Nutrition CH 12

What is a food desert?

Access to affordable, nutritious foods from supermarkets, grocery stores • Challenging in low- income areas lacking stores selling affordable, healthy food • Michelle Obama's Healthy Communities in the "Let's Move" initiative

What are some strategies currently being used to address the problem of under-nutrition in developing countries? Why is it important to work locally with populations?

Direct food aid - Not a long-term solution - Drives down local food prices -Inappropriate nature of donated foods -Creates a dependence on outside sources Improving infrastructure for poor, especially rural poor -Farmers become more self reliant -Need more resources and employment opportunities -Improve credit and training -Promote technologies -extensive land ownership Increase opportunities for women

How is HIV transmitted and how can nutrition play a role in the management of HIV?

- via contact with bodily fluids -Nutrition cannot prevent or cure HIV and AIDS, however, nutritional status affects progression • Low vitamin A, E brings quicker onset of symptoms • Use of balanced vitamins and mineral supplements slows decline • HIV-positive children require 10% greater energy intake than non-HIV

What factors influence the presence of poverty & under-nutrition in the U.S.? Why does under-nutrition continue despite adequate food resources?

-Choice between food, rent, or heat -Due to politics and socioeconomic trends than scarcity of food - Overabundance of unskilled workers - Low-paying service jobs - Massive lay-offs/unemployment -Increase single parent families -War and political unrest -Rapid depletion of natural resources -Poor infrastructure (sanitaiton/shelter) - Larger population, food scarce/ not shared eqaully • The seven Ds 1. Divorce 2. Death 3. Disease 4. Downsized 5. Disabled 6. Disasters 7. Debt

What factors influence the presence of homelessness & under-nutrition in the U.S.?

-High cost of housing -Release of mentally ill patients -Alcohol/Drug abuse -Low income trying to pay for rent -Subsidies for housing decreased -Foreclosures increase -Single parent families

How have war and declines in natural resources contributed to under-nutrition in developing countries?

-Increase in global military spending -Impede distribution of food -Green Revolution

What are the primary food assistance programs established in the United States?

-Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)= Food Assistance Program -The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) -Commodity Supplemental Food Program - Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) -National School Lunch Program -School Breakfast Program -Summer Food Service Program -Home delivered meals -Child and Adult Care Food Program -Congregate Meals for the Elderly -Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations -Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Program

What is food insecurity? Famine? What leads to famine?

Food insecurity: Condition of anxiety about running out of food or money to buy food or condition in which the quality, variety, and/or desirability of the diet is reduced and there is difficulty providing food for everyone in the household. Famine:Extreme shortage of food leading to massive starvation in a population -Crop failure - Bad weather - War/political unrest

What is genetic engineering and why would it be used? Is it safe according to the FDA?

Genetic engineering - Recombinant DNA technology • Traditional cross-breeding of plants/animals has inconsistent results • Genetically modified organism (GMO), transgenic organism • FDA confident; approves varieties of genetically engineered foods are safe to consume • Coalition, Right to Know GMO active in many states and federal level to require labeling Positive/ Negative to Biotechnology • Synthesis of "super crop" that resists disease, pests, etc. • May reduce under-nutrition • Improve nutritional content • Increase crop yield • Safety, environmental hazards, and other long-term concerns

Solutions to Poverty and Hunger in the United States

Government programs are not enough • Recent funding has begun to expire • State governments protecting right of individuals and groups to share food • Responsibility of all citizens • Long-term under-nutrition has both individual and societal consequences • EVERYONE can be affected • Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI), grocery stores, small retailers, corner stores, farmers markets to undeserved in urban, rural areas

What was the Green Revolution?

Increased crop yields in 1960s • Development of "super" crops - Wheat and rice • Exploitation of earth's resources is limited - Poor soil quality - Soil erosion - Water shortages • Food production must keep up with population • Protect the earth's environment from further destruction

What are common micro-nutrient deficiencies and deficiency diseases associated with malnutrition?

Iron - anemia • Vitamin A -blindness • Various B vitamins (e.g., folate) - Pellagra, energy metabolism, DNA • Zinc - immunity • Iodide - goiter, thyroid • Vitamin D -Rickets • Thiamin -BeriBeri • Vitamin C -Scuvy

Describe the effects of malnutrition during critical life stages? What life stage(s) is/are the most affected by malnutrition?

PREGNANCY • Nutritional needs higher • Fetal development affected • Cumulative effect of successive pregnancies close together does not allow mother to recover nutrients like iron and folate -Results in increased risk of death of woman and/or child FETAL/INFANCY •Poor growth and development • Pre-term delivery - Immature lungs - Weakened immune system • Long-term health problems • Increased health care costs CHILDHOOD •Permanent brain impairment • Stunted growth • Impaired motor skills • Low resistance to infection • Iron deficiency anemia ELDERLY • Require nutrient-dense foods • Many on fixed incomes/retired • Many forced to choose between medication or food • Lower resistance to infection

What is the definition of Malnutrition? Under-nutrition? Over-nutrition?

Under: failing health that results from longstanding dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs Over: Excess amount of food leading to over consumption of calories and/or nutrients causing health concerns Mal: condition of impaired development or function caused by deficiency or excess

Define Hunger

physiological state that results when not enough food is eaten to meet energy needs

What is the definition of sustainable agriculture?

• Goals - Environmental health - Economic profitability - Social and economic equity - Maintenance or enhancement of land and natural resources - Consumer safety - Safe working conditions for laborers • Sustainable development - Economic growth that simultaneously reduces poverty, protects environment, preserves natural capital • Definition -system provides secure living for farm families - maintains natural environment, resources - supports rural community - offers respect, fair treatment to all involved

What is the primary cause of under nutrition? What are the effects of chronic hunger and starvation? At which stages of the life cycle is under-nutrition especially damaging?

• Initially no visible clinical signs • May affect reproductive capacity • Weakened immune system • Low physical and mental capacity • Depressed lab values • Combination of micro-nutrient deficiencies • Weight loss • Fatigue, muscle soreness, irritability, hunger pains • Poor concentration/ lack of ambition • Decreased heart rate and muscle tone • Birth size, length of gestation, intellectual development -nutrient deficiencies=disease prone -inadequate/ inappropriate foods=premature death/stunted development