nutrition exam # 2

review picture of nitrogen balances on page

217!! very important

Look over chart on page 199 of essential and nonessential amino acids. Don't need to memorize just be familiar with names

OKAY you got it?!

What is an example of negative nitrogen balance?

Occurs when muscle or other protein tissue is broken down and lost. EX: illness or injury

Each type of protein has a distinctive sequence of _____ acids and so has great specificity.

amino

building ______ helps destroy invaders.

antibodies

A meat eating diet and vegetarian diet can both be ____, if planned out right.

healthy

What are health benefits of being vegetarian?

less obesity, less heart disease, lower blood pressure, less risk of cancer, many other benefits

_____ can release amino acids for energy.

muscles

PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS do no improve _______ and are not effective for _____ _____.

performance weight loss

No storage form of _____ exists in the body.

protein

Normal red blood cells are disc shaped. In sickle-cell diseases, one amino acid in the protein strands of hemoglobin take the place of another, causing the red blood cell to change ____ and lose ______.

shape/function

For each protein there exists a standard amino acid sequence, and that sequence is specified by heredity. Often, if a wrong amino acid is inserted, the result can be disastrous to health. Ex: ???

sickle cell disease: hemoglobin is abnormal

The protein intake recommendation depends on ___ and stage of _____

size and stage of growth

Other than being crushed and torn by chewing and moistened with saliva in the mouth, nothing happens to protein until it reaches the ______.

stomach

Heat denatures protein making it ____. ex: fried egg

firm

Fluid and electrolyte balance: the distribution of ____ and _______ particles among body compartments

fluid/dissolved particles

___ and _____ are a good source of potassium

fruits and vegetables

Vitamin A plays major roles in ____ regulation, _____, ____, cell ________, _____, and ______

gene regulation, eyesight, reproduction, cell differentiation, immunity, and growth

Nutrients can greatly affect _____ expression.

genetic

Amino acids can be used as fuel or converted to _____ or _____

glucose or fat

_____ ____ diets often relieve symptoms of celiac disease of gluten allergy, but no evidence supports claims that they cure other ills.

gluten free

The body needs dietary amino acids to ____ new cells and to _____ worn- out ones.

grow/replace

The DRI recommended intake for adults is ___grams of protein per kilogram of body weight.

.8 gram

A strand of amino acid that makes up a protein may contain ___ different kinds of amino acids.

20

Food sources of vitamin D include few _____ rich sources and many _____ foods.

naturally fortified

common misconceptions include: "take enzyme A to help digest your food" The writer of these fails to realize that enzymes (proteins) are digested before they are absorbed, just as all proteins are.

DUH!

______ is swelling of the body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from the blood vessels, seen in protein deficiency (among other conditions)

Edema

_____ supplements are not needed if you eat the correct proteins in your daily diet.

Proteins

Does 3 ounces of salmon, a nuturally rich source of vitamin D, provides most of an adult's daily need for vitamin D?

YES

Blood PH is one of the most rigidly controlled conditions in the body. If blood PH changes too much, ____ or the opposite basic condition, ______ can cause coma or death.

acidosis/alkalosis

______ of protein varies from food to food, and cooking can improve or impair it.

digestibility

Denaturation begins the process of ______ food protein and can also ____ body proteins

digesting destroy

The DRI wants you to get proteins from ___ and ____

plants and animals

A _____ is a string of 10 or more amino acids.

polypeptide

Vitamin ______ in foods are transformed into active vitamins by the body.

precursors

Measuring beta-carotene through ____ activity equivalents (RAE)

retinol

A vitamin D deficiency causes ____ in children, ____ bone density in adolescents, or ______ in later life.

rickets, low bone density, osteomaalcia

Absorption occurs in the ___ _____, and proteins are further broken down.

small intestine

The cells of the _____ _______ complete digestion, absorb amino acids and some larger peptides, and release them into the bloodstream for use by the body's cells.

small intestine

amino acids are absorbed by the ____ _____then they separate into tripeptides, dipeptides, then are released into the bloodstream where they are carried to the _____

small intestine liver

Digestion of protein involves denaturation by ______ acid and enzymatic digestion in the stomach and _____ intestine to amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides.

stomach small intestine

Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) are ____ in the body so you do not have to eat them everyday.

stored

Vitamin D: the body can synthesize all it needs through _____.

sunlight

When exposed to ______, the skin makes vitamin D from a cholesterol-like compound.

sunlight

Vegetarians are categorized by what?

the foods they choose to eat

Excesses of vitamins A and D from supplements and highly fortified foods are especially likely to reach ____ levels.

toxic

Vitamin D is the most potentially _____ vitamin.

toxic

The DRI committee sets recommended intake levels and a tolerable ______ intake level for vitamin D.

upper

In affluent countries , where heart disease and cancer claim many lives, people who eat well-planned ____ diets have lower risks of chronic diseases, and lower risk of dying from all causes, than people whose diet centers only on ,meat.

vegetarian

US intakes of what vitamins are low enough to be a concern for public health?

vitamin D, folate, and vitamin B12

Amino acid supplements: body is designed to work with ____ proteins and there is ____ safe level of amino acid supplementation.

whole no safe level

Beta-Carotene is harmless____ of the skin.

yellowing

begin chapter 7) review study questions for chapter 6 on page 225

you can do it!!! (:

___ balance =healthy nitrogen balance

zero

There are ___ essential amino acids. Our body does not make these and they must be contained through food. Without these essential amino acids out body wouldnt be able to make the proteins it needs to do its work.

9

What is an example of positive nitrogen balance?

A growing child or a woman who is pregnant. This is when somthing new is being formed

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A,D,E,K

Too little vitamin D is a danger to _____

bones

Most US protein intakes fall within the DRI recommended protein intake range of ___ to ____ percent of calories.

10-35%

Proteins are in our dairy products, grains, but, and seeds, legumes, and soy products. __ to ____% of calories should come from proteins. ___ are very beneficial

10-35% legumes

There are __ nonessential amino acids which can be made in the body.

11

A meat eaters diet can be important because we need vitamin ____, for growth and overall health.

B12

Vegans have to be more careful when planing their diet because they miss out on ___ found only in animal products.

B12

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

C and B

Protein provide structure and movement;serve as enzymes,, hormones, and antibodies;provide molecular transport;help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance;buffer the blood;contribute to blood clotting; and help regulate gene expression.

KNOW THIS!

Vitamin A's active forms are supplied by foods of _____origin.

animal

Vitamin A : precursor;____ ______. There are 3 active forms in the body: 1 is ______ and the food sources come from ____ and ___

beta carotene retinol plants and animals

Fruits and vegetables provide _____-______

beta-carotene

Many brightly colored plant foods are rich in ____- ______

beta-carotene

The vitamin A precursor in plants, ___-______, is an effective antioxidant in the body.

beta-carotene

Vitamin A deficiency causes _____, _____, and ______ and is a major problem worldwide.

blindness, sickness, and death

Vitamin D helps regulate _____ _____ and influences other body tissues.

blood calcium

factors concerning both the ___ and ____ sources modify an individual's protein need.

body and food sources

when amino acids are in oversupply your body _____ store them. It has no choice but to remove and excrete their amine groups and then use the residues in one of three ways: to meet immediate energy needs, to make glucose for storage as glycogen, or to make fat for energy storage

cannot

Three different energy sources include ____, _____, _____

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Amino acids are made up of ____ and _____ group.

carbon and acid group

Often, ____ specialize in synthesizing particular types of proteins in addition to the proteins necessary to all cells.

cells

Each amino acid has a distinctive chemical side _____, attached to the center carbon of the backbone. This side chain gives identity and its chemical nature to each amino acid.

chain (differentiates one amino acid from another)

Ultraviolet light from the sunshine acts on a _______compound in the skin to make vitamin D.

cholestrol

Strands of amino acids do not remain straight, they are either ____ or ____.

coils or folds

Protein shapes ____ performance of different tasks.

enable

Amino acids will be metabolized to protein only if sufficient ____ is present from other sources.

energy

Several strands can come together to create an _____

enzyme

vitamins are______, _______ ______ that are needed in tiny amounts in the diet and help to drive cellular processes.

essential, noncaloric nutrients

Proteins can be denatured by what??

heat, acids, bases, alcohol, or the salts of heavy metals.

In a ______, the amino acid sequence causes each strand to coil and loop, forming the globular protein structure.

hemoglobin

_____ is the globular protein of red blood cells, whose iron anatomy carry oxygen around the body via the bloodstream

hemoglobin

_____ transports oxygen in the blood and _______ transport lipids in the watery blood.

hemoglobin lipoproteins

____ quality proteins provide enough of all essential amino acids needed by the body to create its own working proteins, whereas ___ quality proteins d not.

high/low

A daily regimen of supplements and vitamin D enriched foods ________the risk of vitamin D toxicity.

increases

Vegetarians need to make sure they get enough ____, because plant sources are not absorbed as well.

iron

___ is the most common nutrient deficiency around the world.

iron

people who consume too little protein can face ______.

malnutrition

Protein recommendations are based on ___ balance.

nitrogen

Protein recommendations are based on _____ balance studies, which compare nitrogen excreted from the body with nitrogen ingested in food.

nitrogen

When energy is lacking, the ______ part is removed from each amino acid, and the resulting fragment is oxidized for energy.

nitrogen

Proteins are unique among the energy nutrients in that they possess ___ containing ___ groups and are composed of 20 different amino acid units.

nitrogen amine groups

Proteins contain _____ and ____ acids as their building blocks.

nitrogen and amino amino

____tolerable upper intake level exists for protein, but health risks may follow the overconsumption of protein rich foods.

no

Low and borderline vitamin D levels are ____ uncommon in the US.

not

What is the best and safest source of vitamin D?

nutrient-dense foods and beverages NOT SUNLIGHT

Amino acids are linked together by _____ bonds.

peptide

Amino acids can be used to build ____, converted to other amino acids or small ____ containing compounds. Stripped of their nitrogen, amino acids can be: ____ as fuel, and converted to ____ or _____

protein nitrogen containing compounds burned as fuel glucose or fat

Amino acids can be metabolized to what??

protein, nitrogen plus energy, glucose, or fat.

Amino acids link into long strands that make a wide variety of different ____.

proteins

The structure of _____ enables them to perform may vital functions. These are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and arranged as strands of amino acids. Some amino acids also contain the element sulfur

proteins

hair skin, eyesight, and the health of the whole body depend on ____ from food.

proteins

Overdoses of vitamin D _____ blood calcium and _______soft tissues.

raise, damage

The body can _____ amino acids from proteins that no longer need it.

recycle