ pathway.
exogenous
During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called ______.
exudate
An abnormal elevation of core body temperature is called ________ .
fever or pyrexia
A B cell is first stimulated by ______.
free antigen
Plasma cells typically produce antibodies ______.
from lymph nodes
MHC class I molecules are ______.
glycoproteins
Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell.
monocyte
IgG usually exists as a ______.
monomer
T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to their specific foreign antigen are called ______ T-lymphocytes.
naive
Identify the immune cell that is part of innate immunity.
natural killer cell
Lymphocytes are tested to see that they do not bind to any self-antigens. This test is called ______.
negative selection
When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be ______.
neutralized
Natural killer cells provide ______ immunity.
nonspecific
The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because ______.
of the presence of memory B cells
Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an
opsonin
The process of antibodies coating a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it, is called ______.
opsonization
The exogenous pathway involves engulfing pathogens from ______ the cells.
outside
Immunity obtained from another individual is called _______ immunity
passive or acquired
Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ______.
perforins and granzymes
Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into _______ cells that produce antibodies.
plasma
Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called ________ cells.
plasma
Which is not an example of an antigen?
plasma
Antigen presentation is the display of an antigen on a cell's ______.
plasma membrane
T-lymphocytes that can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called ______.
positive selection
When antibodies clump together viral particles,they become insoluble, or ______.
precipitated
The first time you are exposed to a particular strain of flu virus, your production of antibodies is called the ______ response.
primary
A membrane attack complex is the name for a ______.
protein channel
Cytokines are ______.
proteins
The complement system is made of 30 different ______.
proteins
Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ________ .
recirculation or migration
T-lymphocytes originate in the _______ bone marrow.
red
Identify the location of leukocyte formation.
red bone marrow
Identify the first event of inflammation.
release of chemicals
Identify the structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Identify the skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids.
sebaceous gland secretions
T-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as ______.
self-tolerance
The second time you are exposed to the same antigen, the lag phase will be ______ and you will produce ______ antibodies.
shorter; more
Where are epidermal dendritic cells located?
skin
Antibodies target ______ antigens.
specific
Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?
spleen
Identify the type of hypersensitivity that occurs within 1 to 3 hours of exposure.
subacute hypersensitivities
Dendritic cells are found in ______.
the skin
The first line of defense of innate immunity includes ______.
the skin
T-lymphocytes mature in the _______ .
thymus
Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody _______ .
titer
The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody _________ .
titer
Identify the lymphatic tissues.
tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes
True or false: Acid is produced by the digestive and reproductive systems, aiding the immune system.
true
True or false: Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals.
true
An antibody monomer is made of ______.
two heavy chains and two light chains
When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) _______ , an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.
vaccine, vaccination, immunization, or antigen
The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the _______ region.
variable
What is the region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific?
variable region
Which occurs during inflammation?
vasodilation
Identify the name for the hairs in the nose that trap microbes.
vibrissae
Identify the type of microbe that interferon targets.
viruses
HIV is identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?
when the patient develops an opportunistic infection
