Biology 20 Final Exam Study Guide
how many molecules of oxygen are used during the glycolysis of one glucose molecule
0
how much ATP is formed in the fermentation of one glucose moleule
0
how many carbon atoms are in a citric acid molecule, the molecule formed when acetyl CoA enters the Krebs Cycle?
2
how many carbon atoms are there in a molecule of RuBP
5
glucose has ___ carbon atoms while pyruvic acid has __carbon atoms
6, 3
chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO₂ + 12 H₂O + light --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
the inner membrane of a mitochondria is very selective about what it allows to leave the organelle. One molecule that passes through is
ATP
in aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during
ETS
At the end of the Krebs Cycle, most of the energy removed from the glucose molecule has been transferred to
NADH and FADH
electrons enter the electron transport system as a part of hydrogen atoms attached to
NADH and FADH
in the light dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed and briefly stored in the molecules
NADPH and ATP
in the light independent reaction of photosynthesis, the energy stored in NADPH and ATP is used to build
PGAL (glucose)
in photosynthesis, energy for attaching phosphate to ADP in photosystem II comes directly from
a proton gradient
catalyst
a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction, but remains unchanged when the reaction is over
if an object appears black, it
absorbs all wavelengths of light
in feedback inhibition, a metabolic pathway is switched off by
accumulation of the end product
when enzymes are denatured, it causes the shape of their _____________ to change
active site
if the enzyme in the mitochondria was competitively inhibited with cyanide
active transport would stop
what process releases a carbon dioxide molecule
alcohol fermentation
the enzyme sucrase acts on
and disaccharide
cellular absorption
any absorption in the body through means of diffusion or osmosis
which colour of light works best for photosynthesis
blue and red
digestive system
breaks ingested materials into small chemical units
what occurs during the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis
carbohydrate molecules are synthesized
where does an autotroph get its carbon from?
carbon dioxide
the red, orange, and yellow colours of autumn leaves are caused by light reflected from
carotenoids
what are the two kinds of processes involved in metabolism
catabolic and anabolic
microvilli facilitate the process of
cellular absorption
plants store glucose as
cellulose
function of an enzyme
change the rates of chemical reactions
photosynthesis is the transformation of light energy into ___________ energy
chemical
in plants. the main kind of light-absorbing molecule is
chlorophyll
in a pant cell, the light reactions of photosynthesis takes place in the
chloroplasts
in a plant cell, the light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the
chloroplasts
short, protein, hair-like projections found on the outside of the plasma membrane are called
cilia, microvilli
hydrogen cyanide binds to the active site of an enzyme that is part of the pathway that forms ATP in cells; in this way, it prevents the enzyme's activity. hydrogen cyanide is best describes as a
competitive inhibitor
the free energy change from the conversion of one molecule of glucose to six molecules of carbon dioxide is -686 kcal/mol, yet only about 266 kcal/mol of this is captured within ATP molecules. The rest is
converted to heat
glycolysis takes place in the
cytoplasm
a high fever is dangerous to a human because enzymes are
denatured
which process makes direct use of oxygen
electron transport system
most catalysts are
enzymes
what controls a metabolic pathway
enzymes
respiratory system
exchanges gases between the environment and the body
the rate of anabolic processes is ___________ than catabolic processes
faster
immune system
fights infections and foreign agents in the body
excretory system
filters fluids and wastes out of the blood with the kidney
example of monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, galactose
3 stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport system
which colour of light is least effective for photosynthesis
green
energy released from electrons during electron transport is used to move ___________ out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria
hydrogen
The function of the mitochondrial cristae is to
increase surface area of the inner membrane
within the mitochondrion, the proton gradient develops across the
inner membrane
results of fermentation are
lactate or ethanol
catabolic process
larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
anabolic process
larger molecules are built from smaller molecules
photosynthetic autotrophs get their energy from
light
an enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by
lowering the energy of activation
where does the production of ATP occur
mainly the mitochondria, but also in the cytoplasm of a cell
the function of cellular respiration is to
make ATP
example of disaccharide
maltose and sucrose
microvilli
microscopic hair-like projections on the villi of a cell that increases the surface area
when a photon of light is absorbed by a pigment, one of the pigment's electrons is elevated where it has
more energy
for an animal cell, the main advantage of aerobic cellular respiration over lactic acid fermentation is that
more energy is released from each glucose molecule
where does a heterotroph get it's carbon
organic molecules
heterotroph
organism that gets it's energy from organic molecules (ex. animals and plants)
autotroph
organism that sustains itself without eating other organisms (survive through photosynthesis and cellular respiration)
if all green plants were to suddenly disappear, which substance normally found in the atmosphere would be first to be used up?
oxygen
in the electron transport system, the final acceptor of electrons is
oxygen
autotrophs are
producers
enzyme
protein
when oxygen is not available to a muscle cell, NADH formed during glycolysis does not pass electrons to the electron transport system. Instead it passes hydrogen atoms to
pyruvic acid
if an object is white, it
reflects all wavelengths of light
lymphatic system
returns interstitial fluid into the blood
The molecule in the Calvin-Benson Cycle that combines with carbon dioxide is
ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)
metabolic pathway
sequence of chemical reactions
monosaccharide
simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars
when sunlight is on the chloroplast, pH is lowest in the
spaces enclosed by the thylakoid membranes
carbon dioxide reaches the photosynthetic cells of a plant by way of specialized openings in the leaves known as
stomata (stoma)
the light independent reaction takes place in the
stroma
disaccharide
sugar that can be hydrolysized into two monosaccharide subunits
why is it bad if the shape of an active site changes
the enzyme can no longer function at optimum capacity
what is an example of active transport
the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
the pigment molecules of a chloroplast are located within
thylakoid membranes
circulatory system
transport of gases, sugars, and fluids throughout the body
during glycolysis, glucose is split into
two pyruvic acid molecules
A source of protons for the proton gradient within a chloroplast is
water
the krebs cycle and electron transport system take place
within the mitochondria
the term anaerobic means
without oxygen