Nutrition Chapters 7 & 8

What shows the highest vitamin D activity?

1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D

The person most at risk for vitamin D deficiency is a

62-year-old woman who lives in a cold climate and rarely goes outdoors.

An alcoholic is most likely to be deficient in which vitamin?

Alcohol inhibits the absorption of thiamin.

Name the provitamin form of vitamin A.

Beta-carotene is the provitamin form of vitamin A found in plant pigments. The body converts it to vitamin A, making it a primary source of the vitamin.

A food or food ingredient that may provide a health benefit beyond its basic nutritional value is called a(n)

Functional foods include any food or food ingredient that may provide a health benefit beyond its basic nutritional value. Such foods are also called nutraceuticals or designer foods.

What is the definition of a vitamin?

It must be a vital, organic substance that is only necessary in extremely small amounts; It cannot be manufactured by the body in sufficient quantities to sustain life, so it must be supplied by diet

What tissue contains the majority of the body's store of vitamin A? a. Liver b. Adipose c. Retinal cells d. Intestinal mucosal cells

Liver

Liver is a rich source of which nutrients?

Liver is a rich source of preformed, natural vitamin A. Other sources include fish liver oils, egg yolk, butter, and cream.

List foods commonly fortified with vitamin D.

Milk; margarine

The effects of vitamin A deficiency are most severe in what population group? a. Adults b. Elderly c. Newborns d. Adolescents

Newborns

Define trace mineral.

No less importance important than major minerals; however, smaller amounts of them are in the body. They have a recommended daily allowance less than 100mg per day

Which of the following is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues? a. Albumin b. Rhodopsin c. Retinol-binding protein d. Transcarotenoid protein

Retinol-binding protein

List food sources of selenium?

Seafood, kidneys, and liver; depends on soil content

Which organs are involved in the synthesis of the active hormonal form of vitamin D?

Skin, liver, and Kidneys

What is a mineral?

The body requires them to perform numerous metabolic tasks

An athlete who increases his or her intake of pasta will also increase his or her need for which vitamin?

Thiamin acts a coenzyme factor related to the production of energy from glucose and the storage of energy as fat, making energy available to support normal growth.

Which amino acid can be converted to niacin in the body?

Tryptophan

List the functions of vitamin A

Vision; Tissue Strength and Immunity; Growth; help form the visual pigment rhodopsin in the eye.

4. Spinach, carrots, and sweet potatoes are good sources of

Vitamin A

Keratinization is the result of

Vitamin A deficiency

Which B vitamin most closely associated with protein metabolism?

Vitamin B6 also known as, pyridoxine

Which vitamin behaves more like a hormone?

Vitamin D is a prohormone made in the skin by sunlight.

Sunflower oil is a rich source of which vitamin?

Vitamin E

How does Vitamin E protect membranes?

antioxidant

What are phytochemicals?

antioxidants and hormones.

List good food sources of niacin

beef Meat is a major source of niacin. The greatest intake of niacin in the United States comes from mixed dishes high in meat, poultry, or fish.

As far as is known, vitamin A does not play an important role in which of the following processes? a. Blood clotting b. Growth of bones and teeth c. Synthesis of visual pigment d. Maintaining mucous membranes

blood clotting

The best food source of folic acid is

broccoli

What is the effect of a toxic level of Vitamin D?

calcification of soft tissue, fragile bones, kidney stones

The active hormonal form of vitamin D is

calcitriol

Oxalates (oxalic acid) and phytates (phytic acid) decrease the absorption of which nutrients?

calcium

Vitamin D regulates the absorption and metabolism of which minerals?

calcium and phosphorus

What population group is most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity? a. Children b. Adolescents c. Adults d. Elderly

children

The animal version of vitamin D is known as

cholecalciferol

List foods that are high in vitamin C

citrus fruit, red bell pepper, kiwis, bacon, lettuce, and tomatoes, and strawberries.

Which B vitamin is mainly associated with foods of animal origin?

cobalamin

A 62-year-old woman who smokes one pack of cigarettes a day and whose food intake records reveal a minimal intake of vitamin C foods may be at risk for which disease

easy bruising and pinpoint hemorrhages also known as petechia

What factors increase the risk for vitamin D deficiency?

elderly adults living in nursing homes; dark-skinned children with limited outdoor activity; individuals with diseases of fat-malabsorption.

The plant version of vitamin d is known as

ergocalciferol

15. Recommended intakes for vitamin D are difficult to establish because

exposure to sunlight varies

List foods that are rich in phytochemicals

fruits and vegetables.

List foods that are high in potassium

fruits, veggies, whole grains, fresh meats; oranges, bananas, broccoli, leafy green veggies, milk products

What is the main food source of iodine?

ionized table salt; seafood comes in 2nd

Copper has a metabolic association with which mineral?

iron

Which mineral is involved in the production of antibodies, vitamin A conversion and hemoglobin synthesis?

iron

What is the last organ involved in the production of the physiologically active form of vitamin D?

kidneys

39. A folic acid deficiency induces a form of anemia called _____ anemia.

megoblastic

What is the most important food source of riboflavin?

milk

Which body systems are affected by a thiamin deficiency

nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal

A young woman who is interested in becoming pregnant should be counseled on eating folate rich foods to prevent which condition?

neural tube defects.

The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency is

night blindness

What is a sign of a deficiency of vitamin A?

night blindness; Xerosis;- itching; burning; red inflamed eyelids; or; Xerophthalmia; Blindness in severe deficiency.

23. The hormones that participate in calcium metabolism are

parathyroid & calcitriol

What disease is associated with niacin deficiency?

pellagra.

What mineral regulates energy metabolism and acid-base balance?

phosphorus

Intake of which food increases the requirement for vitamin E?

polyunsaturated fatty acids

What factors contribute to the risk for developing osteoporosis?

postmenopausal, inadequate calcium intake, poor intestinal calcium absorption related to deviations in the amounts of hormones that control calcium absorption and metabolism, a lack of physical activity

The need for pyridoxine varies with the dietary intake of

protein The need for pyridoxine varies with the dietary intake of protein. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) has an essential role in protein metabolism and function in many cell reactions involving amino acids

Major minerals

recommended daily allowance greater then 100mg per day

What is the name of the Vitamin A compound that is active in visual response?

retinal

22. In the past, vitamin A content was listed in International Units (IU); it is now listed in

retinol equivalents.

What functions are shared by all B-complex vitamins?

riboflavin

Which vitamin that is destroyed by light ?

riboflavin

What is a vitamin D deficiency in growing children is called?

rickets

What is the term used to describe a Vitamin C deficiency ?

scurvy

There is a metabolic partnership between vitamin E and which nutrient?

selenium.

Processed foods contain large amounts of which mineral?

sodium

List good food sources of vitamin K.

spinach

Chromium is a component of which factor that facilitates the action of insulin

the organic complex glucose tolerance factor

Which fat-soluble vitamin responsible for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors by the liver?

vitamin K