Nutrition: Chapter 7 Practice. Test

Which statement accurately describes glycolysis? a. It results in the formation of pyruvate. b. It requires oxygen. c. It converts acetyl coenzyme A into pantothenic acid. d. It results in the breakdown of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A.

A: It results in the formation of pyruvate. Glycolysis is the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.

When a person begins to drink alcohol, which of the following functions are the first to be affected? a. Judgment and reasoning b. Speech and vision c. Voluntary muscle control d. Respiration and heart function

A: Judgement and Reasoning: The frontal lobe of the brain is the most sensitive to alcohol. This is the area of the brain that affects conscious activity. Alcohol interferes with judgment and reasoning.

Which product is made from pyruvate when oxygen is limited? a. Lactic acid b. Oxaloacetate c. Acetyl CoA d. Glycerol

A: Lactic Acid

Which category includes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins? a. Macronutrients b. Micronutrients c. Electrolytes d. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A: Macronutrients

The final, common metabolic pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids: a. TCA Cycle b. Glycolysis c. Electron Transport Chain

A: TCA Cycle: The TCA cycle is a series of metabolic reactions that break down acetyl CoA molecules to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms.

What is the outcome of amino acids if someone overeats protein and kcalories in general? a. The amino acids are stored as fat. b. The amino acids are excreted as a waste product. c. The amino acids are stored as glucose. d. The amino acids are converted to muscle tissue.

A: The amino acids are stored as fat. If excess protein is available, the amino acids are deaminated, and the remaining carbons are converted to ketone bodies, which are stored as fat.

Which metabolic pathway is NOT reversible? a. The step from pyruvate to acetyl CoA. b. The step from Pyruvate to lactate. c. The step from Acetyl CoA to fatty acid d. The step from pyruvate to amino acid.

A: The step from pyruvate to acetyl CoA.

Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions? a. They convert small molecules to larger ones. b. They release energy. c. They increase the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. d. They break down proteins into amino acids.

A: They convert small molecules to larger ones. The building of compounds is known as anabolism, reactions in which small molecules are put together to create larger ones.

Glycolysis is the process of _____. a.breaking down glucose into pyruvate b.breaking down glycogen into fat c.breaking down protein into amino acids d.eliminating unwanted glucose from the body

A: breaking down glucose into pyruvate

Identify which compounds can be formed during metabolism from Glucose: Select all that apply: a. acetyl CoA b. Pyruvate c. Glycerol d. Glucose e. Fat

ALL OF THEM Glucose is converted to pyruvate. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is reversible, so any compound that can be converted to pyruvate can also be used to obtain glucose. Lactate is produced when pyruvate is broken down in anaerobic conditions.

Identify which compounds can be formed during metabolism from Fatty Acids: Select all that apply: a. acetyl CoA b. Pyruvate c. Glycerol d. Glucose e. Fat

A. Acetyl CoA E. Fat Fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA, which can be broken down to provide energy or stored as body fat. They cannot be converted to pyruvate, so they cannot provide glucose or be converted to lactate.

Identify which compounds can be formed during metabolism from Ketogenic Amino Acids: Select all that apply: a. acetyl CoA b. Pyruvate c. Glycerol d. Glucose e. Fat

A. Acetyl CoA E. Fat Ketogenic amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA, which can be broken down to provide energy or stored as body fat. They cannot be converted to pyruvate, so they cannot provide glucose or be converted to lactate.

Running a 5k is occurring in __________ conditions. a. Aerobic b. Anaerobic

A. Aerobic Conditions: Aerobic pathways produce energy more slowly and can be sustained for a long time.

Identify the body's fuel source as its metabolic pathways shift from feasting to fasting. Fuel for the body 2 to 3 hours after eating. Select all that apply: a. Glycogen Stores b. Body Fat Stores c. Body Protein

A. Glycogen Stores B. Body Fat Stores

Assembles proteins: a. Anabolism b. Catabolism

A: Anabolism

Requires Energy: a. Anabolism b. Catabolism

A: Anabolism

Identify the body's fuel source as its metabolic pathways shift from feasting to fasting. Fuel for the brain 2 to 3 hours after eating. Select all that apply: a. Glycogen Stores b. Body Fat Stores c. Body Protein

A: Glycogen Stores

High intensity kickboxing for 3 minutes is occurring in _______ conditions: a. Aerobic b. Anaerobic

B. Anaerobic Conditions: Anaerobic pathways are the major source of energy for short, intense exercise for 2-3 minutes.

Identify the body's fuel source as its metabolic pathways shift from feasting to fasting. Fuel for the body after 24 hours of starvation. Select all that apply: a. Glycogen Stores b. Body Fat Stores c. Body Protein

B. Body Fat Stores C. Body Protein

Identify the body's fuel source as its metabolic pathways shift from feasting to fasting. Fuel for the brain after 24 hours of starvation. Select all that apply: a. Glycogen Stores b. Body Fat Stores c. Body Protein

B. Body Fat Stores C. Body Protein

Binge drinking is defined as the consumption of ____________ on a single occasion that raises blood alcohol concentration to 0.08 percent or higher. a. One to two drinks b. Four to five drinks c. Six to seven drinks

B: 4 or 5 drinks: Binge drinking is defined as a drinking pattern that raises blood alcohol concentration to 0.08 percent or higher. For women, the amount is four drinks or more when consumed on a single occasion within a couple of hours, and for men it is 5 or more drinks.

Breaks down glycerol: a. Anabolism b. Catabolism

B: Catabolism

Hydrolysis occurs: a. Anabolism b. Catabolism

B: Catabolism

Releases Energy: a. Anabolism b. Catabolism

B: Catabolism

Why might someone be experiencing symptoms of low blood glucose, feeling shaky and dizzy after drinking several beers on an empty stomach? a. Sensitivity to insulin receptors is increased. b. Glycogen breakdown is blocked, preventing glucose release in the bloodstream.

B: Glycogen breakdown is blocked, preventing glucose release in the bloodstream.

The pathway that ends in the production of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). a. TCA Cycle b. Glycolysis c. Electron Transport Chain

B: Glycolysis: is a pathway that involves the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. If oxygen is available, the pyruvate is then broken down to acetyl CoA. When the cells need energy and oxygen is present, the acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle.

Which organ is the primary site for alcohol metabolism? a. Stomach b. Liver c. Kidneys d. Muscle tissue

B: Liver: The liver is the primary site of alcohol metabolism. Liver cells are the only cells in the body that can make enough of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme to oxidize alcohol at an appreciable rate.

What is the key element in catabolic reactions? a. They are irreversible. b. They release energy. c. They require different amounts of energy to proceed. d. They are condensation reactions.

B: They release energy The breaking down of body compounds is known as catabolism; catabolic reactions release energy.

Which statement accurately describes ketones? a. Ketosis increases appetite. b. The pH of the blood rises when someone is in ketosis. c. After ten days of fasting, ketones will meet much of the nervous system's energy needs.

C: After ten days of fasting, ketones will meet much of the nervous system's energy needs.

What is the source of the glucose needed by the brain and red blood cells when glycogen stores become depleted after a 24-hour fast? a. Fatty acids b. Ketone bodies c. Amino acids d. Oxalacetate

C: Amino Acids Amino acids that yield pyruvate can be used for gluconeogenesis - the making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

Which of the following fat-formation pathways is the most efficient and direct? a. Conversion of sucrose to adipose tissue b. Conversion of dietary carbohydrates to body fat c. Conversion of dietary fat to body fat d. Conversion of dietary protein to adipose tissue

C: Conversion of dietary fat to body fat

Which statement is true of mitochondria inside the human body? a. They function as a constituent part of cell membranes. b. They help to assemble amino acids into proteins. c. They are located in the nucleus. d. They are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell.

D: They are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell

The amount of energy that cells expend to fulfill essential life functions is about 25% of tall energy consumed by a healthy adult each day. True or False?

FALSE: Storing excess energy from dietary carbohydrates as body fat requires 25% of the energy intake.

The small intestine is the most active nutrient-processing organ in the human body. True or False?

FALSE: The liver is the most active nutrient-processing center in the body.

The body derives most of its energy from (Proteins or Glucose) and (Fats or Fatty Acids).

Glucose and Fatty Acids: Glucose and fatty acids are the preferred nutrients to provide energy for the body. Both glucose and fatty acids can be stored as glycogen and fat, respectively.

(Ketone Bodies or Amino AcidsI) are acidic compounds produced by the liver when glycogen is depleted.

Ketone bodies: are substances produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available.

The (Liver or Stomach) is the most active processing center in the body.

LIVER: is involved in processing all nutrients it receives from the digestive tract. These processes include metabolizing the nutrients, packaging them, storing them, and shipping them out so they can be used by other tissues. The liver also metabolizes alcohol, drugs, and other toxins.

Metabolism is defined as the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body, including (1. anabolic or catabolic) reactions that break apart larger molecules into smaller molecules and (2. anabolic or catabolic) reactions that convert smaller molecules into larger ones.

1. Catabolic 2. Anabolic Catabolism is the process of breaking down body compounds and releasing energy. Catabolic reactions release energy. Anabolism assembles small, simple molecules to form larger, more complex structures. Anabolic reactions require energy.

Identify which compounds can be formed during metabolism from Glycerol: Select all that apply: a. acetyl CoA b. Pyruvate c. Glycerol d. Glucose e. Fat

ALL OF THEM Glycerol is converted to pyruvate. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is reversible, so any compound that can be converted to pyruvate can also be used to obtain glucose. Lactate is produced when pyruvate is broken down in anaerobic conditions.

Identify which compounds can be formed during metabolism from Glucogenic Amino Acids: Select all that apply: a. acetyl CoA b. Pyruvate c. Lactate d. Glucose e. Fat

ALL OF THEM glucogenic amino acids are converted to pyruvate. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is reversible, so any compound that can be converted to pyruvate can also be used to obtain glucose. Lactate is produced when pyruvate is broken down in anaerobic conditions.

(ATP or Glycogen) is the high-energy compound that provides the energy that powers all the activities of living cells.

ATP: The energy released when the bonds of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken is not in a form that the body can use to perform its energy-requiring functions. Instead, the energy released is used to make ATP from ADP plus phosphate.

Gluconeogenesis is the process of making glucose from (Acetaldehyde or Amino Acids) and(Amino acids or Glycerol) when glycogen stores become depleted during a fast.

Amino Acids and Glycerol: Both amino acids (after deamination) and glycerol can be made into glucose. Fatty acids cannot be made into glucose because the reaction between acetyl CoA and pyruvate is irreversible. Acetaldehyde is a metabolite from alcohol breakdown and also cannot be made into glucose.

The final pathway in energy metabolism, where ATP is made. a. TCA Cycle b. Glycolysis c. Electron Transport Chain

C: Electron transport Chain: The electron transport chain is the final pathway in energy metabolism. It transports electrons from the hydrogen atoms released in the TCA cycle to oxygen and captures the energy released in this process to make ATP from ADP plus phosphate.

Which statement is NOT true about energy metabolism? a. Carbohydrates, protein, and fat can be broken down into acetyl CoA. b. Acetyl CoA can enter the TCA cycle or make fat. c. Fatty acids can be used to make glucose.

C: Fatty acids can be used to make glucose.

Which of the following metabolic processes occurs during the first 2 to 3 hours of fasting? a. Amino acids are taken from muscle tissue. b. Glucose is released from the adipose tissue. c. Glucose is released from the liver, and fatty acids are released from the adipose tissue.

C: Glucose is released from the liver, and fatty acids are released from the adipose tissue. the body draws on its glycogen and fat stores for energy. Glucose from the liver's stored glycogen and fatty acids from the adipose tissues stored fat travel to the cells.

Which of the following is true of fatty liver? a. It rarely progresses, even if drinking continues. b. It is characterized by the formation of scar tissue. c. In the early stages, it is reversible with abstinence from alcohol. d. Even with abstinence, it is likely to progress to cirrhosis.

C: In the early stages, it is reversible with abstinence from alcohol.

Which compound plays a pivotal role in both the first and last steps of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle? a. Oxalate b. Pyruvate c. Oxaloacetate d. Acetyl CoA

C: Oxaloacetate The TCA cycle is a circular path because a four-carbon compound known as oxaloacetate is needed in the first step, and it is synthesized in the last step.

The electron transport chain consists of a series of _____ that serve as electron carriers. a. Carbon compounds b. Fat molecules c. Proteins d. Hydrogen ions

C: Proteins The electron transport chain consists of a series of proteins that serve as electron carriers.

Janelle always feels more "tipsy" than her same-size boyfriend after drinking the same amount of alcohol. Which organ produces more alcohol dehydrogenase in men, explaining Janelle's observation? a. The brain b. The liver c. The stomach

C: The Stomach The stomach begins to break down alcohol with its alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme. Women produce less of this stomach enzyme than men; consequently, more alcohol reaches the intestine for absorption into the bloodstream.

Which pathway accurately describes what happens if excessive amounts of protein are consumed? a. They are made into protein and stored in the muscle. b. They are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle. c. They are deaminated and made into either ATP or fat. d. They are excreted in the urine.

C: They are deaminated and made into either ATP or fat. Excess protein intake beyond the body's daily needs cannot be stored. The excess amino acids are deaminated, and the remaining carbon skeletons are either used to produce ATP or to make fat when energy needs are already met.

Which statement is true of anaerobic reactions? a. They occur slowly. b. They require oxygen. c. They do not require oxygen. d. They occur when a person is sedentary

C: They do not require oxygen Anaerobic reactions do not require oxygen.

Many enzymes cannot function without the assistance of a (Vitamin or Coenzyme).

Coenzyme: A coenzyme is a complex organic molecule that works with an enzyme to facilitate the enzyme's activity.

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which of the following can lead to an enlargement of fat cells? a. Ketone bodies b. Fat only c. Carbohydrate only d. Fat, carbohydrate, and protein

D: Fat, Carbohydrates, and Protein When a person overeats, fat cells enlarge regardless of whether the excess in kcalories derives from protein, carbohydrates, or fat.

What is the order of the four steps that may be used to convert a macronutrient into energy? a.Sugar, glucose, glycolysis, pyruvate b.Sugar, glucose, pyruvate, ATP c.Glycolysis, TCA cycle, intermediate step, energy d.Glycolysis, intermediate step, TCA cycle, electron transport chain

D: Glycolysis, intermediate step, TCA cycle, electron transport chain

What is the alternative fuel source produced during a prolonged fast? a. Coenzyme b. Glycerol c. Pyruvate d. Ketone bodies

D: Ketone Bodies As a fast continues, the body finds a way to use its fat for the brain. It adapts by combining acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids to produce an alternative energy source, ketone bodies.

In which part of the cell is lipid synthesized? a. Chromosome b. Mitochondria c. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum d. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

D: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Alcohol impairs the liver's ability to metabolize fat. True or False?

TRUE

Fatty liver can be caused due to the fact that the liver cells metabolize alcohol first and let the fatty acids accumulate. True or False?

TRUE

Alcohol affects every organ of the body, but is especially damaging to the liver. True or False?

TRUE: Alcohol affects every organ of the body, but most dramatic evidence of its disruptive behavior appears in the liver.

Fat cells enlarge if excess carbohydrate, protein, or fat is consumed. True or False?

TRUE: Fat ells enlarge regardless of whether the excess in kcalories derives from protein, carbohydrate, or fat.

When carbohydrates are unavailable, proteins can be converted into glucose. True or False?

TRUE: Protein, unlike fat, is a relatively good source of glucose when carbohydrate is not available.

For complete oxidation, acetyl CoA enters the (TCA cycle or glycolysis).

The TCA Cycle: Acetyl CoA cannot enter the TCA cycle unless oxygen is present. Pyruvate can be converted to acetyl CoA if oxygen is present. This reaction is irreversible.