Nutrition CH5
diets rich in fiber reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by....
1) improving blood lipid levels 2) reducing markers of inflammation 3) lowering blood pressure
Added sugars are incorporated into foods during processing to:
1) increase tenderness of food 2) inhibit the growth of mold 3) contribute to flavor
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates is _______ g/day.
130g/day; this amount of carbohydrate is enough to prevent ketosis
gestational diabetes typically develops after the _______ week of pregnancy
24th
According to the FNB, carbs should provide _______ to _________% of total calories in the diet
45 to 65%
T/F: Individuals with diabetes should follow a carbohydrate-free diet.
False
T/F: Ounce per ounce, sugar provides more energy than starch.
False
T/F: Digestion of starch begins in the mouth.
True
T/F: Eating a high-fiber diet can improve the functioning of the large intestine and reduce blood cholesterol levels
True
Starch
a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
metabolic syndrome
a condition characterized by three or more of the following symptoms: large waist circumference, hypertension, chronically elevated fasting blood fats, low fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high fasting blood glucose)
nonnutritive sweeteners or "high intensity sweeteners"
a group of compounds that elicit an intensely sweet taste when compared to the same amount of sugar
syndrome
a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem
intestinal cells absorb glucose and galactose by.....
active transport
Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two _____ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.
amino
What are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed?
converted to fat or to glucose
another word for glucose
dextrose
soluble fiber
dissolves or swells in water
fructose is absorbed by....
facilitated diffusion
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, and mucilages are examples of the polysaccharide called ___________
fiber
Most dietary ____________ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest
fibers
individuals with metabolic syndrome have about _______ times the risk of type 2 diabetes and almost ________ the risk of certain diseases of the heart and blood vessels
five; twice
lactose
forms when a galactose molecule bonds to a glucose molecule
Where is fructose naturally found?
fruit, honey, and a few veggies
the monosaccharide, ____________ , is not commonly found in food
galactose
insoluble fiber
generally do not dissolve in water
What are the three most important dietary monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galactose
complex carbohydrates
have three or more monosaccharides bonded together
alpha cells
produce glucagon
high-fiber diets may lower your risk for....
obesity
gestational diabetes....
occurs in 9.2% of pregnant women, results in a fetus receiving too much glucose, and can result in a baby weighing over 9 pounds
ketosis
occurs when ketone bodies accumulate in the blood
diabetes is characterized by abnormal metabolism of what three things?
protein, glucose, and fat
because they do not break down in the human GI tract, manufacturers are trying to make products that contain ______________ _____________ to provide health benefits similar to those of dietary fiber
resistant starches
diabetes mellitus
serious, chronic disease characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
disaccharide
simple sugar that has two monosaccharides linked (bonded) together. (major exs: maltose, sucrose, and lactose)
____________ dietary fiber usually forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria
soluble
complex carbs are also known as....
starch
What must be present in a food labeled "whole grain?"
strachy endosperm, fiber-rich bran, and oily germ
Alternative sweeteners
substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no kcal; include sugar alcohols
the artificial sweetener ____________ is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat
sucralose
hyperinsulinemia
occurs when the pancreas releases an excessive amount of insulin, and as a result, cells remove too much glucose from the bloodstream. eventually, this may overtax the beta cells' ability to produce adequate amounts of insulin
absorption of monosaccharides occurs almost exclusively in the....
small intestine
consumption of beverages sweetened with ________ and _________ is associated with excess caloric intake and can contribute to an increased risk for diabetes and heart disease?
HFCS and table sugar
the ___________ portal vein transports the monosaccharides to the liver
hepatic
Why is glucose the most important monosaccharide in the human body?
It is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells; Under normal conditions, RBCs as well as brain and nervous system cells burn mostly glucose for energy
lipolysis
the breakdown of triglyceride (fat) into glycerol and fatty acids
lactose intolerance
the inability to digest lactose completely
T/F: the carbohydrate found in milk is called lactose.
true
____________ are a major source of energy for cells
carbohydrates
ketone bodies
chemicals that result from the incomplete breakdown of fat
beta cells
clusters of special cells that produce insulin
there is "convincing" evidence that dietary fiber will reduce the risk of ____________ cancer
colon
a __________ carbohydrate has three or more monosaccharides bonded together
complex
polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates comprised of more than 10 monosaccharides bonded together
oligosaccharides
complex carbohydrates comprised of three to ten monosaccharides (ex: raffinose, stachyose)
what is another name for fructose?
levulose
glycogen is stored in the....
liver
glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the ___________ and in the _____________
liver; muscles
____________, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together
maltose
Recommended AIs for fiber for young men and women
men- 38g/day women- 25g/day
_____________ of Americans show signs of decreased lactose digestion
millions
most forms of dietary fiber are complex carbohydrates comprised of ___________________ connected by bonds that humans cannot digest
monosaccharides
simplest form of carbohydrates//basic chemical unit of carbs
monosaccharides
the end result of carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine is....
monosaccharides and disaccharides
the class of carbohydrates that are associated with proteins and assist in the lubrication of skeletal joints is known as
mucins