Nutrition- Ch. 7
Carotenoids-
-Organic pigments that are found in plants; -Known to have functions such as scavenging free radicals, reducing the risk of certain types of cancer, and helping to prevent age-related eye diseases; -More than 600 carotenoids have been identified with B-carotene being the most well-known.
Folate - Recommended intake
400 mcg of dietary folate equivalents
Menadione-
He's synthetic precursor vitamin K, but it has not been used in dietary supplements since the US food and drug in ministration banned it due to toxicity effects
Riboflavin (B2) -Sources
Milk; meats (especially beef liver) , almonds, soy beans, and enriched cereals
Vitamin E - food sources
Vegetable oils, vegetable greens, wheat germ, nuts, seeds
The best source of riboflavin is
milk.
Vitamins regulate body metabolism by working as
specific catalysts.
A significant source of vitamin A is found in
spinach.
A vitamin that plays a major role in blood clotting is
vitamin K.
Vitamin A Deficiency-
-Adequate vitamin a intake prevents two eye conditions: (1) xerosis, which involves itching, burning, and red, inflamed eyelids; (2) xeropthalmia, which is blindness that is caused by severe deficiency. -Leading cause to preventable blindness in children worldwide. -WHO reports that vitamin A deficiency resulting in night blindness currently affects 5.2 million preschool-aged children and 9.8 million pregnant women globally -As with all nutrients deficiency symptoms are directly related to vitamin A's functions, lack of dietary vitamin A will also result in epithelial and immune system disorders.
Vitamin A- Stability
-Beta-carotene and performed vitamin A require emulsification by bile salts to be approved by the intestine. Performed a vitamin A is efficiently absorbed at a rate of 75% to 100%. The absorption of beta-carotene is significantly more variable with an absorption rate of 3% to 90% . -Despite successful absorption, up to 40% of the dietary carotenoids are not metabolized in the enterocytes, further decreasing the bioavailability as compared to performed vitamin A sources. -Retinal is unstable when it is exposed to heat and oxygen quick cooking methods that use a little water help to preserve vitamin A in food
Niacin (B3) - Requirements
-Factors such as age, growth, pregnancy, lactation, illness, tissue trauma, body size, and physical activity - all of which affect energy needs- influence niacin requirement. -Niacin requirement is stated in niacin equivalents (NEs) - approx. 60 mg of tryptophan can yield 1 mg of niacin; thus, 60 mg of tryptophan equals 1 NE
Folate- Food Sources and Stability
-Fortified cereals,liver, asparagus spinach, legumes, orange juice -Folate is easily destroyed by heat, and it easily leaches into cooking water, especially when food is submerged in water.
Vitamin K - Food Sources and Stability
-Green, leafy vegetables such as spinach, collard greens, and kale are the best dietary sources of vitamin K, providing 100 to 1000 mcg of phylloquinone per cup of cooked food -Synthesis by intestinal bacteria -Phylloquinones are fairly stable, although it is sensitive to light and irradiation. Clinical preparations are kept in dark bottles.
Era of Vitamin Discovery-
-Most vitamins we know today were discovered during the first half of the 1900s. -A form of the name vitamin was first used in 1911, when Casimir Funk, a Polish chemist working at the Liser Institute in London, discovered a nitrogen containing substance (in organic chemistry known as amine) that he speculated might have characteristics of all vital agents. -He coined the word, Vitamine meaning "vital anime" The final e was dropped later when other vital substances turned out to not be animes, the name vitamin was retained to designate compounds within this class of essential substance.
Niacin (B3) - Deficiency
-Symptoms are weakness, poor appetite, indigestion, and various disorders of the skin and nervous system. -Skin areas that are exposed to sunlight develop a dark , scaly dermatitis. -Extended deficiency may result in central nervous system damage with resulting confusion, apathy, disorientation, and neuritis. -Deficiency disease associated with Niacin is Pellegra
Retinol-
-The chemical name of vitamin A -The name is derived from the vitamins visual functions related to the retina of the eye which is the back inner lining of the eyeball that catches the light with fractions of the lens to form images that are interpreted by the optic nerve in the brain and that make the necessary light-dark adaptation's
Vitamin A (Retinol)- Tissue Strength and Repair
-The other retinoids (I.E., retinoic acid and retinal) help to maintain healthy epithelial tissue, which is the protective tissue that covers body surface ,( the skin and the inner mucous membranes in the nose, throat, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract) -These tissues are the primary barrier to infection. -Vitamin A is also important as an antioxidant and in the production of immune cells that are responsible for fighting bacterial, parasitic, and viral attacks.
The Water-Soluble Vitamins are:
-Vitamin C -Thiamin (B1) -Riboflavin (B2) -Niacin (B3) -Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) -Folate (folic acid, folacin) -Cobalamin (vitamin B12) -Pantothenic acid -Biotin
Vitamin D (calciferol)-
-Vitamin D was mistakenly classified as a vitamin in 1922 by its discoverers, when they cured rickets with fish oil, which is a natural source of vitamin D. Today we know that the compounds produced by animals (I.E., cholecalciferol or vitamin D3) and some organisms (I.E., ergocalciferol or vitamin D2) are a prohormone rather than a true vitamin. -Vitamins D2 and D3 are collectively referred to as calciferol. -Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol must be activated in two successive hydroxylation reactions to yield the active and functional form of vitamin D, calcitriol
Rickets -
A disease of childhood that is characterized by the softening of bones from an adequate intake of vitamin D an insufficient exposure to sunlight; it is also associated with impaired calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Beriberi-
A disease of the peripheral nerves that is caused by a deficiency of thiamin, and is characterized by pain (neuritis) and process of legs and arms, cardiovascular changes, and edema
Prohormone-
A precursor substances that the body converts to a hormone; for example, a cholesterol compound in the skin is first irradiated by sunlight and then converted through successive enzyme actions in the liver and kidney into the active vitamin D hormone, which then regulates calcium absorption and bone development
Menaquinone-
A second form of vitamin K, is synthesized by intestinal bacteria and contributes approximately half of a daily supply of vitamin K
Teratogen-
A substance or factor resulting in birth defects or miscarriages of an embryo or fetus
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)- Recommended Intake
Adults, 15 mg/day
Riboflavin (B2) - Deficiency
Areas of the body with rapid cell regeneration are most affected by riboflavin deficiency. Symptoms include cracked lips and mouth corners; is swollen, red tongue, burning, itching, or tearing eyes caused by extra blood vessels in the cornea; and a scaly, greasy dermatitis in the skin folds.
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol)- Recommended Intake
Between the ages of 1 and 70 years, 600 IU/day; 70 years of age or older, 800 IU/day
Vitamin K- Functions
Blood clotting and bone development
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)- Sources
Citrus fruits, Keewee, tomatoes, strawberries, chili peppers, broccoli, green and red peppers
Niacin (B3) - Functions
Coenzyme in energy production; normal growth; health of skin It is a part of two coenzymes The roles include: (1)NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) - metabolism of the macronutrients (2) NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) - involved in DNA repair and steroid hormone synthesis
Primary deficiency -
Deficiency of a nutrient due to inadequate dietary intake. Different from secondary causes where the deficiency is due to malabsorption or other bioavailability hindrances
Vitamin K-
Discovered in 1929 by Henrik Dam, a biochemist at the University of Copenhagen, who discovered a hemorrhagic disease in chicks that were fed a diet from which all lipids have been removed. Damn hypothesized that an unidentified lipid doctor had been removed from the chicks feed. Dam called it koagulations vitamin or vitamin K, the letter that he assigned it is still used today.
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Deficiency
Due to its involvement in the generation of ATP, a deficiency of the nutrient will have downstream effects on energy availability. Lack of dietary thiamin may result in constipation, indigestion, and poor appetite Chronic thiamin deficiency is known as beriberi; this paralyzing disease was especially prevalent in Asian countries that relied heavily on polished white rice as a food staple.
Vitamin D- toxicity
Excess dietary intake of vitamin D can be toxic, especially for infants and children. Symptoms of toxicity or hypervitaminosis D include fragile bones, kidney stones, and the calcification of soft tissues (E.G., kidneys, heart, lungs). Prolonged intake of excessive cholecalciferol in dietary supplement form may produce elevated blood calcium concentration (I.E., hypercalcemia) and calcium deposits in the kidney nephrons, which interferes with overall kidney function. Individuals who consume diets that are high in fatty fish and fortified milk in addition to taking dietary supplements that contain vitamin D may be at risk for toxicity
Megaloblastic anemia is associated with
Folate deficiency
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)- functions
It acts as an antioxidant and as a cofactor of enzymes, and it plays a role in many metabolic an immunologic activities
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Function
It is a component of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate, Which is involved in several metabolic reactions that ultimately provide the body with energy in the form of ATP. It is especially necessary for the healthy function of systems that are in constant action in need of energy, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the nervous system, and the cardiovascular system
Vitamin D (calciferol) Functions- calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis
Maintaining calcium homeostasis in the blood is a critical function of vitamin D. Kelsey trio acts physiologically with two other hormones parathyroid hormone and thyroid hormone calcitonin, to control calcium and phosphorus absorption and metabolism Kelsey trio stimulates the following: (1) The intestinal subscription of calcium and phosphorus; (2) The renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus; and (3) The osteoclastic resorption of calcium and phosphorus from trabecular bone
Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinones) - Recommended Intake
Man, 120 mcg/day; Women 90 mcg/day
Vitamin A (retinal, retinol, retinoic acid) Provitamin A (carotene)- Recommended Intake
Man, 900 MCG/day; women, 700 MCG/day
Niacin (B3) - Food sources and Stability
Meat, poultry, fish,whole grains, enriched cereals
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Recommended intake
Men, 1.2 mg; Women, 1.1 mg
Niacin (B3) - Recommended intake
Men, 16 mg of niacin equivalents ; Women, 14 mg of niacin equivalents
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)- Recommended intake
Men, 90 mg; Women, 75 mg; Smokers: an additional 35 mg/day
Riboflavin (B2) - recommended intake
Men; 1.3 mg Women, 1.1 mg
Vitamin A (Retinol)- Functions
Performs the functions of aiding vision, growth, tissue strength, and immunity.
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Sources
Pork, or greens, in which cereals, legumes, yeast
Vitamin A (Retinol)- Growth
Retinoids acid And retinol are involved in skeletal and soft tissue growth through the rules in protein synthesis and the stabilization of cell membranes. The constant need to replace old selves in the bone matrix, the gastrointestinal tract, and other areas require adequate vitamin a intake.
Vitamin A- Sources
Retinol (animal foods) -Fish liver oil's, liver, egg yolks, butter, and cream are sources of preformed natural vitamin A Preformed vitamin A occurs naturally in milk fat Low-fat and non-fat milks and margarine or significant source of vitamin A, because they are fortified. Provitamin A (plant foods) - Some good sources of Beta-carotene are dark-green, leafy vegetables such as collard greens, kale, and spinach as well as dark-orange vegetables and fruits such as carrots, sweet potatoes or yams, pumpkins, melon, and apricots
Riboflavin (B2) - Functions
Riboflavin is active and it's condom forms: Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) flavin mononucleotide (FMN). These two flavin coenzymes are required for macro nutrient metabolism to produce ATP via the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain play vote proteins are involved in a number of other metabolic reactions as well such as converting the amino acid tryptophan to niacin (vitamin B3); converting retinal to retinoic acid, and synthesizing the active form of folate.
Vitamin D- Deficiency
Rickets is caused by chronic calcitriol deficiency during childhood. Children with rickets have soft long bones the band under the child's weight. Inadequate vitamin D intake prevent children from attaining their peak bone mass, thereby contributing to development of osteoporosis or osteomalacia as adults. Many other chronic diseases have been linked to vitamin capital D deficiency, including muscle weakness, several types of cancer, coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, tuberculosis, obesity, type two diabetes, macular degeneration, neurologic disorders (E.G., Alzheimer and Parkinson disease), and several auto immune diseases (E.G., type one diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis).
Vitamin E - Relation to Selenium Metabolism
Selenium is a trace mineral that as part of the selenium containing enzymes glutathione peroxidase, works with alpha-tocopherol as an antioxidant. Glutathione peroxidase is the second line of defense for preventing free radical damage to membranes. It's spares alpha-tocopherol from oxidation, thereby reducing the dietary requirement for it and vice versa.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)- Deficiency
Signs of a sorbic acid deficiency include tissue bleeding (E.G., easy bruising, pinpoint skin hemorrhages) joint bleeding, susceptibility to bone fracture, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, and tooth loss. . Extreme deficiency results in the disease scurvy.
The best menu choice for a patient with a severe wound who needs adequate vitamin C to help promote healing would be:
Stuffed green pepper
Vitamin D- Sources
Synthesized in the skin with exposure to sunlight, fortified milk products, fatty fish, fish oil's
Calcitriol-
The activated hormone form of vitamin D
Ergocalciferol-
The chemical name for vitamin D2 in its inactive form; it is produced by some organisms upon ultraviolet irradiation from the precursor ergosterol
Thiamin-
The chemical name of B1 This vitamin was discovered in relation to the classic deficiency disease beriberi,And it is important and body metabolism as a condom factor in many so reactions related to energy metabolism
Cholecalciferol-
The chemical name of vibe in D3 in it's in active form; it is often shortened to calciferol
Vitamin A (Retinol)- Vision
The chemical name retinol was given to vitamin A because of its major function in the retina of the eye. A mild vitamin a deficiency may cause night blindness, slow adaptation to darkness, or glare blindness.
Vitamin E (tocopherol)- Functions
The most vital function of alpha-tocopherol Is its antioxidant action in tissues. Vitamin E has several other important functions, such as cell signaling that drives gene expression and anti-proliferative effects in the eye that are seemingly protective against conditions such as glaucoma
Fat-Soluble Vitamins are:
Vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K
Spina bifida
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
Amencephaly-
a neural tube defect in which the rostral neural tube does not develop normally, resulting in incomplete formation of the brain and skull
The person most likely to develop a vitamin B12 deficiency is
a retired woman who follows a vegan diet.
The active form of vitamin D is called
calcitriol.
Pellegra-
caused by lack of dietary niacin (B3) and an inadequate amount of proteinthat contains the amino acid tryptophan. Characterized by the fours Ds: -dermatitis -diarrhea -dementia -death
Folate -Functions
coenzyme in DNA and RNA synthesis; amino acid metabolism; red blood cell maturation
Vitamin D deficiency is more common in people who
have darker skin & live at higher latitudes
Phylloquinone-
is the dietary form of vitamin K
Riboflavin (B2) - Stability
it is destroyed by light; therefore, milk is usually stored in plastic or cardboard cartons instead of glass containers to preserve the vitamin.
Folate - Deficiency
megaloblastic anemia (large immature red blood cells); poor growth; neural tube defects
A deficiency of folate may result in
neural tube defects.
A deficiency of vitamin A may result in
night blindness.
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, & death characterize toxic symptoms associated with
pellegra
The vitamin most closely associated with protein metabolism is
pyridoxine.
A vitamin deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C is called
scurvy.
A nutrient that helps prevent free radical damage to membranes is
selenium.
A rich source of vitamin E in the diet is
soybean oil.
Mary wants to increase her intake of foods rich in B-carotene. Which of the following foods would be the best source?
spinach
The nutrient intake guideline that sets the maximal nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose a risk of toxicity in healthy individuals is called
the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL).
An athlete who increases his or her intake of pasta will also increase his or her need for
thiamin.
Noncaloric essential nutrients necessary in very small amounts for specific metabolic control and disease prevention are called
vitamins.