LIFESPAN MIDTERM REVIEW
Recent data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture indicate that approximately 1 in _____ households in the United States with children can be categorized as food insecure.
6
Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged
7-12
longitudinal study
A developmental research strategy that involves testing an age group repeatedly over many years.
self-report strategy
A measurement technique in which people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires
correlational study
A research strategy that involves relating two or more variables
representative sample
A sample that reflects the characteristics of the population
ethologists (Lorenz)
Gosling attachment
___ develop(s) quickly in children in early childhood because the neurons in the visual and motor cortex are in their pruning phase.
Walking
amniotic sac
a bag-shaped, fluid-filled membrane that contains and insulates the fetus
Who is LEAST likely to breast-feed her child?
a low income woman who goes back to work
naturalistic observation
a measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviors
quickening (second trimester)
a pregnant woman's first feeling of the fetus moving inside her body
teratogen
a substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus
When married parents have children from former unions, their family is called a _____ family.
blended
____ is/are NOT measured by Apgar scale.
brain waves
week 9 to birth
fetal stage
Selective attention refers to a person's ability to
focus only on relevant information
The Eriksonian task of developing industry — the ability to work toward one's goals - is supported by pruning in the brain's ____ that begins at about age ___
frontal lobe; 9
Throughout history, cultures made special efforts to keep pregnant women calm and happy. Which choice correctly pairs a culture with the good luck charm used to keep evil spirits away during pregnancy?
garlic-filled sack—Guatemala
first two weeks
germinal stage
When their caregiver re-enters a room after being separated, babies with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style:
have trouble being soothed
Compared to other developed nations, the United States has a(n) ___ infant mortality rate.
high
Adolescence
identity vs role confusion
Exposure to harmful substances can affect the developing brain:
in the second and third trimester
Children living ___are NOT living in a blended family.
in traditional two-parent families
Cross-sectional studies cannot tell a researcher about ____ differences in development.
individual
Erickson viewed the main goal of middle childhood as
industry
middle childhood (7-12 years old)
industry vs inferiority
Early childhood (3 to 6 years)
initiative vs guilt
A dominant single-gene disorder occurs when a child inherits:
one abnormal gene from either parent
baby boom cohort
people born from 1946-1964
collectivist cultures
place a premium on social harmony
normative transitions
predictable life changes that occur during development
During development, normative changes are _______ life transitions, whereas non-normative changes are ______ transitions.
predictable; unpredictable
proximodistal sequence
the developmental principle that growth occurs from the most interior parts of the body outward
cephalocaudal sequence
the developmental principle that growth occurs in a sequence from head to toe
subject attrition
the fact that people drop out at each testing point in longitudinal research
Who determines the baby's sex?
the father
Morning sickness typically occurs during:
the first trimester
The risk of miscarriage is MOST commonly during:
the first trimester
Infancy- Birth to 1 Year
basic trust versus mistrust
nature
biological or genetic causes of development
cohort
birth or age group with whom we travel through life.
Over _____ million children are raised by their grandparents alone.
1
Renata is a 5-year-old from a poor family in the United States, who is about to enter kindergarten. According to recent statistics, the chance Renata being ready to complete kindergarten tasks when she enters school are about:
1 in 2
Sperm can live for about _____ in the uterus
1 week
Irma has reached the biological limit of human life, or maximum lifespan. Irma is around age _____.
105
A baby's first word usually appears by ___ months of age
11
Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably:
2-3 years old
Which psychologist does the text identify as probably the earliest developmental systems theorist?
Bronfenbrenner
Societies across the world have celebrated pregnancy milestones throughout history. In _____, for example, the first kick was the signal for a woman to bake bread and take it to the church.
Bulgaria
Lara sees a highway crash and feels incredibly frightened. Tonia feels terrible for the people who were hurt and rushes to help. Pick the label for each girl's response.
Lara = empathy; Tonia = sympathy
Pick the statement that Howard Gardner might make.
Let's focus on measuring a child's unique talents and gifts.
Qualitative Research
Occasional developmental science data-collection strategy that involves personal interviews
____children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked groups. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone.
Popular
____ is a set of skills that allows one to manage one's own emotions as well as understand others' emotions.
Social cognition
Quantitative Research
Standard developmental science data-collection strategy that involves testing groups of people and using numerical scales and statistics.
child development
Study of childhood and the teenage years
maximum lifespan
The biological limit of human life (about 105 years).
mass-to-specific sequence
The developmental principle that large structures (and movements) precede increasingly detailed refinements.
down syndrome
The most common chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, susceptibility to heart disease, and other health problems; and distinctive physical characteristics, such as slanted eyes and stocky build.
true experiment
The only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else; involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome.
Which life stage didn't really exist until the twentieth century?
adolescence
The earliest date at which a baby can possibly live outside the womb is the:
age of viability
The earliest date at which survival is possible, called the ____, is ____ weeks.
age of viability; 22
in vitro fertilization
an infertility treatment in which conception occurs outside the womb
Sternberg argued that IQ tests only measure _____ intelligence.
analytic
assisted reproductive technology (ART)
any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb
Apgar scale
appearance (skin), pulse (HR), grimace (reflexes), activity (muscle tone), respiration (breathing rate and effort)
Which is NOT a good suggestion for socializing a child?
assert your power. You are the parent.
William expects instant obedience from his children when he tells them to do something, such as to clean up their rooms. Rynard is willing to negotiate with his children regarding household chores. In terms of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles framework, William is _____, and Rynard is _____.
authoritarian; authoritative
Toddlerhood (1-2 years old)
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Although Stephanie knows that her baby probably isn't really talking, she likes to think that when her baby says "ma ma ma ma ma" she means "mommy" Actually, the baby is:
babbling
Which is the person-environment fit that MOST humans experience first?
baby-proofing
John has sympathy for his friend Tom who recently went through a divorce. This means that John feels:
bad for Tom, without feeling his intense distress.
The outer, furrowed mantle of the brain is called:
cerebral cortex
Physical abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse are all forms of:
child maltreatment
At the same time that MOST children are in Piaget's ____ stage of cognitive development, they are in Erikson's _____ stage of psychological development.
concrete operational; industry versus inferiority
Casey is almost 4 years old. Her mother has placed a plate of cookies on the table and tells Casey, "Don't touch the cookies," and then leaves the room. Casey stares at the plate of cookies but does NOT take one. Casey is demonstrating:
conscience
In the sequence of language gauge milestones during infancy, children begin by ____ at 2 to 4 months of age and progress to ____ by the time the reach 18 to 24 months of age.
cooing; telegraphic speech
Cassie is charting the relationship between depression and anxiety. Cassie is conducting _____ research.
correlational
This is aggressive behavior that is repeatedly carried out via electronic media and is potentially more harmful than traditional bullying.
cyberbullying
In classic study, babies were classified into three temperamental styles. Which of these was NOT a category in this classification scheme?
depressed
Dr. Leech believes in the value of using many different approaches to understand development. Dr. Leech is adopting the _____ approach.
developmental systems
Between 2006 and 2016, the number of hours U.S. twelfth graders spent online each day:
doubled
A(n) ____ provides emotional and physical support during a woman's labor without performing actual health-care tasks such as delivery or exams.
doula
Preschool is best described as a(n):
educational setting serving children ages 3 to 5
week 3 to week 8
embryonic stage
individualistic culture
emphasize independence, competition and personal success.
nurture
environmental causes of development
During the delivery of Mikayla's baby, the doctor made an incision in the perineum to widen the opening. Mikayla had a (n):
episiotomy
Because he argued that the attachment response is genetically programmed to promote survival, John Bowlby was an early:
evolutionary psychologist
Which of these is NOT a threat to the baby at birth?
expulsion of the placenta
Jeanine recently had surgery on a slim, pipe-like structure that her eggs travel down to enter her uterus. Jeanine has had surgery on her:
fallopian tube
emerging adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
Early walking:
is unrelated to intelligence
Humans have ___ compared to other species
larger cerebral cortex
Children who believe they are powerless to affect their fate, and thus give up on tasks without trying may have developed:
learned helplessness
developmental disorders
learning impairments and behavioral problems during infancy and childhood
All of these behaviors may quiet a young baby EXCEPT:
letting the baby "cry it out"
Behaviorist (Watson)
maternal reinforcement stimulus related to food
The capacity to engage in deferred imitation reflects a child's ___ capacities.
memory
The fact that lifespan development draws information from a variety of disciplines such as nursing, psychology, and neuroscience demonstrates that lifespan development is:
multidisciplinary
Developed-world nations
nation defined by their affluence, or high median per-person incomes (access to education and medical care)
developed world countries
nations that stand in sharp contrast to these most privileged nations
psychologist (Harlow)
need for affection greater than need for food
When does proximity-seeking behavior in stressful situations go away?
never
fetal programming research
new research discipline exploring the impact of traumatic pregnancy events and intense stress on producing low birth weight, obesity, and long-term physical problems
proximity-seeking behavior
occurs with survival threat
Gerontology is BEST defined as the scientific study of:
older adults and the aging process
psycologist (Bowlby)
primary attachment figure crucial for development
In Piaget's theory, habits such as thumb sucking that center around the child's body are called
primary circular reactions
Which of these is NOT a classic characteristic of Down syndrome?
psychosis
developmental scientists
researchers who study the lifespan
adult development
scientific study of adult life
attachment in the making
secondary circular reactions
A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what they need to know is called
selective attention
Ingrid fills out a questionnaire to examine her attitudes toward child discipline. This measurement strategy is called a(n):
self-report strategy
focused attachment
separation anxiety stranger anxiety social referencing working model of caregiver
preattachment phase
social smile
socioeconomics status
status on the education and income rungs
Gerontology
study of aging
Early Head Start:
supports low-income pregnant women, infants, and toddlers.
The gap over which impulses flow between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another is called a:
synapse
attachment
the powerful bond of love between a caregiver and child (or between any two individuals)
How well a child adjusts to the parents' divorce depends primarily on:
the quality of care the custodial parent provides
umbilical cord
the structure that attaches the placenta to the fetus, through which nutrients are passed and fetal wastes are removed
sensitive period
the time when a body structure is most vulnerable to damage by a teratogen, typically when that organ or process is rapidly developing or coming "on line"
One research strategy used to demonstrate depth perception is:
the visual cliff
Health-care professionals date the pregnancy from:
the woman's last menstrual cycle
Which force is MOST important in predicting children's cognitive and emotional development during the first 5 years of life?
their relationship with primary caregivers
Synaptogenesis occurs:
throughout life
With respect to principles of prenatal development, the cephalocaudal sequence is to the proximodistal sequence as ____ is to ______.
top-down; inner-to-outer
In 2020, a baby is born in the United Sates. At the same moment, a baby is born in Sweden. All else being equal as compared to the likelihood that the baby born in the United States will live to celebrate its first birthday, the corresponding probability for the baby born in Sweden will be:
twice as high
non-normative transitions
unpredictable or atypical life changes that occur during development
Basira runs into her old friend Jeena from high school. Jeena wants to give Basira her phone number but neither woman has a pen. Basira memorizes the number and calls Jeena that evening. This means that Basira transferred the phone number from her _____ to more permanent memory storage.
working memory
When asked why Jorge likes his friends Victor, he replies, "Because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably ___ children. because they describe their friendships in terms of ____ qualities.
younger; external
synchrony: the attachment dance
•Sensitivity to a baby's signals produces secure attachment; misreading these signals may create insecurity in infants. •Infants' attachment category often mirrors caregivers' working model of attachment. •Child temperament and a caregiver's other significant others also affect attachment.