nutrition exam # 2
review picture of nitrogen balances on page
217!! very important
Look over chart on page 199 of essential and nonessential amino acids. Don't need to memorize just be familiar with names
OKAY you got it?!
What is an example of negative nitrogen balance?
Occurs when muscle or other protein tissue is broken down and lost. EX: illness or injury
Each type of protein has a distinctive sequence of _____ acids and so has great specificity.
amino
building ______ helps destroy invaders.
antibodies
A meat eating diet and vegetarian diet can both be ____, if planned out right.
healthy
What are health benefits of being vegetarian?
less obesity, less heart disease, lower blood pressure, less risk of cancer, many other benefits
_____ can release amino acids for energy.
muscles
PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS do no improve _______ and are not effective for _____ _____.
performance weight loss
No storage form of _____ exists in the body.
protein
Normal red blood cells are disc shaped. In sickle-cell diseases, one amino acid in the protein strands of hemoglobin take the place of another, causing the red blood cell to change ____ and lose ______.
shape/function
For each protein there exists a standard amino acid sequence, and that sequence is specified by heredity. Often, if a wrong amino acid is inserted, the result can be disastrous to health. Ex: ???
sickle cell disease: hemoglobin is abnormal
The protein intake recommendation depends on ___ and stage of _____
size and stage of growth
Other than being crushed and torn by chewing and moistened with saliva in the mouth, nothing happens to protein until it reaches the ______.
stomach
Heat denatures protein making it ____. ex: fried egg
firm
Fluid and electrolyte balance: the distribution of ____ and _______ particles among body compartments
fluid/dissolved particles
___ and _____ are a good source of potassium
fruits and vegetables
Vitamin A plays major roles in ____ regulation, _____, ____, cell ________, _____, and ______
gene regulation, eyesight, reproduction, cell differentiation, immunity, and growth
Nutrients can greatly affect _____ expression.
genetic
Amino acids can be used as fuel or converted to _____ or _____
glucose or fat
_____ ____ diets often relieve symptoms of celiac disease of gluten allergy, but no evidence supports claims that they cure other ills.
gluten free
The body needs dietary amino acids to ____ new cells and to _____ worn- out ones.
grow/replace
The DRI recommended intake for adults is ___grams of protein per kilogram of body weight.
.8 gram
A strand of amino acid that makes up a protein may contain ___ different kinds of amino acids.
20
Food sources of vitamin D include few _____ rich sources and many _____ foods.
naturally fortified
common misconceptions include: "take enzyme A to help digest your food" The writer of these fails to realize that enzymes (proteins) are digested before they are absorbed, just as all proteins are.
DUH!
______ is swelling of the body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from the blood vessels, seen in protein deficiency (among other conditions)
Edema
_____ supplements are not needed if you eat the correct proteins in your daily diet.
Proteins
Does 3 ounces of salmon, a nuturally rich source of vitamin D, provides most of an adult's daily need for vitamin D?
YES
Blood PH is one of the most rigidly controlled conditions in the body. If blood PH changes too much, ____ or the opposite basic condition, ______ can cause coma or death.
acidosis/alkalosis
______ of protein varies from food to food, and cooking can improve or impair it.
digestibility
Denaturation begins the process of ______ food protein and can also ____ body proteins
digesting destroy
The DRI wants you to get proteins from ___ and ____
plants and animals
A _____ is a string of 10 or more amino acids.
polypeptide
Vitamin ______ in foods are transformed into active vitamins by the body.
precursors
Measuring beta-carotene through ____ activity equivalents (RAE)
retinol
A vitamin D deficiency causes ____ in children, ____ bone density in adolescents, or ______ in later life.
rickets, low bone density, osteomaalcia
Absorption occurs in the ___ _____, and proteins are further broken down.
small intestine
The cells of the _____ _______ complete digestion, absorb amino acids and some larger peptides, and release them into the bloodstream for use by the body's cells.
small intestine
amino acids are absorbed by the ____ _____then they separate into tripeptides, dipeptides, then are released into the bloodstream where they are carried to the _____
small intestine liver
Digestion of protein involves denaturation by ______ acid and enzymatic digestion in the stomach and _____ intestine to amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides.
stomach small intestine
Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) are ____ in the body so you do not have to eat them everyday.
stored
Vitamin D: the body can synthesize all it needs through _____.
sunlight
When exposed to ______, the skin makes vitamin D from a cholesterol-like compound.
sunlight
Vegetarians are categorized by what?
the foods they choose to eat
Excesses of vitamins A and D from supplements and highly fortified foods are especially likely to reach ____ levels.
toxic
Vitamin D is the most potentially _____ vitamin.
toxic
The DRI committee sets recommended intake levels and a tolerable ______ intake level for vitamin D.
upper
In affluent countries , where heart disease and cancer claim many lives, people who eat well-planned ____ diets have lower risks of chronic diseases, and lower risk of dying from all causes, than people whose diet centers only on ,meat.
vegetarian
US intakes of what vitamins are low enough to be a concern for public health?
vitamin D, folate, and vitamin B12
Amino acid supplements: body is designed to work with ____ proteins and there is ____ safe level of amino acid supplementation.
whole no safe level
Beta-Carotene is harmless____ of the skin.
yellowing
begin chapter 7) review study questions for chapter 6 on page 225
you can do it!!! (:
___ balance =healthy nitrogen balance
zero
There are ___ essential amino acids. Our body does not make these and they must be contained through food. Without these essential amino acids out body wouldnt be able to make the proteins it needs to do its work.
9
What is an example of positive nitrogen balance?
A growing child or a woman who is pregnant. This is when somthing new is being formed
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E,K
Too little vitamin D is a danger to _____
bones
Most US protein intakes fall within the DRI recommended protein intake range of ___ to ____ percent of calories.
10-35%
Proteins are in our dairy products, grains, but, and seeds, legumes, and soy products. __ to ____% of calories should come from proteins. ___ are very beneficial
10-35% legumes
There are __ nonessential amino acids which can be made in the body.
11
A meat eaters diet can be important because we need vitamin ____, for growth and overall health.
B12
Vegans have to be more careful when planing their diet because they miss out on ___ found only in animal products.
B12
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
C and B
Protein provide structure and movement;serve as enzymes,, hormones, and antibodies;provide molecular transport;help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance;buffer the blood;contribute to blood clotting; and help regulate gene expression.
KNOW THIS!
Vitamin A's active forms are supplied by foods of _____origin.
animal
Vitamin A : precursor;____ ______. There are 3 active forms in the body: 1 is ______ and the food sources come from ____ and ___
beta carotene retinol plants and animals
Fruits and vegetables provide _____-______
beta-carotene
Many brightly colored plant foods are rich in ____- ______
beta-carotene
The vitamin A precursor in plants, ___-______, is an effective antioxidant in the body.
beta-carotene
Vitamin A deficiency causes _____, _____, and ______ and is a major problem worldwide.
blindness, sickness, and death
Vitamin D helps regulate _____ _____ and influences other body tissues.
blood calcium
factors concerning both the ___ and ____ sources modify an individual's protein need.
body and food sources
when amino acids are in oversupply your body _____ store them. It has no choice but to remove and excrete their amine groups and then use the residues in one of three ways: to meet immediate energy needs, to make glucose for storage as glycogen, or to make fat for energy storage
cannot
Three different energy sources include ____, _____, _____
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Amino acids are made up of ____ and _____ group.
carbon and acid group
Often, ____ specialize in synthesizing particular types of proteins in addition to the proteins necessary to all cells.
cells
Each amino acid has a distinctive chemical side _____, attached to the center carbon of the backbone. This side chain gives identity and its chemical nature to each amino acid.
chain (differentiates one amino acid from another)
Ultraviolet light from the sunshine acts on a _______compound in the skin to make vitamin D.
cholestrol
Strands of amino acids do not remain straight, they are either ____ or ____.
coils or folds
Protein shapes ____ performance of different tasks.
enable
Amino acids will be metabolized to protein only if sufficient ____ is present from other sources.
energy
Several strands can come together to create an _____
enzyme
vitamins are______, _______ ______ that are needed in tiny amounts in the diet and help to drive cellular processes.
essential, noncaloric nutrients
Proteins can be denatured by what??
heat, acids, bases, alcohol, or the salts of heavy metals.
In a ______, the amino acid sequence causes each strand to coil and loop, forming the globular protein structure.
hemoglobin
_____ is the globular protein of red blood cells, whose iron anatomy carry oxygen around the body via the bloodstream
hemoglobin
_____ transports oxygen in the blood and _______ transport lipids in the watery blood.
hemoglobin lipoproteins
____ quality proteins provide enough of all essential amino acids needed by the body to create its own working proteins, whereas ___ quality proteins d not.
high/low
A daily regimen of supplements and vitamin D enriched foods ________the risk of vitamin D toxicity.
increases
Vegetarians need to make sure they get enough ____, because plant sources are not absorbed as well.
iron
___ is the most common nutrient deficiency around the world.
iron
people who consume too little protein can face ______.
malnutrition
Protein recommendations are based on ___ balance.
nitrogen
Protein recommendations are based on _____ balance studies, which compare nitrogen excreted from the body with nitrogen ingested in food.
nitrogen
When energy is lacking, the ______ part is removed from each amino acid, and the resulting fragment is oxidized for energy.
nitrogen
Proteins are unique among the energy nutrients in that they possess ___ containing ___ groups and are composed of 20 different amino acid units.
nitrogen amine groups
Proteins contain _____ and ____ acids as their building blocks.
nitrogen and amino amino
____tolerable upper intake level exists for protein, but health risks may follow the overconsumption of protein rich foods.
no
Low and borderline vitamin D levels are ____ uncommon in the US.
not
What is the best and safest source of vitamin D?
nutrient-dense foods and beverages NOT SUNLIGHT
Amino acids are linked together by _____ bonds.
peptide
Amino acids can be used to build ____, converted to other amino acids or small ____ containing compounds. Stripped of their nitrogen, amino acids can be: ____ as fuel, and converted to ____ or _____
protein nitrogen containing compounds burned as fuel glucose or fat
Amino acids can be metabolized to what??
protein, nitrogen plus energy, glucose, or fat.
Amino acids link into long strands that make a wide variety of different ____.
proteins
The structure of _____ enables them to perform may vital functions. These are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and arranged as strands of amino acids. Some amino acids also contain the element sulfur
proteins
hair skin, eyesight, and the health of the whole body depend on ____ from food.
proteins
Overdoses of vitamin D _____ blood calcium and _______soft tissues.
raise, damage
The body can _____ amino acids from proteins that no longer need it.
recycle
