Nutrition Chapter 2
Nutritional state- malnutrition
Failing health that results from long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs- can take the form of under-nutrition or over-nutrition
3 oz meat, poultry or fish looks like
a deck of cards (1/2 to 3/4 cup)
Serving of baked potato or a small apple looks like
a tennis ball (1/2 to 2/3 cup measure)
What is a megadose?
A large intake of a nutrient beyond estimates of needs or what would be found in a balanced diet; 2 to 10 times human needs is a starting point
If after performing a scientific controlled experiment, the hypothesis is accepted, what does it become?
A scientific theory (like the theory of gravity)
Recommendations within the Dietary Reference Intakes- Which refers to the nutrient intake amount set for any nutrient for which insufficient research is available to establish an RDA? Based on estimates of intakes that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life stage.
AI (Adequate Intake)
Double-blind study
An experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participant's assignment (test or placebo) or the outcome of the study until it is completed. An independent third party holds the code and the data until the study has been completed.
Major nutrient contributions of dairy group
Carbohydrate, protein, vitamins like vitamin D, minerals like calcium and phosphorus
Major nutrient contributions of grains group
Carbohydrates, vitamins like thiamin, minerals like iron, fiber
Major nutrient contributions of fruits
Carbohydrates, vitamins like vitamin C, minerals like potassium, fiber
Major nutrient contributions of vegetables
Carbohydrates, vitamins such as plant pigments that form vitamin A, minerals like magnesium, fiber
Serious health conditions with delayed symptoms
Cardiovascular disease, low bone density resulting from a calcium deficiency
Recommendations within the Dietary Reference Intakes- Which refers to the estimate of the energy (kcal) intake needed to match the energy use of an average person in a specific life stage?
EER (Estimated Energy Requirement)
Examples of food with medium energy density (1.5 to 4 kcal/gram)
Eggs, ham, pumpkin pie, whole-wheat bread, cake with frosting, pretzels, rice cakes, bagels
Clinical assessment
Examination of general appearance of skin, eyes, and tongue; evidence of rapid hair loss; sense of touch, and ability to cough and walk
Most common form of overnutrition in developed nations
Excess intake of calories, which often leads to obesity
Undernutrition
Failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs
Which type of experiments provide the most convincing evidence on nutrition? Why can these not be used?
Human experiments- not practical or ethical
Anthropometric assessment
Measurement of body weight and the lengths, circumferences, and thicknesses of parts of the body
What are the three components of a food philosophy that works?
Moderation, variety, balance
Examples of foods with very low energy density (less than 0.6 kcal/gram)
Most fruits & vegetables, fat-free milk, vegetable soup
Serving of vegetables group (amount of vegetables, amount of juice, amount of leafy greens)
1 cup= 1 cup of raw/cooked veggies, 1 cup of vegetable juice, 2 cups of leafy greens
Serving of dairy group (amount of milk/yogurt/soy milk, amount of cheese, amount of processed cheese)
1 cup= 1 cup, 1.5 ounces, 2 ounces
Serving of fruits group (amount of whole fruit, amount of juice, amount of dried fruit)
1 cup= 1 cup, 1/2 cup, 1/2 cup
5 steps of the scientific method
1. Observations Made & Questions Asked 2. Hypothesis Generated 3. Research Experiments 4. Analyze Data 5. Accept or Reject Hypothesis
Scurvy
The deficiency disease that results after a few weeks to months of consuming a diet that lacks vitamin C; pinpoint sites of bleeding on the skin are an early sign
Nutritional state definition
The nutritional health of a person as determined by anthropometric measures, biochemical measurements, clinical examination, dietary analysis, and economic evaluation
Recommendations within the Dietary Reference Intakes- Which refers to the maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people in a specific life stage?
UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level)
Animal model
Use of animals to study disease to understand more about human disease
Ulcer
erosion of the tissue lining, usually in the stomach (gastric ulcer), or the upper small intestine (duodenal ulcer). Also called peptic ulcers
Serving of salad dressing, peanut butter, butter, etc.is the size of a
golf ball= 2 tbsp
In order for a food label to claim "low fat" the food must contain less than
5 g of fat
In order for a food label to claim "high fiber" the food must contain more than
5 g of fiber
Foods/nutrients to increase for individuals age 50 or older
Fortified foods that contain vitamin B-12
What are foods rich in phytochemicals called? What does this mean?
Functional foods- foods that supply benefits beyond those supplied by the traditional nutrients they contain
Placebo
Generally a fake medicine or treatment used to disguise the treatments given to the participants in the experiment
Sodium intake recommended for African Americans, 51 and older, or those who have hypertension, diabetes, or kidney disease.
Less than 1500 mg
Sodium intake recommended for the average healthy American
Less than 2300 mg
Control group
Participants in an experiment who are not being given the treatment being tested
What's on a food label?
Product name Manufacturer's name & address Uniform serving size Amount in the package Ingredients in descending order by weight Nutrient components
Major nutrient contributions of protein foods
Protein, vitamins like B-6, minerals like iron
Recommendations within the Dietary Reference Intakes-Which refers to the nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97% or 98% of individuals in a specific life stage?
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)
Heart attack
Rapid fall in heart function caused by reduced blood flow through the heart's blood vessels, also called a myocardial infarction
Nutrient density
The ratio derived by dividing a food's nutrient content by its calorie content. When the food's contribution to our nutrient need for that nutrient exceeds its contribution to our calorie need, the food is considered to have a favorable nutrient density.
Epidemiology
The study of how disease rates vary among groups
Food nutrition labels must include which components:
Total calories, calories from fat, total fat grams, saturated fat, trans fat, total carbohydrates, fiber, sugars, protein, cholesterol, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron
Nutritional state- desirable nutrition
When body tissues have enough of the nutrient to support normal metabolic functions as well as surplus stores that can be used in times of increased needs, getting nutrients from a variety of foods
Energy density
a comparison of the calorie (kcal) content of a food with the weight of a food
In order for a product to be called "sugar free" what must its sugar content be? What about "reduced sugar"?
less than 0.5 g, 25% less than the reference food
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide...
nutrition and physical activity advice for all Americans age 2 and older
Examples of food with high energy density (more than 4kcal/gram)
peanut butter, graham crackers, chocolate, chocolate chip cookies, bacon, potato chips, butter, mayonnaise
Examples of food with low energy density (0.6-1.5 kcal/gram)
Whole milk, oatmeal, cottage cheese, bananas, broiled fish, plain baked potato, rice, spaghetti
Serving of protein group (serving of meat, amount of eggs, amount of PB, amount of beans, amount of nuts)
1 ounce= 1 ounce, 1 egg, 1 tbsp. PB, 1/4 cup cooked beans, 1/2 ounce of nuts and seeds
Serving of grains group (amount of bread, amount of cereal, amount of cooked grains)
1 ounce= 1 slice, 1 cup, 1/2 cup
Dietary assessment
A dietary log
Case-control study
A study in which individuals who have a disease or condition, such as lung cancer, are compared with individuals who do not have the condition
Overnutrition
A type of malnutrition in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs
Environmental assessment
Background history- Includes details about living conditions, education level, and the ability of the person to purchase, transport, and cook food. The person's weekly budget for food purchases is also a key factor
Microorganism
Bacterium virus, or some other organism invisible to the naked eye, some of which cause disease. Also called microbes.
The key recommendations from the 2010 Dietary Guidelines are...
Balance calories with activity to manage weight, Consume more of certain foods & nutrients (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free dairy, seafood). Consume less of some foods (sodium, saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, and refined grains).
Foods/nutrients to increase for women capable of becoming pregnant
Choose foods that supply heme iron (like lean red meat), consume 400 mg per day of synthetic folic acid
What does variety mean when choosing a diet plan?
Choosing a number of different foods within any given food group. It makes meals more interesting and helps ensure that a diet contains sufficient nutrients. Added bonus- phytochemicals
Foods/nutrients to increase for women who are pregnant/breastfeeding
Consume 8-12 oz. of seafood, avoid certain fish, take an iron supplement
Healthy Habits to Adopt
Consume a healthy diet Control your weight Drink alcohol only in moderation Exercise > 30 minutes a day Don't smoke
What does balance mean when choosing a diet plan?
Consuming food from each group: Grains, Vegetables, Fruits, Dairy, Protein; Matching your energy intake to your energy expenditure in order to avoid gaining weight
The term used to encompass nutrient recommendations made by the Food & Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences and also Health Canada.
DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes)
Recommendations within the Dietary Reference Intakes- Which should be used as a rough guide for comparing the nutrient content of food to approximate human needs and is based on a 2000kcal diet?
DV (Daily Value)
What did the Dietary Supplement Health & Education Act (DSHEA) accomplish?
Dietary supplements can be marketed without FDA approval as long as supplement is reasonably safe and is labeled as a dietary supplement, not a medication. Labeled as foods rather than medications.
Biochemical assessment
Measurement of biochemical functions (e.g. concentrations of nutrient by-products in the blood) related to a nutrient's function
Serving of a large apple or orange, or 1 cup ready to eat breakfast cereal resembles
a baseball (1 cup measure)
What does moderation mean when choosing a diet plan?
Requires paying attention to portion sizes and planning your day's diet so you do not over-consume any nutrients. Consume moderate portions of foods that contain fat, sugar, and salt rather than trying to avoid them altogether.
Subclinical
Stage of a disease or disorder not severe enough to produce symptoms that can be detected
Hypotheses
Tentative explanations by scientists to explain a phenomena
Examples of nutrient-dense food
Whole grain bread and breakfast cereals, fat-free/low-fat milk, legumes, lean meats, fruits and vegetables