Nutrition Chapter #4 HW

Which of the following foods contains the LEAST amount of fiber? kidney beans oatmeal carrot white toast

white toast

Which of the following types of grains provide the most micronutrients and dietary fiber?

whole-grains

Which of the following nutrients are added to enriched grains?

folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron

These are absorbed by the small intestine and enter into the bloodstream.

fructose, glucose, and galactose

Which of the following foods contains the least amount of fiber?

one serving of meat

Insulin is produced in and released from the _____

pancreas

Which of the following is likely to be the most significant source of fiber in a cereal bar? rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats fruit filling enriched white flour milk powder

rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats

Where in the body are disaccharides digested and absorbed?

the small intestine

Chemically related to aspartame, this newest sugar substitute is called __________.

advantame

Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate.

false

Hormones That LowerBlood Glucose Levels

insulin

Low to Midrange GI (less than 50)

kidney beans

If a food contains 25 grams of carbohydrate and 200 kilocalories per serving, what percent of the kilocalories in this food come from carbohydrate?

50%

The breakdown of glycogen is called __________.

glycogenolysis

The cell's inability to respond to insulin is called ___.

insulin resistance

Which of the following can help someone who is lactose intolerant enjoy dairy products? A. All options are correct. B. Drinking lactose-reduced milk C. Consuming small amounts of dairy throughout the day D. Consuming breakfast cereal with yogurt instead of milk

A

Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate? A. All options are correct. B. Starch C. Fiber D. Glycogen

A

Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regard to the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation? A. Glucose requires insulin to cross cell membranes. B. All of these statements are correct. C. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise. D. Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

B

Which of the following statements is not true about carbohydrate digestion? A. There is an enzyme in saliva that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. B. Disaccharides like sucrose do not need to be further broken down before being absorbed. C. Carbohydrate digestion breaks polysaccharides into smaller units. D. The enzyme secreted in the mouth to begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates is not active in the stomach.

B

Prediabetes

Cells begin to exhibit insulin resistance.

_____ are a category of nutrient compounds consisting of long chains of sugar molecules.

Complex carbohydrates

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate? A. fructose B.starch C. high fructose corn syrup D. All of these are correct.

D

____ consist of two molecules of sugar joined together.

Disaccharides

_____ is a key hormone produced by the pancreas that plays an important role in regulating blood glucose levels during times of fasting.

Glucagon

What is the role of the hormone glucagon in regulating blood glucose?

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen, to increase blood glucose concentrations.

____ is the most abundant sugar molecule, and the preferred source of energy for the brain.

Glucose

___ can result as a complication of diabetes due to damage to the arterial walls and excess fat in the blood.

Heart disease

_____ can cause one to feel dizzy, shaky, and begin to sweat when blood glucose levels are too low.

Hypoglycemia

_____ occurs when blood glucose level drops below 70 mg/dl.

Hypoglycemia

_____ is a key hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels after a meal.

Insulin

In response to insulin or glucagon, either glycogenesis or gluconeogenesis (respectively) will take place in the ____

Liver

____ are a category of single sugar molecules that are absorbed easily in the small intestine

Monosaccharides

The Dietary Guidelines recommended limiting added sugar in a diet. Which of the following foods would be considered a significant source of added sugar? potato Nutri-Grain cereal bar white bread orange juice

Nutri-Grain cereal bar

_____ is a common risk factor that can lead to insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes.

Obesity

_____ may be diagnosed if a person has blood glucose levels that are higher than normal, but not high enough to indicate type 2 diabetes.

Prediabetes

_____ are a category of sugars that contain either one or two molecules.

Simple carbohydrates

____ is a type of simple carbohydrate composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

Sucrose

What occurs when blood glucose levels rise following the ingestion of a glucose-rich meal?

The beta cells of the pancreas release insulin

_____ is classified as an autoimmune disease, and most often begins in childhood.

Type 1 diabetes

The disaccharide lactose (milk sugar) is composed of ________.

a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose

Due to reduced circulation to the limbs, diabetics are at an increased risk of infection, which can result in _____

amputation

People with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid consuming ___

aspartame

Diabetes can cause ____ because of the leaking of tiny blood vessels in the retinas.

blindness

Very High GI (greater than 100)

cake with icing, plain bagel, and cheerios

Which of the following is a good source of fiber? Special K cereal apple juice cooked oatmeal white bread

cooked oatmeal

The hormone that directs the breakdown of glycogen into glucose is _____.

glucagon

What hormone, released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, acts to raise blood glucose back to normal?

glucagon

Hormones That RaiseBlood Glucose Levels

glucagon and epinephrine

The process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called ________.

gluconeogenesis

The body can either use _____ for energy, convert it to glycogen, or store it as fat.

glucose

The primary source of energy for the body is ___.

glucose

Maltose is made of __________.

glucose + glucose

As part of the response to increased blood glucose after a meal, insulin triggers the number of _____ on the cell membranes in the body to be increased.

glucose transporters

The storage form of glucose in the body is ___.

glycogen

_____ is the storage form of glucose in the body.

glycogen

Which of the following is the MOST likely long-term complication associated with diabetes? lung cancer heart disease lactose intolerance cirrhosis of the liver

heart disease

Dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk for________.

heart disease certain cancers constipation, diverticulosis, and diverticulitis

What hormone is needed to move glucose (obtained from the food consumed) from the blood into the body's cells?

insulin

Which hormone directs glucose into the cells?

insulin

People with type 2 diabetes exhibit ______ when their cells fail to respond to insulin

insulin resistance

Glucose _________ _____.

is the form of sugar that is absorbed into the bloodstream

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar? white bread milk soda pop Nutri-Grain cereal bar

milk

Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and in ______

muscles

Eating foods high in soluble fiber may help to reduce high blood cholesterol levels. The best source of soluble fiber is _____.

oatmeal

Starch is a __________.

polysaccharide

Enzymes that are responsible for breakdown of starches.

salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

Hormones That Have No Effect on Blood Glucose Levels

secretin and cholecystokinin

Reducing the consumption of _______ will have the biggest impact on decreasing the amount of added sugars that Americans consume.

sodas, energy drinks, and sports drinks

Plants store glucose as polysaccharides in the form of ____

starch

Enzymes that are responsible for breakdown of disaccharides.

sucrase, maltase, and lactase

What is the number-one source of added sugars in the United States?

sweetened sodas

Glucose is converted to _____ for storage in fat tissue.

triglycerides

Fiber is not digested by the human digestive tract. -True -False

true

Eating a diet high in ___ can prevent diverticulosis.

fiber

When the diet is deficient in carbohydrates, the body will ___.

form ketone bodies

Digestion of carbohydrate begins in the ___.

mouth

The minimum amount of carbohydrates needed daily is _____ grams.

130

Midrange to High GI (50 to 100)

corn, oatmeal, and apple

Sucrose is a _____.

disaccharide

Type 1 Diabetes

-Cells of the pancreas are damaged or destroyed. -Little or no insulin is released into the bloodstream. -this condition accounts for approximately 5 to 10% of all diabetes cases.

Fiber is a polysaccharide that gives plants their structure, and the bonds that hold the fiber molecules together are unable to be digested by human digestive enzymes. Fiber plays an important role in a healthy diet by promoting healthy passage of stool and by helping to prevent many digestive and chronic diseases.

-Fiber is important for adding bulk to our stools, and making it easier to eliminate stools as long as water intake is adequate. -Humans do not produce enzymes in the small intestine that can break down fiber. -Fiber can help reduce the risk of diverticulosis, obesity, and certain cancers.

Normal Function

-Glucose transporters efficiently prompt the uptake of glucose into body cells. -Insulin produced by the pancreas efficiently stimulates glucose transporters within body cells.

The day-to-day choices people make can help prevent type 2 diabetes. For those who have diabetes, there are lifestyle guidelines to follow that will help control the disease. Read the statements below and select behaviors that can help prevent or control the disease.

-Many individuals with type 2 diabetes would likely benefit from moderate weight loss. -Those with diabetes should limit alcoholic beverage intake. -A preventative measure for type 2 diabetes is to eat a healthful diet. -To help prevent type 2 diabetes, individuals should get regular physical activity.

Type 2 Diabetes

-People with this disease are often overweight or obese. -Some individuals with this disease have previously been diagnosed with prediabetes.

A minimum of ___ grams of carbohydrate daily is recommended to provide adequate glucose to the brain.

130

The DRI for fiber (grams) per 1000 calories consumed is __________.

14

The small bulging pouches that are sometimes found along the intestinal lining are called _____.

diverticula

It takes more than 8 hours for ingested carbohydrate to be digested, absorbed, and circulated in the cells. -True -False

false

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease associated with poor blood-glucose control?

type 1 diabetes

Increased age is a risk factor for ______, which develops progressively over time and accounts for 90 to 95 % of diabetes cases., which develops progressively over time and accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes cases

type 2 diabetes