BIOS 115 Final

In a cross between two true-breeding parents that both exhibit the dominant phenotype, ___ percent of the offspring will exhibit the recessive phenotype. 0 25 50 100

0

If there are two alleles of a gene, B and b, and the frequency of the B allele (p) is 0.90, the frequency of the b allele (q) is 0.10. 0.09. 0.81. 0.30. 0.01.

0.10

A couple with three girls is expecting a fourth child. The probability that this child is also a girl is 1/16 1/4 1/3 1/2 1/8

1/2

In a pea plant that is heterozygous for seed color, what proportion of gametes will carry the recessive allele? 1/4 3/4 1/2 all of the gametes will carry the recessive allele 1/8

1/2

Solid black, black with tan belly, and agouti coat color in mice are all caused by alleles of the agouti gene. All three colors can be true-breeding. When using mice from true-breeding strains: (1) Black — Agouti F1s are all agouti, (2) Black — Black with Tan belly F1s are all black and tan, and (3) Black with Tan belly — Agouti F1s are all agouti. If you were to cross the F1s from (1) with the F1s from (2), what proportion of the resulting offspring would you expect to be black with a tan belly? 1/4 2/4 3/4 all none

1/4

A pea plant is heterozygous for two genes; one controlling height, one controlling color. The genotype is written PpTt. Based on the Law of Independent Assortment, approximately what proportion of the pollen produced by this plant should have the genotype PT? 1/2 It is impossible to estimate without more information. None. 1/4

1/4 There are four different possible genotypes. Independent Assortment assumes that all are equally likely. Therefore, each of the four should occur with roughly equal frequency (1/4).

In lilies, white flowers (W) are dominant to purple flowers (w). If two plants that are heterozygous for flower color are mated, the genotypic ratio of the offspring would be 3:1. 1:1. 9:3:3:1. 1:1:1:1. 1:2:1.

1:2:1.

For alleles of genes in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of heterozygotes is represented as p2. q. q2. p. 2pq.

2pq.

The probability that two parents with a family of four will have one girl and three boys is 1/16 1/2 4/16 1/8 6/16

4/16

With respect to the chromosomes involved in the translocation, 14 and 21, what is the total number of different gametes possible for a heterozygous carrier parent to produce? 3 2 6 4

6 During meiosis, the Robertsonian chromosome may sort to one pole of the cell alone, with the normal copy of chromosome 14, or the normal copy of chromosome 21. The other chromosomes migrate to the opposite pole.

In his monohybrid crosses for seed color in peas, Mendel reported 6,022 yellow seeds and 2,001 green seeds. How many of each color class were expected? 6,017 yellow and 2,006 green All should be yellow All should be green 2,006 yellow and 6,017 green 4,011 green and 4,011 yellow

6,017 yellow and 2,006 green

In the F2 generation, how many genotypic classes could be generated from a dihybrid cross of two heterozygotes in which the genes involved show complete dominance? 12 3 4 8 9

9

Which of the following is the most likely example of codominance? A pure-breeding plant with red flowers is crossed to a pure-breeding plant with white flowers. All their progeny have pink flowers. A plant with red flowers is crossed to a plant with white flowers. Half their progeny have red flowers, the other half have white flowers. A pure-breeding tall plant is crossed to a pure-breeding short plant. All their progeny are of medium height. A pure-breeding plant with red flowers is crossed to a pure-breeding plant with white flowers. All their progeny have flowers with some red patches and some white patches.

A pure-breeding plant with red flowers is crossed to a pure-breeding plant with white flowers. All their progeny have flowers with some red patches and some white patches. Heterozygotes express both alleles.

Hemophilia is a recessive, X-linked condition in which a person's blood does not clot properly. Suppose that a man and woman are planning to have a child and want to calculate the risk that their child will have hemophilia. Neither the man nor the woman has the disease, but the woman knows she is a carrier (heterozygous) for the hemophilia allele. If they have a daughter, what are the odds that she will have hemophilia? A) 0 B) 1⁄4 C) 1⁄2 D) 3⁄4

A) 0

f the genotypic frequencies for an allele in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are 0.635 homozygous dominants, 0.430 heterozygotes, and 0.125 homozygous recessives, what is the frequency of the recessive allele? A) 0.35 B) 0.65 C) 0.125 D) 0.875

A) 0.35

ABO blood type is determined by alleles that show A) complete penetrance. B) incomplete penetrance. C) variable expressivity. D) incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.

A) complete penetrance.

In pseudodominance, the dominant allele of a gene is ______, and the recessive allele is _________. A) deleted; expressed B) expressed; masked C) expressed; deleted D) deleted; masked

A) deleted; expressed

One difference between epistasis and dominance is that A) epistasis occurs between two different genes while dominance occurs between alleles at one gene locus. B) only epistasis is influenced by environmental interactions. C) dominant traits are completely penetrant, while epistatic interactions may not be. D) dominant traits may show variable penetrance, while epistatic interactions may not.

A) epistasis occurs between two different genes while dominance occurs between alleles at one gene locus.

hirty people are selected for a long-term mission to colonize a planet many light years away from Earth. The mission is successful and the population rapidly grows to several hundred individuals. However, certain genetic diseases are unusually common in this group, and their gene pool is quite different from that of the Earth population they have left behind. Which of the following phenomena has left its mark on this population? A) founder effect B) high rates of mutation C) bottleneck effect D) natural selection

A) founder effect

A man with the A blood type marries a woman with blood type B. Which blood type or types could their children have? A B O A, B, AB, or O

A, B, AB, or O Assuming that both the man and woman are heterozygous, their children could have any of the four possible phenotypes; A, B, AB, or O.

Which of the following genotypes would not usually be represented in a gamete? aB AB Ab AA ab

AA

Nondisjunction of chromosomes may result in the addition of one homologous chromosome pair. the addition of a single chromosome. the loss of a single chromosome. the loss of one homologous chromosome pair. All of these

All of these

Which of the following traits is determined by programmed transposition? Pattern baldness in humans All of these Mating types in yeast Eye color in Drosophila None of these

All of these

Which of the following will result in modifications to the expected Mendelian ratios? Epistasis Gene interaction Incomplete penetrance Incomplete dominance All of these

All of these

What is the genetic consequence of a homozygous translocation? An alteration in the linkage relationships of genes Abnormal pairing during meiosis Gene duplications and deletions Inviable gamete formation (semisterility) Formation of abnormal chromatids following crossing-over

An alteration in the linkage relationships of genes

Which of the following arrangements would yield the greatest reduction in gamete viability? An inversion homozygote for a large inversion An inversion homozygote for a small inversion An inversion heterozygote for a small inversion An inversion heterozygote for a large inversion

An inversion heterozygote for a large inversion A large heterozygous inversion will result in greater numbers of genes that are duplicated or deleted when crossing over occurs.

Which of the following types of chromosomal mutation cannot revert to the wild-type state as it results in a loss of genetic material? A) Tandem duplication B) Deletion C) Reciprocal interchromosomal translocation D) Intrachromosomal translocation

B) Deletion

Which of the following types of chromosomal mutation cannot revert to the wild-type state? A) Duplication B) Deletion C) Translocation D) Inversion

B) Deletion

In certain types of sheep, horns are only expressed in males, never in females although both male and female sheep carry the genes for horns. This is an example of a ___ trait A) Sex-influenced B) Sex-limited C) Sex-linked D) Sex- determined

B) Sex-limited

Manx cats have no tail. When two Manx cats are bred together there is always a one third chance that a kitten will have a tail. When a Manx cat is bred to a cat with a normal tail, there is a one-half chance that the kitten will have a tail. Which of the following is the best explanation for this? A) The Manx genotype exhibits variable expressivity. B) The Manx phenotype is dominant, but the allele is recessive lethal. C) The Manx phenotype exhibits incomplete penetrance. D) The Manx phenotype is recessive.

B) The Manx phenotype is dominant, but the allele is recessive lethal.

In clover leaves, chevron pattern (a light-colored triangular leaf pattern) is controlled by seven different alleles at a single gene. From this information alone, what can be said about this trait? A) Alleles at this gene show incomplete dominance. B) There is a multiple allelic series with seven alleles that controls chevron pattern. C) This gene shows epistasis. D) One allele at this gene must be completely dominant.

B) There is a multiple allelic series with seven alleles that controls chevron pattern.

The order of genes on a particular DNA segment is A-B-C-D-E. After a chromosomal mutation, the order is A-B-C-B-C-D-E. This mutation is a(n) A) translocation. B) duplication. C) inversion. D) deletion

B) duplication.

A(n) ________ inversion includes the centromere. A) acrocentric B) pericentric C) paracentric D) chromocentric

B) pericentric

In familial Down syndrome resulting from Robertsonian translocation, A) the affected individual has three copies of the complete chromosome 21. B) the affected individual has three copies of the long arm of chromosome 21, one of which is attached to part of chromosome 14. C) the affected individual has two copies of the long arm of chromosome 21, one of which is attached to part of chromosome 14. D) the affected individual has three copies of the long arm of chromosome 14, one of which is attached to chromosome 21.

B) the affected individual has three copies of the long arm of chromosome 21, one of which is attached to part of chromosome 14.

The closer together two genes are on a chromosome, A) the more likely there will be a recombination event between them. B) the less likely there will be a recombination event between them. C) the greater the chance that a double crossover will occur between them. D) the less likely they are to be good genetic markers.

B) the less likely there will be a recombination event between them.

Neurofibromatosis is a dominantly inherited disease that can show mild, moderate, or severe symptoms. Every individual that inherits the dominant allele shows at least mild symptoms. This means that the disease allele shows A) variable penetrance and complete expressivity. B) variable expressivity and complete penetrance. C) variable penetrance and variable expressivity. D) complete penetrance and complete expressivity.

B) variable expressivity and complete penetrance.

In humans, brown eye color (B) is dominant to blue eyes (b). A brown-eyed man marries a woman with brown eyes and they have three blue-eyed daughters. What are the genotypes of the man and the woman? bb and bb Bb and bb BB and BB BB and Bb Bb and Bb

Bb and Bb

A person with type B blood could safely receive a transfusion of blood from someone with blood type O. AB. B. Both A and C Any of these

Both A and C

Two true-breeding mutant strains of Drosophila have black body color instead of the wild-type gray yellow. When the two strains are crossed, all the F1 flies have wild-type body color. How can these data be interpreted? Recombination occurred. Complementation occurred. The mutations involved are on two different genes. A new mutation occurred in all the offspring. Both B and C

Both B and C

Hemophilia is a recessive, X-linked condition in which a person's blood does not clot properly. Suppose that a man and woman are planning to have a child and want to calculate the risk that their child will have hemophilia. Neither the man nor the woman has the disease, but the woman knows she is a carrier (heterozygous) for the hemophilia allele. If they have a son, what are the odds that he will have hemophilia? A) 0 B) 1⁄4 C) 1⁄2 D) 3⁄4

C) 1⁄2

Seedless bananas are A) Fertile, tetraploid B) Sterile, tetraploid C) Sterile, triploid D) Fertile, triploid

C) Sterile, triploid

In Labrador retrievers, three coat color phenotypes are observed: brown, black and yellow. The coat color B gene (B=black & b= brown) is hypostatic to the recessive epistatic E gene. What coat color do you expect for genotype Bbee? A) Black B) Brown C) Yellow D) Black and brown

C) Yellow

An isolated population of prairie dogs has longer than average teeth. As a result they can eat more grass with less effort and are better able to survive. The mutation(s) that resulted in longer teeth: A) allowed the teeth to grow longer over several generations until they reached an optimal length for eating grass. B) arose in many members of the population at the same time. C) happened by chance. D) occurred because the prairie dogs needed to be more efficient at eating grass to survive and reproduce

C) happened by chance.

In a chi-square test, a P value equal to 0.04 tells one that A) there is a 4% chance the hypothesis is correct. B) there is a 4% chance the hypothesis is incorrect. C) if the experiment were repeated, chance deviations from the expected values as large as those observed would be seen only 4% of the time. D) if the experiment were repeated, chance deviations from the expected values as large as those observed would be seen at least 96% of the time.

C) if the experiment were repeated, chance deviations from the expected values as large as those observed would be seen only 4% of the time.

Dicentric or acentric chromosomes may arise as a result of A) deletion B) translocation C) inversion D) duplication

C) inversion

Dicentric or acentric chromosomes may arise in meiosis after crossing over as a result of which kind of chromosomal mutation A) deletion B) translocation C) inversion D) duplication

C) inversion

A person with type AB blood has an IAIB genotype and produces both A and B antigens on the surface of his or her blood cells.

Codominance

A purple-flowered pea plant (PP) crossed with a white-flowered pea plant (pp) produces a purple-flowered heterozygote (Pp.)

Complete dominance

An IAIA homozygote has type A blood and carries A-type cell surface markers, while an ii homozygote has type O blood and lacks surface markers. An IAi heterozygote has type A blood and A-type cell surface markers.

Complete dominance

A chi-square analysis of linkage between genes k and f produces a P value of 0.99. What is the likelihood that these two genes are linked? A) 99% B) 10% C) 9.9% D) 1%

D) 1%

If two genes are not linked, then the expected phenotypic ratio resulting from a testcross is A) 9:3:3:1. B) 1:2:1. C) 3:1. D) 1:1:1:1

D) 1:1:1:1

Which of the following is not possible? A) Two blood type A parents having a child that is blood type O B) A blood type A and a blood type B parent having a child that is blood type O C) A blood type AB and a blood type B parent having a child that is blood type A D) A blood type AB and a blood type B parent having a child that is blood type O

D) A blood type AB and a blood type B parent having a child that is blood type O

Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of extranuclear traits? A) They show uniparental inheritance. B) They cannot be mapped relative to nuclear genes. C) They show non-Mendelian segregation in crosses. D) They are affected by substitution of a nucleus with a different genotype.

D) They are affected by substitution of a nucleus with a different genotype.

Pedigrees showing rare recessive traits A) have about half of the progeny affected when one parent is affected. B) have heterozygotes that are phenotypically affected. C) have about 3⁄4 of the progeny affected when both parents are affected. D) often skip a generation.

D) often skip a generation.

Dextral (D) and sinistral (d) shell coiling in the water snail Limnaea peregra is genetically determined by a maternal effect gene. From a population of mixed sinistral and dextral snails, a sinistral female and a dextral male are chosen. All the offspring are dextral. When the female offspring are mated, 50% produce only sinistral snails and the other 50% produce only dextral snails. What were the genotypes of the sinistral female and dextral male that were initially chosen? dd female and DD male DD female and dd male Dd female and Dd male dd female and Dd male Dd female and dd male

Dd female and dd male

Which of the following types of chromosomal mutation cannot revert to the wild-type state? Duplication Inversion Translocation Deletion Any of these may revert to wild-type

Deletion

Many scientists believe that the evolution of multigene families, such as the genes for hemoglobin, is a result of which type of genetic rearrangement? Duplication Nonreciprocal translocation Deletion Inversion Reciprocal translocation

Duplication

Which of the following statements concerning the inheritance of a dominant trait is true? Every affected person must have at least one affected parent. The trait is observed to skip generations. Nonaffected parents can have affected offspring. The trait is passed along paternal lines. An affected heterozygote will transmit the allele to all of his or her offspring.

Every affected person must have at least one affected parent.

Which of the following syndromes is not paired with its causative chromosomal aberration? Down syndrome - Robertsonian translocation Fragile X syndrome - deletion Cri du chat syndrome - deletion Huntington disease - duplication

Fragile X syndrome - deletion Fragile X syndrome is an example of a trinucleotide repeat disorder, which shows increasing severity with increased copy number of a specific three‑base sequence.

Which of the following statements regarding familial Down syndrome is false? Heterozygous carriers of the Robertsonian translocation that cause familial Down syndrome can have children who are also carriers of the translocation. Heterozygous carriers of the Robertsonian translocation that causes familial Down syndrome can have children who are phenotypically normal and are not carriers of the translocation. It accounts for approximately 5% of all Down syndrome cases. If one parent is a translocation heterozygote for chromosomes 14/21, a child born to this parent is as likely to have Down syndrome as he is to be normal.

If one parent is a translocation heterozygote for chromosomes 14/21, a child born to this parent is as likely to have Down syndrome as he is to be normal. Three viable zygote types are possible when fertilization occurs between one normal and one heterozygous parent. One-third has a normal chromosome complement, one-third is a carrier, and one-third has Down syndrome.

When a pink snapdragon (CRCW) self-fertilizes, it produces pink, red, and white offspring in a ratio of 1:2:1

Incomplete dominance

The chemical colchicine prevents the formation of microtubules. It is commonly used in certain experimental procedures to cause changes in cellular chromosomes. Which of the following changes is it likely to be used to create? Induction of mutant aneuploid individuals Induction of chromosomal duplications in experimental cell lines Induction of chromosomal deletions in experimental cell lines Prevention of nondisjunction in cell cultures Induction of mutant polyploid individuals

Induction of mutant polyploid individuals

A monosomic cell would produce gametes with how many chromosomes? N-1 N+1 N and N+1 N N and N-1

N and N-1

What phenotype would be expected in balanced translocation heterozygotes in the absence of position effects? Normal, because they have a normal amount of genetic material Normal, even though they have too much genetic material Abnormal, because they lack some genetic material Abnormal, because they have too much genetic material

Normal, because they have a normal amount of genetic material Balanced translocation heterozygotes have a normal amount of genetic material, but it is in a translocated configuration. As long as there are no position effects, these individuals can be phenotypically normal.

A child with type AB blood could not be the offspring of a man with type ___ blood. A B AB O

O The child must inherit either an IA or an IB allele from the father; therefore, he could not have blood type O.

Which of the following methods is least useful for assessing levels of genetic variation in populations? Phenotypic observation VNTRs RFLP analysis Protein electrophoresis DNA sequencing

Phenotypic observation

Which of the following is not used to help identify individual chromosomes in a karyotype? Chromosome size Heterochromatin regions Point mutations Centromere position Banding pattern on staining

Point mutations

_________ results in multiple complete chromosome sets. Tandem duplication Nondisjunction Aneuploidy Polyploidy

Polyploidy

How many different phenotypes are possible in a one gene/three allele system that displays codominance to each other? three six two eight

Six With three alleles, a1, a2, a3, each unique combination of two alleles results in a distinct phenotype. Possible combinations are: a1/a1 a1/a2 a1/a3 a2/a2 a2/a3 a3/a3

Manx cats have no tails. When two Manx cats are bred together there is always a one third chance that a kitten will have a tail. When a Manx cat is bred to a cat with a normal tail there is a one-half chance that a kitten will have a tail. Which of the following is the best explanation for this? The Manx phenotype is dominant, but the allele is a recessive lethal. The Manx phenotype is caused by gene interactions. The Manx phenotype is dominant epistatic. The Manx genotype exhibits variable expression. The Manx phenotype is a result of heteroplasmy.

The Manx phenotype is dominant, but the allele is a recessive lethal.

For any given gene, the principle of segregation predicts that each gamete produced as a result of meiosis will contain both alleles of a gene pair. a single allele of a gene pair. half of one allele of a gene pair. half of both alleles of the gene pair.

a single allele of a gene pair.

During a dihybrid cross involving two linked genes, 18% of the resulting gametes showed a recombinant genotype. These two linked genes are ________ map units apart. a) 0.18 b) 18 c) 32 d) 1.8

b) 18

When there are two dominant alleles on the same chromosome, the arrangement of those alleles are said to be in a) Repulsion b) Coupling c) Interference d) Coincidence

b) Coupling

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease results from a duplication in chromosome 17 and is characterized by a) Broad hands b) Progressive loss of muscle tissue c) Hyperphagic d) Low IQ

b) Progressive loss of muscle tissue

A(n) ________ inversion includes the centromere. a) acrocentric b) pericentric c) paracentric d) chromocentric

b) pericentric

In familial Down syndrome resulting from Robertsonian translocation, a) the affected individual has three copies of the complete chromosome 21. b) the affected individual has three copies of the long arm of chromosome 21, one of which is attached to part of chromosome 14. c) the affected individual has two copies of the long arm of chromosome 21, one of which is attached to part of chromosome 14. d) the affected individual has three copies of the long arm of chromosome 14, one of which is attached to chromosome 21.

b) the affected individual has three copies of the long arm of chromosome 21, one of which is attached to part of chromosome 14.

What technique was used to map the gene that causes Huntington's disease? a) Genome wide association studies b) Positional cloning c) Restriction fragment length polymorphism d) Protein purification

c) Restriction fragment length polymorphism

If the results of a chi-square test of a given set of data show a P value greater than 0.05, then the null hypothesis must be rephrased. cannot be rejected. must be rejected. cannot be accepted. must be accepted.

cannot be rejected.

A dicentric chromosome has two centrosomes. mutations. arms. centromeres. telomeres.

centromeres.

All of the following could result from meiosis in a pericentric inversion heterozygote in which a single crossover occurred within the inversion loop except a _______. chromosome with two centromeres chromosome with some deleted regions chromosome with some duplicated regions completely normal chromosome

chromosome with two centromeres When the centromere is contained within the inversion, it is neither duplicated nor deleted.

Two persons who have recessive genetic deafness marry and have 6 children. All the children can hear. The reason they can hear is most likely due to complementation. sex linkage. pleiotropy. partial penetrance. epistasis.

complementation.

What is the genetic consequence of a homozygous translocation? a) Inviable gamete formation (semisterility) b) Gene duplications and deletions c) Abnormal pairing during meiosis d) An alteration in the linkage relationships of genes

d) An alteration in the linkage relationships of genes

A gene that masks the expression of a second gene is haplosufficient. incompletely dominant. epistatic. homeostatic.

epistatic Epistasis is a form of gene interaction in which one gene masks the phenotypic expression of another.

A human cell containing two sets of 23 chromosomes is aneuploid. polyploid. haploid. euploid. None of these

euploid

In his experiments, Mendel noted that when two traits are involved in a genetic cross, they are inherited independently of each other. The reason for this is that alleles on the same chromosome separate during the formation of gametes. genes on the same chromosome separate during the formation of gametes. alleles on the same gene separate during the formation of gametes. chromosomes often recombine. genes on different chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes.

genes on different chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes.

An X-linked homozygous color-blind woman gives birth to a son who is not color blind. He could have normal vision because he has Klinefelter syndrome. is XYY. has Down syndrome. has Turner syndrome. has triploidy.

has Klinefelter syndrome.

If a small region of a chromosome containing a non-essential gene is completely deleted, and an organism has two identical chromosomes with this deletion, then the organism has no alleles of that gene. has more heterochromatin. has recessive alleles of those genes. will exhibit pseudodominance. is dead.

has recessive alleles of those genes.

In peas, tall plants are dominant to short plants. A cross between a tall pea plant and a short pea plant results in half the progeny being tall, and the other half being short. Therefore, the tall parent plant is genotypically hemizygous. monozygous. heterozygous. homogeneous. homozygous.

heterozygous

An individual with the dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype is testcrossed, and all of many generated offspring exhibit the dominant phenotype. The genotype of the unknown individual is homozygous dominant. heterozygous dominant. homozygous recessive. heterozygous recessive.

homozygous dominant. If the unknown individual were a heterozygote, 50% of the offspring would show the recessive phenotype; therefore, the unknown genotype must be homozygous dominant.

In the multiple allelic system for eye color in Drosophila, the phenotypic expression of the alleles depends on the sex of the fly. the interaction of alleles from two different genes. the temperature at which the flies are grown. how much pigment is produced by the alleles present. Both A and B

how much pigment is produced by the alleles present.

Dextral (D) and sinistral (d) shell coiling in the water snail Limnaea peregra is genetically determined. From a population of mixed sinistral and dextral snails, a sinistral female and a dextral male are chosen. All the offspring are dextral. When the female offspring are mated, 50% produce only sinistral snails and the other 50% produce only dextral snails. This form of inheritance is called sex-linked inheritance. sex-limited inheritance. maternal inheritance. partial penetrance. maternal effect.

maternal effect.

A(n) ________ inversion includes the centromere. chromocentric concentric epicentric pericentric paracentric

pericentric

Most monoploid individuals do not survive because recessive lethal mutations cannot be masked by dominant alleles. their cells cannot divide properly. they have missing genes. they do not have the appropriate gene dosages. they have only one sex chromosome.

recessive lethal mutations cannot be masked by dominant alleles.

The distinctive fur pattern of Siamese cats results when genes that are responsible for the coat color are influenced by gender. other genes. age. temperature. X-inactivation.

temperature.

Comb shape in chickens is controlled by the epistatic interaction of two genes, resulting in two different phenotypes. the interaction of three alleles and codominance, resulting in four different phenotypes. one gene with incomplete dominance, resulting in three different phenotypes. the interaction of two genes with complete dominance, resulting in four different phenotypes. None of these

the interaction of two genes with complete dominance, resulting in four different phenotypes.

Net or overall probabilities are obtained by multiplying separate independent probabilities. This is formally known as the chi-square test. the probability rule. the product rule. the sum rule. the sign test.

the product rule.

A Robertsonian translocation is considered non-reciprocal because _______. for every viable gamete formed, there are two inviable gametes formed the smaller of the two reciprocal products of translocated chromosomes is lost an uneven number of gametes is produced in each meiosis trisomies of chromosome 21 are viable, whereas monosomies of the same chromosome are not

the smaller of the two reciprocal products of translocated chromosomes is lost After several cell divisions, only the larger of the two translocated chromosomes remains. Its reciprocal is lost.

The chi-squared statistic can best be described as a statistically significant test. a statistical test that compares observed and expected population means. the standardized deviation of observed data from expected data. a statistical test used in genetics. None of these

the standardized deviation of observed data from expected data.

People affected by diseases caused by mtDNA defects are sterile. inherited them through maternal effect. have epistatic respiration. typically have cells that are heteroplasmons. show partial penetrance.

typically have cells that are heteroplasmons.

Individuals with neurofibromatosis may have a range of phenotypes, from pigment spots on the skin to tumorlike growths. This is an example of incomplete penetrance. age of onset. X-inactivation. variable expressivity. gene magnification.

variable expressivity.