Biology 20 Final Exam Study Guide

how many molecules of oxygen are used during the glycolysis of one glucose molecule

0

how much ATP is formed in the fermentation of one glucose moleule

0

how many carbon atoms are in a citric acid molecule, the molecule formed when acetyl CoA enters the Krebs Cycle?

2

how many carbon atoms are there in a molecule of RuBP

5

glucose has ___ carbon atoms while pyruvic acid has __carbon atoms

6, 3

chemical equation for photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 12 H₂O + light --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

the inner membrane of a mitochondria is very selective about what it allows to leave the organelle. One molecule that passes through is

ATP

in aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during

ETS

At the end of the Krebs Cycle, most of the energy removed from the glucose molecule has been transferred to

NADH and FADH

electrons enter the electron transport system as a part of hydrogen atoms attached to

NADH and FADH

in the light dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed and briefly stored in the molecules

NADPH and ATP

in the light independent reaction of photosynthesis, the energy stored in NADPH and ATP is used to build

PGAL (glucose)

in photosynthesis, energy for attaching phosphate to ADP in photosystem II comes directly from

a proton gradient

catalyst

a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction, but remains unchanged when the reaction is over

if an object appears black, it

absorbs all wavelengths of light

in feedback inhibition, a metabolic pathway is switched off by

accumulation of the end product

when enzymes are denatured, it causes the shape of their _____________ to change

active site

if the enzyme in the mitochondria was competitively inhibited with cyanide

active transport would stop

what process releases a carbon dioxide molecule

alcohol fermentation

the enzyme sucrase acts on

and disaccharide

cellular absorption

any absorption in the body through means of diffusion or osmosis

which colour of light works best for photosynthesis

blue and red

digestive system

breaks ingested materials into small chemical units

what occurs during the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis

carbohydrate molecules are synthesized

where does an autotroph get its carbon from?

carbon dioxide

the red, orange, and yellow colours of autumn leaves are caused by light reflected from

carotenoids

what are the two kinds of processes involved in metabolism

catabolic and anabolic

microvilli facilitate the process of

cellular absorption

plants store glucose as

cellulose

function of an enzyme

change the rates of chemical reactions

photosynthesis is the transformation of light energy into ___________ energy

chemical

in plants. the main kind of light-absorbing molecule is

chlorophyll

in a pant cell, the light reactions of photosynthesis takes place in the

chloroplasts

in a plant cell, the light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the

chloroplasts

short, protein, hair-like projections found on the outside of the plasma membrane are called

cilia, microvilli

hydrogen cyanide binds to the active site of an enzyme that is part of the pathway that forms ATP in cells; in this way, it prevents the enzyme's activity. hydrogen cyanide is best describes as a

competitive inhibitor

the free energy change from the conversion of one molecule of glucose to six molecules of carbon dioxide is -686 kcal/mol, yet only about 266 kcal/mol of this is captured within ATP molecules. The rest is

converted to heat

glycolysis takes place in the

cytoplasm

a high fever is dangerous to a human because enzymes are

denatured

which process makes direct use of oxygen

electron transport system

most catalysts are

enzymes

what controls a metabolic pathway

enzymes

respiratory system

exchanges gases between the environment and the body

the rate of anabolic processes is ___________ than catabolic processes

faster

immune system

fights infections and foreign agents in the body

excretory system

filters fluids and wastes out of the blood with the kidney

example of monosaccharide

glucose, fructose, galactose

3 stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport system

which colour of light is least effective for photosynthesis

green

energy released from electrons during electron transport is used to move ___________ out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

hydrogen

The function of the mitochondrial cristae is to

increase surface area of the inner membrane

within the mitochondrion, the proton gradient develops across the

inner membrane

results of fermentation are

lactate or ethanol

catabolic process

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

anabolic process

larger molecules are built from smaller molecules

photosynthetic autotrophs get their energy from

light

an enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by

lowering the energy of activation

where does the production of ATP occur

mainly the mitochondria, but also in the cytoplasm of a cell

the function of cellular respiration is to

make ATP

example of disaccharide

maltose and sucrose

microvilli

microscopic hair-like projections on the villi of a cell that increases the surface area

when a photon of light is absorbed by a pigment, one of the pigment's electrons is elevated where it has

more energy

for an animal cell, the main advantage of aerobic cellular respiration over lactic acid fermentation is that

more energy is released from each glucose molecule

where does a heterotroph get it's carbon

organic molecules

heterotroph

organism that gets it's energy from organic molecules (ex. animals and plants)

autotroph

organism that sustains itself without eating other organisms (survive through photosynthesis and cellular respiration)

if all green plants were to suddenly disappear, which substance normally found in the atmosphere would be first to be used up?

oxygen

in the electron transport system, the final acceptor of electrons is

oxygen

autotrophs are

producers

enzyme

protein

when oxygen is not available to a muscle cell, NADH formed during glycolysis does not pass electrons to the electron transport system. Instead it passes hydrogen atoms to

pyruvic acid

if an object is white, it

reflects all wavelengths of light

lymphatic system

returns interstitial fluid into the blood

The molecule in the Calvin-Benson Cycle that combines with carbon dioxide is

ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

metabolic pathway

sequence of chemical reactions

monosaccharide

simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars

when sunlight is on the chloroplast, pH is lowest in the

spaces enclosed by the thylakoid membranes

carbon dioxide reaches the photosynthetic cells of a plant by way of specialized openings in the leaves known as

stomata (stoma)

the light independent reaction takes place in the

stroma

disaccharide

sugar that can be hydrolysized into two monosaccharide subunits

why is it bad if the shape of an active site changes

the enzyme can no longer function at optimum capacity

what is an example of active transport

the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

the pigment molecules of a chloroplast are located within

thylakoid membranes

circulatory system

transport of gases, sugars, and fluids throughout the body

during glycolysis, glucose is split into

two pyruvic acid molecules

A source of protons for the proton gradient within a chloroplast is

water

the krebs cycle and electron transport system take place

within the mitochondria

the term anaerobic means

without oxygen