NUTRITION CH 7: PROTEIN

Celiac Disease

Malabsorption of nutrients from the small intestine ----cannot eat foods that contain gluten, a group of related proteins in wheat, barley, and rye. ----If eats gluten, a component of the protein stimulates the body to mount an immune response in the small intestine that inflames or destroys villi. • Chronic diarrhea, abdominal bloating, and weight loss are often signs of the disease -cannot eat gluten

Complementary combinations

Mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins

Allergy

Inflammatory response resulting when body's immune system reacts inappropriately to a substance that is typically harmless. • Allergen — the offending substance

buffers

Maintaining the proper pH of body fluids involves acid-base balance. Blood and tissue fluid must maintain a pH of 7.35 to 7.45. • Acidic - blood has an excess of H+ • Too basic - blood has not enough H+ Proteins act as__________ by accepting or releasing H+.

Calories in a gram of protein

4 calories

D

A person claims his newly invented device treats cancer without surgery, medication, or other forms of conventional medical therapy. However, people who have used the device report that it was not helpful, and it may have harmed them. According to this information, the inventor's claims and his device are ________. A) intuitive B) unbiased C) legal D) quackery

B

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons bonded together. All of the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a (an) ________ fatty acid. A) essential B) saturated C) polyunsaturated D) monounsaturated

True

Americans typically consume more protein from animal sources than from plant foods. True or false?

Endogenous

Amino acid "pool" • A small amount of amino acids that have not been incorporated into proteins 1) ______________amino acids • Those available from the amino acid pool

Legumes, lysine

Amino acids often low or limiting in plant proteins: • Tryptophan, threonine, lysine, methionine, & cysteine • ____________: low in methionine and tryptophan • Grains, seeds, and tree nuts: low in __________

False

Animal foods such as meat and eggs are almost 100% protein. True or false?

Negative nitrogen balance

Body loses more nitrogen than it retains

Protein Turnover

Breaking down old or unneeded proteins into their components (amino acids) and recycling the amino acids for new uses

protein synthesis

Cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences and lengths according to information provided in DNA. • Amino acids ("beads") are connected by peptide bonds ("hooks").

stomach

Chemical digestion of protein begins in the _________ • Hydrochloric acid denatures proteins. • The enzyme pepsin digests proteins into smaller polypeptides.

lean

Choose________ or low-fat meat and poultry. • Lean cuts of beef include: • Round steaks, top round, loin, top sirloin, chuck and arm roasts • Lean pork cuts include: • Loin, tenderloin, and center loin Choose "extra lean" ground beef: 95% lean Limit intake of processed meats ("deli meats"). Choose more fish and protein-rich plant protein sources, such as dry beans, seeds, and nuts.

Vitamins D, b-12 & Iron

Common Deficiencies in Plant based diet

0.8 g/kg body weight

Daily protein recommendation (RDA) for healthy adults: RDA =

dehydration, calcium

Excess protein/amino acid intake may lead to _____________ and higher than normal urinary losses of ________

increase

Excessive red or processed meat intake: • May____________ risk of heart disease and cancer of the colon/ rectum.

D

Foods differ in their protein quality. A complete protein provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids. An incomplete protein lacks adequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids. Which of the following foods contains incomplete protein? A) A handful of peanuts B) A cup of soy milk C) A sandwich made with turkey D) A casserole made with quinoa

animal

Foods from __________ sources typically have more protein than foods from plants. • Seeds, tree nuts, and legumes supply more protein/ serving than fruit or the edible leaves, roots, flowers, and stems of vegetables.

True

Foods made from soybeans can be sources of high quality protein. True or false?

quinoa & soy protein

Good sources of high quality plant protein

calcium

High protein diet can increase _____________loss in urine

C

In general, food guides do not group ________ with dairy foods. A) fat-free yogurt B) pudding made with 1% milk C) unsalted butter D) American cheese

Anaphylaxis

Life threatening allergic reaction

False

People can nourish their hair by using shampoo that contains protein. True or false?

saturated fat & cholesterol

Plant proteins heart healthy alternative to animal protein b/c contain less or no______________ compared to animal sources of protein

small intestine

Protein Absorption occurs in the _____________ --- Absorptive cells release enzymes that digest most small peptides into individual amino acids. -----Individual amino acids and some di- and tripeptides enter absorptive cells, where the di- and tripeptides are completely digested to amino acids.

False

Registered dietitian nutritionists generally recommend that healthy people take amino acid supplements to increase their protein intake. True or false?

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Results when the diet lacks energy and high-quality protein -Uncommon in the U.S. • May occur in: • Elderly or low-income people • Persons with alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or intestinal tract disorder

10-35

The AMDR for protein is______________% of energy.

Transamination

Transfer of nitrogen containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton, forming an amino acid. ---reversible

D

Trayvon is interested in bodybuilding. He read an article in a bodybuilding magazine that stated he should dramatically increase his protein intake. What happens to excessive protein intake? A) The excess amino acids are excreted in the urine. B) The excess amino acids circulate directly to muscles. C) The excess amino acids stimulate the body to retain water. D) The excess amino acids can contribute to dehydration.

person weighing 165 lbs will meet RDA for protein by consuming 60 g

Using the RDA formula of 0.8 g of protein/kg of body weight, what is the RDA for protein for a person weighing 165 lbs? -convert weight from llbs to kg (divide by 2.2) -multiple kg body weight by 0.8

A

Which of the following statements is true? A) Nutrients are life-sustaining substances in food. B) People are born with the ability to choose a nutritious variety of foods. C) A person's diet is influenced by his or her blood type, birth order, and sustainability. D) In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to the ten leading causes of death, including influenza and pneumonia.

D

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate? A) High-fructose corn syrup B) Lactose C) Glucose D) Soluble fiber

C

Which of the following substances is not a macronutrient? A) Fat B) Carbohydrate C) Vitamin C D) Protein

animal

_________proteins good source of all nine essential amino acids

gelatin

a thickener derived from animal connective tissue -not high quality source of protein

Marasmic kwashiorkor

combination of chronic energy deficit and chronic or acute protein deficiency Inadequate energy and protein intake • Muscle wasting and edema

keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Albumin

protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood & fluid balance in tissues

Deamination

removal of nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid -usually occurs in liver

immunologist

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system ex: allergy

collagen

structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue -cartilage, ligament, & bone tissue

protein turnover

the continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of amino acids

Nutrigenomics

the study of how nutrients and other food components can affect a person's genetic expression (protein synthesis)

amino acid pool

the supply of amino acids derived from either food proteins or body proteins that collect in the cells and circulating blood and stand ready to be incorporated in proteins and other compounds or used for energy

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

lactovegetarian

vegetarian who consumes milk and milk products for animal protein

lactoovovegetarian

vegetarian who consumes milk products and eggs for animal protein

no

____________ naturally-occurring food is 100% protein.

trypsin

an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine

Diet for PKU

Infancy: • Phenylalanine-free formula and lowphenylalanine foods Childhood and adult years: • Allowed: fruits, vegetables, and special low phenylalanine foods • Avoided: nuts, milk and milk products, eggs, meats and other animal sources of food, as well as foods and beverages containing nonnutritive sweetener aspartame • Aspartame contains phenylalanine.

Denaturation

Involves altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to various conditions. Examples include: • Heat denatures protein in raw eggs. • Acidic lemon juice "curdles" protein in milk. • Hydrochloric acid denatures food proteins in the stomach, making them easier to digest. • Physical agitation (e.g., whipping egg whites) denatures protein.

plant

Make meals that contain less animal protein and more __________protein.

Kwashiorkor

Disease of chronic malnutrition: Infant is abruptly weaned from breast milk and given low-quality protein diet when younger sibling is born. • Adequate energy intake but intake of highquality protein is low • Edema • Stunted growth

Edema

During starvation, the level of protein in blood decreases, and as a result, some water leaks out of the bloodstream and enters spaces between cells. The resulting accumulation of fluid in tissues is called_____________

pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments

limiting

Essential amino acids in relatively low amounts are ______amino acids b/c reduce the protein's ability to support growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues ex: tryptophan, threonine, lysine, methionine, cysteine

A

If Paola is a healthy 24-year-old female who weighs 166 pounds, approximately how many grams of protein per day should she consume to promote protein equilibrium and meet the RDA for protein for a healthy adult? (One kilogram = 2.2 pounds) A) 60 grams of protein per day B) 166 grams of protein per day C) 75 grams of protein per day D) 134 grams of protein per day

hepatic portal vein

Protein Absorption: Amino acids travel to the liver via___________

purines

Protein-rich foods are high in __________ nitrogen-containing substances that are not proteins. • Body makes uric acid from purines. • High blood uric acid level can contribute to gout. • High uric acid in urine may contribute to kidney stones.

Common Food Allergens

Protein-rich foods: • Cow's milk • Eggs • Peanuts • Wheat • Soybeans • Fish & shellfish Nonproteins: Food dyes • Naturally present sulfites or sulfites added to: • Wine • Potatoes • Shrimp

amino acid

Proteins are made of smaller units called ____ Human proteins can have 20 different amino acids. Each amino acid is composed of: 1) The amino or nitrogen-containing group 2) R-group — varies with each amino acid 3) Acid group - acid portion

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Rare genetic disorder caused by lack of enzyme that converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to another compound • Phenylalanine and its toxic by-products build up in the body and damage tissues. • Simple blood test given to newborns detects PKU. • Critical to provide low-phenylalanine diet to infant with PKU a few days after birth

Hives

Signs/Symptoms of Food Allergy Signs occur within a few minutes or couple of hours and typically include: • Hives (red raised bumps on skin) • Swollen or itchy lips • Skin flushing • Scaly skin rash (eczema) • Difficulty swallowing • Wheezing and difficulty breathing • Abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea

D

Some food guides classify ________ as oils. A) vanilla ice cream B) hard-cooked eggs C) whole milk D) avocados

structure, clotting

The body uses proteins to make or function as: ---New cells and many components of cells ---____________ such as hair and nails ---Enzymes ---Lubricants ---__________ compounds ----Antibodies -----help maintain fluid & pH balance Certain hormones and neurotransmitters Energy source (minor, under usual conditions)

D

Which of the following foods or beverages is a major source of added sugars in American diets? A) Refined breads and cereals B) Processed luncheon meats C) Fruit D) Energy drinks

B

Which of the following physiological changes is a result of catabolic chemical reactions? A) Bone growth as a result of hormonal stimulation during puberty B) Weight loss as a result of starvation C) Weight gain as a result of overeating D) Muscle mass enlargement as a result of lifting weights

D

Which of the following statements is true? A) The gallbladder makes bile and stores the compound in the liver. B) Segmentation enables chyme to move through the esophagus. C) Foods that taste bitter are generally good energy sources because of their high carbohydrate contents. D) Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children.

Nutritional genomics

investigates the complex interactions among gene functioning, dietary choices, and the environment. • Such interactions affect a person's health status

peptides

Small chains of amino acids that usually contain fewer than 15 amino acids

D

Cleveland, a 24-year-old male, wants to estimate his protein needs based on the AMDR. The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that 10-35% of calories come from protein. If Cleveland follows a 2,300-kilocalorie diet, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he consume? A) 23-81 grams of protein per day B) 26-89 grams of protein per day C) 230-805 grams of protein per day D) 58-201 grams of protein per day -first calculate 10-35% of 2,300 -then protein = 4 cal/gram so above # divided by this = answer

D

Compared to a traditional diet that is based on animal foods, a vegan diet is higher in _______. A) B-12 B) cholesterol C) saturated fat D) dietary fiber

protein

Complex organic molecules. • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Proteins also contain nitrogen. Specific types include: • Structural proteins • Contractile proteins • Blood clotting proteins • Transport proteins

B-12

Concerns for Vegetarians Children: • May be difficult to consume adequate protein and energy, because plant foods tend to be filling • Growth rates of vegan children need close monitoring Pregnancy: • May need vitamin __________supplements, otherwise: • Infant could be deficient in B-12. Breastfeeding: • Breast milk may be deficient in vitamin B-12. • Infant can develop severe developmental delays if fed breast milk that lacks vitamin B-12

High-quality protein

Contains all 9 essential amino acids in amounts that support protein deposition in tissues and child's growth • Most animal products • High-quality protein sources (plants): quinoa and processed soy

0.66 g/kg body weight

Daily protein requirement for healthy adults • EAR = Protein needs increase during periods of growth, pregnancy, lactation, and recovery from illness or injury.

Marasmus

Most extreme form of PEM: A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies. -starvation-extreme weight loss

whole proteins

Most food allergens are proteins that escape digestion and are absorbed as___________ . • The body's immune system responds to defend the body from the proteins. • Allergic reaction

Nutrigenetics

The study of how a person's genetic makeup affects the way his or her body responds to food

9

There are a total of _____essential amino acids & 11 nonesential amino acids body needs

Exogenous proteins

Those from dietary sources

Legumes

____________ are plants that produce seed pods with a single row of seeds, such as soybeans, lentils, beans, peanuts, and peas.

Essential

_____________ Amino Acids: • Cannot be made by the body • must be supplied by the diet • 9 of the 20 amino acids

positive nitrogen balance

______________ Body retains more nitrogen than it loses

Nonessential

_______________ Amino Acids: • Can be made by the body • 11 of the 20 amino acids

polypeptides

_______________ enter the small intestine: • The enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and individual amino acids.

Ammonia

____________is converted to urea that the kidneys excrete in urine.

conditionally essential amino acids

amino acids that are normally considered nonessential but become essential under certain circumstances when the body's need for them exceeds the ability to produce them

Low-quality protein

• Lacks or has inadequate amounts of 1 or more of the essential amino acids • Most plant sources and gelatin (animal connective tissue by-product)