Nutrition chapter 11
As we age, we have changes in our ears, nose, and throat:
decreased vision, decreased hearing, decreased sense of smell
Concerns regarding adolescent nutrition
diet lacks calcium and iron-some correlation to fractures in this age group; skipping breakfast; overemphasis on weight; acne- linked or not to food
Nutrition in adolescence
do not meet the daily recommended for fruits, veggies, and whole grains; exceed daily amount of sodium; drink more full-calorie soda/day than milk
As we age, we have ?, ?, ?, ? changes
mental, gastrointestinal, dental, musculoskeletal
In adolescence, peak growth spurt is known to take place between ages ? and ?
10 and 14 years
Young adulthood
18-39
middle adulthood
40-70
older adult
> 70
Nutrition of school-age child (6-12)
a balanced diet suitable for healthy adults will also be good for a school aged kid; exercise can help growth and development by stimulating osteoblasts and expending energy to control weight
Nutrition of preschool child )3-6 years)
adequate dentition and good nutrition are mutually supportive; the american dietetic association has addressed meeting children's nutrition and nutrition education needs while in child care
Eating disorders usually emerge during ?
adolescence
Formula-Fed infants
breastfeeding may not be possible for all mothers; come in many concentrations-powder, mix, ready to feed
Older adults do not need as many ?
calories: < 1500 mg salt/day
colic
cause unknown, spasms of colon, "rule of three"-crying 3 hours/day, 3 days/week, 3 weeks
Nursing bottle syndrome
caused by bottle being left in the baby's mouth when it is sleeping; bad dental health; caused by milk around gumline; can happen bottle or breastfed
nutritional problems in infancy
colic; diarrhea; allergies
Child care recommendations
eight hours or less: should be offered one meal and two snacks or two snacks and one meal; eight or more hours: offer two meals and two snacks or three snacks and one meal; serve fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C daily; high in vitamin A at least 3 times a week; caregivers should not add extra salt or sugar to food; good institutional food management practices should be implemented: good hand washing, adequate refrigeration, proper storage of supplies
obesity
evidence suggest decreased obesity later in breastfed infants
Nutrition of the toddler (1-3 years)
foods not recommended until after age 1: *gradually introduce* if allergies are not a concern; foods include: unmodified cow's milk, egg white, wheat, citrus fruits, seafood, chocolate, nut butters
Soy protein formulas
free of cow's milk protein and lactose and iron-fortified; the american academy of pediatrics recommends using soy protein-based formulas in term infants for: galactosemia and hereditary lactose deficiency, those whose parents desire a vegetarian diet, secondary lactose intolerance following acute gastroenteritis
Do not give babies honey under the age of one because ?
honey can contain botchalism spores which are a neurotoxin
Providing nutrition to preterm infants
human milk from the infant's mother is the gold standard; special formulas for premature infants; may need calcium, phosphorus, and sodium supplements; greater risk for iron deficient anemia due to smaller iron stores-may need iron supplementation
allergies
hypersensitivity to a food; some severe; treatment is avoidance of allergen
Vitamin B and folic acid are ? in older adults
impaired
Formulas are regulated ?
in the United States by the FDA
During the peak of growth spurt, the mineral and protein content of the body is
increased
Nutritional advances of breast milk
infection-fighting agents; allergy prevention; obesity
galactosemia
lack of an enzyme that cannot digest galactose
The growing concern about overweight children
pediatricians treating diseases of aging: hypertension, high blood pressure, T2 diabetes mellitus
Prevention and early diagnosis of obesity
plot yearly body mass index on CDC growth charts; encourage healthy diets; low-fat dairy after age 2; fruit and vegetable intake; promote physical activity; limit screen time to 2 hours per day
Nutrition is heavily linked to
pressure and ulcers: protein
The academy does not recommend soy protein-based formula under the following circumstances:
preterm infants, cow's milk allergy, routine treatment of colic, healthy or high risk infants to prevent atopic disease
Formulas do not contain more ? than breast milk
protein
diarrhea
rotavirus, enteritis, or food intolerance- more than three watery stools per day; *hydration is key; monitor signs and symptoms of dehydration
Dowagers Hump
sign of osteoporosis
GI changes
system slows down; problems with absorption
At 6 months of age, infants start to develop ?
teeth
Nutritional needs of the term infant
the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding the first 6 months of life- prevents against infectious disease, decreases allergic responses, may decrease later obesity
Advancing the diet
the american academy of pediatrics supports exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months; infants are often developmentally ready for complementary foods at 4-6 months of age