Nutrition CH5

diets rich in fiber reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by....

1) improving blood lipid levels 2) reducing markers of inflammation 3) lowering blood pressure

Added sugars are incorporated into foods during processing to:

1) increase tenderness of food 2) inhibit the growth of mold 3) contribute to flavor

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates is _______ g/day.

130g/day; this amount of carbohydrate is enough to prevent ketosis

gestational diabetes typically develops after the _______ week of pregnancy

24th

According to the FNB, carbs should provide _______ to _________% of total calories in the diet

45 to 65%

T/F: Individuals with diabetes should follow a carbohydrate-free diet.

False

T/F: Ounce per ounce, sugar provides more energy than starch.

False

T/F: Digestion of starch begins in the mouth.

True

T/F: Eating a high-fiber diet can improve the functioning of the large intestine and reduce blood cholesterol levels

True

Starch

a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

metabolic syndrome

a condition characterized by three or more of the following symptoms: large waist circumference, hypertension, chronically elevated fasting blood fats, low fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high fasting blood glucose)

nonnutritive sweeteners or "high intensity sweeteners"

a group of compounds that elicit an intensely sweet taste when compared to the same amount of sugar

syndrome

a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem

intestinal cells absorb glucose and galactose by.....

active transport

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two _____ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

amino

What are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed?

converted to fat or to glucose

another word for glucose

dextrose

soluble fiber

dissolves or swells in water

fructose is absorbed by....

facilitated diffusion

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, and mucilages are examples of the polysaccharide called ___________

fiber

Most dietary ____________ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest

fibers

individuals with metabolic syndrome have about _______ times the risk of type 2 diabetes and almost ________ the risk of certain diseases of the heart and blood vessels

five; twice

lactose

forms when a galactose molecule bonds to a glucose molecule

Where is fructose naturally found?

fruit, honey, and a few veggies

the monosaccharide, ____________ , is not commonly found in food

galactose

insoluble fiber

generally do not dissolve in water

What are the three most important dietary monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, and galactose

complex carbohydrates

have three or more monosaccharides bonded together

alpha cells

produce glucagon

high-fiber diets may lower your risk for....

obesity

gestational diabetes....

occurs in 9.2% of pregnant women, results in a fetus receiving too much glucose, and can result in a baby weighing over 9 pounds

ketosis

occurs when ketone bodies accumulate in the blood

diabetes is characterized by abnormal metabolism of what three things?

protein, glucose, and fat

because they do not break down in the human GI tract, manufacturers are trying to make products that contain ______________ _____________ to provide health benefits similar to those of dietary fiber

resistant starches

diabetes mellitus

serious, chronic disease characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

disaccharide

simple sugar that has two monosaccharides linked (bonded) together. (major exs: maltose, sucrose, and lactose)

____________ dietary fiber usually forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria

soluble

complex carbs are also known as....

starch

What must be present in a food labeled "whole grain?"

strachy endosperm, fiber-rich bran, and oily germ

Alternative sweeteners

substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no kcal; include sugar alcohols

the artificial sweetener ____________ is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat

sucralose

hyperinsulinemia

occurs when the pancreas releases an excessive amount of insulin, and as a result, cells remove too much glucose from the bloodstream. eventually, this may overtax the beta cells' ability to produce adequate amounts of insulin

absorption of monosaccharides occurs almost exclusively in the....

small intestine

consumption of beverages sweetened with ________ and _________ is associated with excess caloric intake and can contribute to an increased risk for diabetes and heart disease?

HFCS and table sugar

the ___________ portal vein transports the monosaccharides to the liver

hepatic

Why is glucose the most important monosaccharide in the human body?

It is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells; Under normal conditions, RBCs as well as brain and nervous system cells burn mostly glucose for energy

lipolysis

the breakdown of triglyceride (fat) into glycerol and fatty acids

lactose intolerance

the inability to digest lactose completely

T/F: the carbohydrate found in milk is called lactose.

true

____________ are a major source of energy for cells

carbohydrates

ketone bodies

chemicals that result from the incomplete breakdown of fat

beta cells

clusters of special cells that produce insulin

there is "convincing" evidence that dietary fiber will reduce the risk of ____________ cancer

colon

a __________ carbohydrate has three or more monosaccharides bonded together

complex

polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates comprised of more than 10 monosaccharides bonded together

oligosaccharides

complex carbohydrates comprised of three to ten monosaccharides (ex: raffinose, stachyose)

what is another name for fructose?

levulose

glycogen is stored in the....

liver

glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the ___________ and in the _____________

liver; muscles

____________, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together

maltose

Recommended AIs for fiber for young men and women

men- 38g/day women- 25g/day

_____________ of Americans show signs of decreased lactose digestion

millions

most forms of dietary fiber are complex carbohydrates comprised of ___________________ connected by bonds that humans cannot digest

monosaccharides

simplest form of carbohydrates//basic chemical unit of carbs

monosaccharides

the end result of carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine is....

monosaccharides and disaccharides

the class of carbohydrates that are associated with proteins and assist in the lubrication of skeletal joints is known as

mucins