Soc 101: Chapter 15.1: Population

There is a strong link between functionalist and ecological perspectives on urban growth, with both presenting models for the life cycle and human ecology of urban development. Theorists from both perspectives are more likely to be interested in the impact of transportation systems than the effects of decisions made by the capitalist class. The impact of politics and the economy is the focus of conflict models of urban growth.

Conflict theorists argue that patterns of urban growth reflect economic and political factors. Economic factors include capitalistic investments and the value placed on land and buildings, whereas political factors include governmental protection for certain groups.

Although both theorists believe that an urban environment can liberate some people, they argue that city life is fast paced, highly stimulating, and allows for the avoidance of emotional involvement. Radford has a less stimulating lifestyle, whereas Andrew's lifestyle is more stimulating. Therefore, you can conclude that Radford is more likely to live in a rural setting, and Andrew is more likely to have an urban lifestyle.

According to Wirth, social interaction in an urban environment is fragmented, impersonal, and often superficial. As a result, he argues, people living in cities are likely to feel alienated, powerless, and lonely. Proposing a different viewpoint, Herbert Gans believed that city life allows people to take advantage of cultural facilities and to develop a strong sense of community. Finally, according to Simmel, city life is fast paced and highly stimulating, with the potential for people to become insensitive to others and their surroundings. He also believed, however, that city life could liberate some people, allowing for greater autonomy and individuality.

Which of the following factors most likely contribute to the birth rate of this country? Check all that apply. Correct A decrease in overpopulation Correct Improved sanitation Correct A decline in infant mortality rates Correct Improved population health

Countries that have high birth rates, low death rates, and significant population growth are often classified as early industrial. The demographic transition model posits four stages of economic development in societies. In the first stage, preindustrial societies have little population growth due to high death rates, as well as high infant and child mortality rates. These rates are high because of food shortages, poor sanitation, and lack of adequate medical care. In stage two, early industrialization, populations grow as birth rates remain high while death rates decline. In the third stage, advanced industrialization and urbanization, there is limited population growth because both birth and death rates are low. Finally, in stage four, postindustrialization, birth rates continue to decline and death rates remain stable. There is little or no population growth.

Institutional theory posits that migration patterns occur in response to the involvement of humanitarian organizations. The actions of other people, such as humanitarian organizations or smugglers, may facilitate migration patterns that otherwise might not occur.

Demographic transition theory is a population theory that looks at population growth in a series of stages. As a result of technological development, societies transition from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. When a society enters the low birth and death rate stage, the population tends to stabilize.

High-fertility regions are those where women have more than 1.5 daughters on average, adding to future population growth. This rate is thought to ensure that each woman is replaced by a daughter who will survive to the age when she will be old enough to have children.

In high-income, developed nations, mortality rates have decreased in recent history. If people are living longer in these areas, you can expect to see a corresponding increase in population.

Positive checks are those that involve mortality risks, such as famine, disease, and war.

Malthusians and Neo-Malthusians believe that exponential growth of the population will result in dangerous food shortages and environmental problems. Theorists from either perspective are likely to take a pessimistic view of the future if the population continues unchecked, with best-case scenarios ending in poverty and worst-case scenarios ending in widespread starvation. Malthusian theorists argue that population checks such as famine, disease, and war are necessary to reduce the world's population, as are limits to fertility. Neo-Malthusian theorists suggest improving the status of women, reducing racism, and shrinking the gap between rich and poor as some strategies to head off global destruction related to population growth.

Crude birth rate The crude birth rate is the number of births each year for every 1,000 persons within a population. The crude birth rate for the world population is roughly 28 births per 1,000 people. The United States has a crude birth rate of approximately 14.2 births per 1,000 people. Immigration Immigration is migration into a society from the outside. For example, when someone moves from another country into the United States, he or she has immigrated into the United States. Immigration adds to the population. Crude death rate The crude death rate refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 people within a population. It can provide information on the overall standard of living for a population.

Population = Net Migration +Births Correct - Deaths Correct

The Marxist perspective sees food supply shortages as issues of access and poverty, not overpopulation. Such theorists believe that it is possible to produce the food and goods needed to meet the needs of a growing population but that not all members of the population have the ability to pay for such items.

The new households economics of migration approach posits that migration patterns occur in response to a desire for diversified family income. Instead of focusing on individual decision making, the new households economics of migration approach focuses on household or family decisions on migration.

Worst-case scenarios include societal infrastructure being beyond repair, with race- and class-oriented violence causing central cities and nearby suburbs in the United States to experience bankruptcy. Analysts also predict that efforts to create "new cities" will only cause diminished quality of life and the depletion of natural resources, with greater air and water pollution. Thankfully, not all predictions are grim. Analysts also project that new technologies will help make goods readily available, increased international trade agreements will make it possible for all nations to engage in and profit from global trade, improvements to tax collection and distribution may be made, and smart growth or green movements will improve the quality of life in cities.

The world's human population took 12 years (the time from 1999 to 2011) to grow from 6 billion to 7 billion, will take 18 years to grow from 8 billion to 9 billion, and will take 42 years to grow from 9 billion to 10 billion. Because the population is projected to take an increasing number of years to grow by a billion, population growth is expected to slow.

Preventive checks are those that involve fertility limits, such as increasing access to birth control and reducing the number of children a person has.

Thomas Robert Malthus put forth predictions about overpopulation that continue to be relevant today. Demographers refer to his original predictions, which continue to ring true in middle- and low-income nations with rapidly growing populations and very limited resources. Even technological advances and the riches of capitalism have been unable to create an influx of resources to sustain the world's population and combat overpopulation.

concentric zone model, illustrating the theory that urban growth develops from a central core. The concentric zone model presents urban development as a series of circular zones, characterized by different populations and land-use patterns, developing from a central district.

the multiple nuclei model, illustrating the theory that urban growth is based on urban needs or activities. The multiple nuclei model is the least circular model; instead, urban growth results from the development of hubs of commerce.