Nutrition chapter 11

As we age, we have changes in our ears, nose, and throat:

decreased vision, decreased hearing, decreased sense of smell

Concerns regarding adolescent nutrition

diet lacks calcium and iron-some correlation to fractures in this age group; skipping breakfast; overemphasis on weight; acne- linked or not to food

Nutrition in adolescence

do not meet the daily recommended for fruits, veggies, and whole grains; exceed daily amount of sodium; drink more full-calorie soda/day than milk

As we age, we have ?, ?, ?, ? changes

mental, gastrointestinal, dental, musculoskeletal

In adolescence, peak growth spurt is known to take place between ages ? and ?

10 and 14 years

Young adulthood

18-39

middle adulthood

40-70

older adult

> 70

Nutrition of school-age child (6-12)

a balanced diet suitable for healthy adults will also be good for a school aged kid; exercise can help growth and development by stimulating osteoblasts and expending energy to control weight

Nutrition of preschool child )3-6 years)

adequate dentition and good nutrition are mutually supportive; the american dietetic association has addressed meeting children's nutrition and nutrition education needs while in child care

Eating disorders usually emerge during ?

adolescence

Formula-Fed infants

breastfeeding may not be possible for all mothers; come in many concentrations-powder, mix, ready to feed

Older adults do not need as many ?

calories: < 1500 mg salt/day

colic

cause unknown, spasms of colon, "rule of three"-crying 3 hours/day, 3 days/week, 3 weeks

Nursing bottle syndrome

caused by bottle being left in the baby's mouth when it is sleeping; bad dental health; caused by milk around gumline; can happen bottle or breastfed

nutritional problems in infancy

colic; diarrhea; allergies

Child care recommendations

eight hours or less: should be offered one meal and two snacks or two snacks and one meal; eight or more hours: offer two meals and two snacks or three snacks and one meal; serve fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C daily; high in vitamin A at least 3 times a week; caregivers should not add extra salt or sugar to food; good institutional food management practices should be implemented: good hand washing, adequate refrigeration, proper storage of supplies

obesity

evidence suggest decreased obesity later in breastfed infants

Nutrition of the toddler (1-3 years)

foods not recommended until after age 1: *gradually introduce* if allergies are not a concern; foods include: unmodified cow's milk, egg white, wheat, citrus fruits, seafood, chocolate, nut butters

Soy protein formulas

free of cow's milk protein and lactose and iron-fortified; the american academy of pediatrics recommends using soy protein-based formulas in term infants for: galactosemia and hereditary lactose deficiency, those whose parents desire a vegetarian diet, secondary lactose intolerance following acute gastroenteritis

Do not give babies honey under the age of one because ?

honey can contain botchalism spores which are a neurotoxin

Providing nutrition to preterm infants

human milk from the infant's mother is the gold standard; special formulas for premature infants; may need calcium, phosphorus, and sodium supplements; greater risk for iron deficient anemia due to smaller iron stores-may need iron supplementation

allergies

hypersensitivity to a food; some severe; treatment is avoidance of allergen

Vitamin B and folic acid are ? in older adults

impaired

Formulas are regulated ?

in the United States by the FDA

During the peak of growth spurt, the mineral and protein content of the body is

increased

Nutritional advances of breast milk

infection-fighting agents; allergy prevention; obesity

galactosemia

lack of an enzyme that cannot digest galactose

The growing concern about overweight children

pediatricians treating diseases of aging: hypertension, high blood pressure, T2 diabetes mellitus

Prevention and early diagnosis of obesity

plot yearly body mass index on CDC growth charts; encourage healthy diets; low-fat dairy after age 2; fruit and vegetable intake; promote physical activity; limit screen time to 2 hours per day

Nutrition is heavily linked to

pressure and ulcers: protein

The academy does not recommend soy protein-based formula under the following circumstances:

preterm infants, cow's milk allergy, routine treatment of colic, healthy or high risk infants to prevent atopic disease

Formulas do not contain more ? than breast milk

protein

diarrhea

rotavirus, enteritis, or food intolerance- more than three watery stools per day; *hydration is key; monitor signs and symptoms of dehydration

Dowagers Hump

sign of osteoporosis

GI changes

system slows down; problems with absorption

At 6 months of age, infants start to develop ?

teeth

Nutritional needs of the term infant

the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding the first 6 months of life- prevents against infectious disease, decreases allergic responses, may decrease later obesity

Advancing the diet

the american academy of pediatrics supports exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months; infants are often developmentally ready for complementary foods at 4-6 months of age