NUTRITION EXAM 3
insensible water loss
occurs during breathing (respiration, exhalation) and when evaporation of water from skin is not accompanied by sweating.
poverty-obesity paradox
occurs when obesity is more prevalent in low-income populations lower income is associated with a higher risk of obesity
Most dietary recommendations for infancy are based ...
on the nutrient composition of breast milk
very low food security
one or more members has to reduce not only the quality, variety, or desirability of their food choices, but also the amount they are able to eat. People in households with very low food security are, at times, hungry because they are forced to reduce food intake.
The process by which water moves in and out of cells from an area of lower concentration of solutes to an area of higher concentration of solutes is called _____________________
osmosis
the risk of injury to bones, muscles, and joints is directly related to the size of the ________________
overload
Offspring of mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes have a higher risk of ...
overweight and diabetes later in life.
hyponatremia
owering of sodium concentration in blood and other extracellular fluids
Anemia reduces the _________________________ and thereby leads to _______________
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood tissue hypoxia.
muscle dysmorphia
pathological pursuit of increased muscularity that causes people to engage in disordered eating behaviors and excessive exercise
leading cause fo anaphylaxis
peanut and tree nut allergies
undernourishment during fetal development, infancy, and early childhood, can:
permanently reduce cognitive functioning.
An individual's fluid requirement depends on
physical activity, ambient temperature and humidity, etc.
iron deficiency is a significant risk for _____________________
physically active females
Breastfed babies need supplemental __________________
vitamin D
optimal nutrition is important even before conception in order to:
(i) develop healthy sperm and egg cells (ii) achieve healthy maternal body weight (iii) optimize maternal folate status.
Estimate body fluid deficit by measuring:
(i) loss of body weight; (ii) increase in osmotic pressure of serum or urine (iii) saliva production
_______________________ foods given at appropriate stages of development can provide additional calories and other nutrients.
Complementary (solid)
__________________ have higher thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B6 requirements
Physically active individuals
________________ can reduce risks of gestational diabetes for both mom and baby.
Proper screening well-controlled blood sugar during pregnancy healthy habits after pregnancy
body dysmorphic syndrome
a clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorder characterized by a disabling preoccupation with perceived defects in appearance.
energy density
a comparison of the calorie content of a food with the weight of the food.
Stunted growth
a condition of shorter stature than expected for chronological age, often defined as 2 or more standard deviations below the mean reference value.
For colorectal cancer, protective factors include :
a diet high in whole grains, fruits and vegetables.
It takes the liver up to _____ hour(s) to metabolize one standard alcoholic drink. a. 2.5 to 3 b. 1.5 to 2 c. 1 d. 3 to 4
b. 1.5 to 2
Water plays an important role in solubility, transport, blood volume, blood pressure, and regulation of body temperature. Electrolytes help maintain fluid balance and assist with the generation of nerve impulses. Each of these contributions is essential for life and must remain in balance. Choose the correct statement about water and electrolytes. a. Sodium influx into a nerve cell leads to an increase in negative charge and depolarization. b. After a muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve signal, a release of stored calcium ions leads to muscle contraction. c. Water has a low heat capacity. d. Water does not make a good solvent.
b. After a muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve signal, a release of stored calcium ions leads to muscle contraction.
Older adults have unique challenges in terms of their nutrient needs and physiological changes. Some changes may make it difficult to consume a healthful diet, so it is important to identify strategies to help overcome these obstacles. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about changes in older adults. Select all that apply. a. Lean body mass increases in older adults. b. In older adults with dysphagia, foods like creamy soups, applesauce, and yogurt are usually well tolerated. c. As people age, salivary production increases. d. Poor vision can make it difficult for older adults to get to a supermarket, and to prepare meals. e. With age, taste and visual perception decline.
b. In older adults with dysphagia, foods like creamy soups, applesauce, and yogurt are usually well tolerated. d. Poor vision can make it difficult for older adults to get to a supermarket, and to prepare meals. e. With age, taste and visual perception decline.
Hydrolysis (________________) of _____________ releases energy to fuel physical activity
breakdown ATP
40% to 50% of an infant's energy should come from ...
dietary fat (lipids)
No more than 20% of an infant's energy should come from ...
dietary protein.
interstitial fluid contains __________________ fluid
extravascular fluid
symptoms of bulimia nervosa
extreme overeating (binging) followed by compensating behavior (e.g. purging by vomiting, excessive exercise, and/ or misuse of laxatives, diuretics or other
pellagra
disease caused by niacin deficiency
night eating syndrome
disorder characterized by intake of the majority of the day's energy between 8 PM and 6 AM characterized by insomnia and depressed mood
syndorme
disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct health problems that tend to occur together
difference between pellagra and kwashiorkor
distribution of skin lesions is quite different in the two diseases, and edema is not present in pellagra.
__________________ are substances that cause the body to lose water via urine.
diuretics
Caffeinated drinks ___________ significantly decrease body's hydration (fluid) status in healthy adults
do not
a regular physical activity regimen ______________ eliminate the risk of diabetes and heart disease, and it __________ an elective treatment for severe depression
does not is not
pregnant women's calcium requirement (RDA) __________________
does not increase
Protein requirement (RDA) ____________________ during first trimester it __________________ during second and third trimesters.
does not increase does increase
By _________________________, parents model obesity-prevention behaviors that children are likely to mimic
eating a healthy diet and regularly engaging in physical activity
Charged ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride are called _____________________
electrolytes
Creatine phosphate can be broken down for __________________
energy and used to regenerate ATP
Iron deficiency can adversely affect ...
energy, attention span, and a child's ability to learn
For the net movement of water into and out of a cell to be zero, the concentrations of solutes (e.g. electrolytes) inside and outside the cell must be __________________
equal
Fluid (water) balance is achieved when there is an
equal concentration of water and electrolytes inside and outside the body's cells
Marasmus is characterized by ___________________________________
extreme tissue wasting, stunted growth, and delayed development
signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa
extremely restrictive eating pattern fear of gaining weight amenorrhea nutrient deficiency
T/F Eating disorders do not occur in adolescent boys.
false
risk factor for SAM:
famine
The primary fuel the body uses during a long event of low intensity
fatty acids
after 8 weeks the developing baby is called
fetus
Colostrum
first milk made by the breasts
heat exhaustion
first stage in heat related illness caused by dehydration characterized by heavy sweating and moderately elevated body temperature, that develops from dehydration in hot environment.
"infancy" refers to
first year after birth
recovery aPer an intense workout, a trained athlete should replenish nutrients lost during exercise by consuming sufficient amounts of:
fluid fluids or food that contain more carbs than protein minerals including calcium and electrolytes
_____________ is achieved when there is an equal concentration of water and electrolytes inside and outside the body's cells.
fluid balance
contrast between absolute and relative intensities
focus of absolute intensity is the activity, whereas the focus of relative intensity is the individual's level of effort during activity
Extracellular concentration of Cl is ____________ than intracellular.
higher
Fluid needs are _______________ during lactation than during pregnancy.
higher
Maternal energy needs are ______________ for breastfeeding (lactating) women than for pregnant women.
higher
The protein needs for individuals is _____________ for athletes than nonathletes
higher
Physically active individuals have __________ fluid (water) requirements because ...
higher fluid needs are higher during periods of physical activity
stunting occurs when:
intake of energy or specific nutrients is inadequate to sustain normal linear growth
Depending on the frequency, _______________________________________ the body's requirements for certain macronutrients may change as well.
intensity, time (duration) of activity, and type of activity
he liquid that is between cells is called ____________________
interstitial fluid
Na is absorbed in the
intestine
plasma contains_________________ fluid
intravascular
peanut allergy can be prevented by .....
introducing peanut containing foods into the diet early in life.
the most common nutrient deficiency in young children is ___________________
iron deficiency
Many active individuals also have higher ___________________
iron requirements
Highly absorbable heme iron is found in...
meat, poultry, and fish.
SAM increases a population's rate of
maternal mortality infant mortality
T/F Binge-eating disorder is common in men.
true
to help toddlers develop healthy eating habits:
(i) provide small portion sizes (ii) prepare and serve food in fun ways (iii) include children (even toddlers) in food shopping and preparation (iv) do not reward meal completion with dessert (v) young children should not be given the responsibility of choosing and preparing their own snacks.
two key factors contributing to the nutritional paradox in many nations:
- Decreased physical activity due, in part, to more sedentary behavior and urbanization. - Increased consumption of energy dense foods that are high in saturated fats and added sugars but low in micronutrients and fiber.
Symptoms of anemia include:
- Pale skin, weakness, dizziness, fatigue and drowsiness. - Fetal small-for-gestational-age, preterm birth and low birth weight. - Developmental delay.
Prepregnancy underweight increases the risk for:
- Pretermbirth - Small for gestational age - Low birth weight (These babies have have high risk of mortality during infancy and health problems if they survive infancy)
functions of water
- Solvent - lubricant - determinant of volumes of intra- and extracellular compartments. - body temp regulation
USDA programs to help low-income citizens acquire nourishing food
- Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children - National School Breakfast Program, National School Lunch Program, and Summer Food Service Program - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) - Commodity Supplemental Food Program
how does water regulate body temp?
- Water absorbs any excess heat. - Body perspires. - Skin is cooled as perspiration evaporates
Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) is associated positively (correlated directly) with subsequent:
- all-cause mortality. - mortality from non-cancer and non-cardiovascular disease (non-CVD) causes.
body water loss
- fluid volume in blood is decreasing. - Concentration of electrolytes outside the cells is increasing compared to that inside the cells. - Net movement of water is out of the cells. - The thirst mechanism is triggered. - Urine becomes darker in color
body water gains
- fluid volume in blood is increasing. - Concentration of electrolytes outside the cells is decreasing compared to that inside the cells. - Net movement of water is into the cells. - Urine becomes lighter in color
risk factors for food insecurity
- incomes below 185% of poverty threshold - families consisting of single mothers or single fathers and their children - African American households - Hispanic households - living in rural areas - living in the southern U.S.
functions of sodium
- increases extracellular fluid volume because extracellular concentration of Na is higher than intracellular and Na is osmotically active. - Na increases absorption of some nutrients - contributes to membrane potentials.
who do the following USDA programs help: - Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children - National School Breakfast Program, National School Lunch Program, and Summer Food Service Program - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) - Commodity Supplemental Food Program
- pregnant women and children to age 5 years. - children. - people of all ages. - adults at least 60 years of age.
Toddlers are __________ years of age
1-3
to prevent impairment of athletic performance, avoid losing more than ___________________ during exercise
2-3% of body weight
The optimal window for post-exercise recovery to replenish nutrients lost during training begins within_____________________
30 minutes after exercise
Premature babies are born before ...
38 weeks gestation.
Full Term Pregnancy lasts....
38-42 weeks
Sizes of intracellular and extracellular shares of body water depend primarily on the concentrations of
4 major minerals (macrominerals): sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorous.
Full-term infants who weigh less than ______________ at birth are small for gestational age.
5.5 lb
parts of ______________________ and _____________________ have the greatest prevalence of undernourishment
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
_________________________ should drink a beverage containing fluid, carbohydrate, and protein, such as chocolate milk, aPer a workout
Athletes participating in an intense competition lasting more than one hour
Example of assessment of nutritional status in children
BMI for age
Breast-fed newborns need supplemental _____. a) fluids b) antibodies C) vitamin D d) iron
C) vitamin D
____________________ is an example of an enzyme that uses metabolic energy to actively transport the electrolytes sodium (Na) and potassium (K), from one side of the cell's plasma membrane to the other, against their concentration gradients
Na, K- ATPase
_____________________ is a risk factor for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality in US adults.
Obesity
what determines the extent to which each macronutrient serves as fuel?
The energy system that is used
thirst mechanism
The feeling of dry mouth experienced during dehydration is part of this mechanism.
__________________ can prevent adequate weight gain.
Vertigo constipation, gastroesophageal reflux nausea emesis (vomiting)
____________________________ is the leading cause of blindness in children, decreases resistance to infection, and increases risk of mortality.
Vitamin A deficiency
overhydration
Water intake exceeds water loss and, without sufficient intake of osmolytes, dilutes body fluids and swells cells, thereby causing neurologic symptoms.
undernourishment
a person is unable to consume adequate energy to maintain weight and physiologic functioning; or the person may consume enough energy but experience deficiencies of one or more nutrients. can promote simultaneous obesity and deficiency, in a person who has an excessive intake of high- energy, nutrient-poor foods.
wasting
a physical condition of very low body-weight-for-height or extreme thinness.
famine
a severe food shortage affecting a large percentage of the population in a limited geographic area at a particular time
In 2014, it was estimated that this percent of U.S. households experienced food insecurity. a) 14% b) 16% c) 18% d) 20%
a) 14%
Weight gain recommendations during pregnancy depend on a woman's weight status before conception and how many babies she is carrying. Risks are involved when a woman gains too little or too much weight during her pregnancy. Choose the statement below that correctly describes recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman carrying one baby. Weight gain recommendations during pregnancy depend on a woman's weight status before conception and how many babies she is carrying. Risks are involved when a woman gains too little or too much weight during her pregnancy. Choose the statement below that correctly describes recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman carrying one baby. a) An overweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb. b) A normal weight woman should gain 28 to 40 lb. c) An underweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb. d) An obese woman should gain 25 to 35 lb.
a) An overweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb.
Breastfeeding can be a rewarding experience for both mother and baby. However, inadequate nutrition and hydration can interfere with lactation or lead to health problems for the mother. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about nutrient recommendations for breastfeeding women Select all that apply. a) Compared to prepregnancy needs, breastfeeding women require an additional 15 to 20 g of protein per day. b) Energy needs are lower for breastfeeding women than for pregnant women. c) Fluid needs are higher during lactation than during pregnancy. d) Requirements for iron are greater during lactation than during pregnancy. e) Recommendations for calcium intake are the same for lactation as for pregnancy.
a) Compared to prepregnancy needs, breastfeeding women require an additional 15 to 20 g of protein per day. c) Fluid needs are higher during lactation than during pregnancy. e) Recommendations for calcium intake are the same for lactation as for pregnancy.
A balanced diet throughout pregnancy is necessary to support both the developing fetus and the health of the mother. Choose the statement below that correctly describes the relationship between a pregnant woman's nutrient requirements and fetal development. a) Good nutrition is important throughout pregnancy to both ensure proper fetal development and prevent nutrient depletion in the mother. b) The fetus is at greatest risk for birth defects from nutrient deficiencies in the third trimester of pregnancy. c) Because the fetus undergoes dramatic growth in the third month of gestation, the pregnant woman's energy needs are highest at this time. d) Beginning in the second trimester, when fetal bone mineralization occurs, the pregnant woman's calcium requirements increase above prepregnancy levels. Submit
a) Good nutrition is important throughout pregnancy to both ensure proper fetal development and prevent nutrient depletion in the mother.
To improve fitness, a person needs to reach an _________________________
appropriate overload
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs in previously nondiabetic women during pregnancy. When this occurs, a pregnant woman is unable to produce sufficient insulin or becomes insulin resistant, leading to elevated levels of blood glucose. Choose all the correct statements about gestational diabetes. a) Women with gestational diabetes are at significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after delivery. b) Gestational diabetes is rare, affecting less than 1%% of all pregnancies in the United States. c) Offspring of mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may have a higher risk of overweight and diabetes later in life. d) Treatment for gestational diabetes focuses on diet and/or medication with little emphasis on physical activity since exercise can be dangerous during pregnancy. e) Babies born to mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may be too large and, thus, may experience trauma during vaginal
a) Women with gestational diabetes are at significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after delivery. c) Offspring of mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may have a higher risk of overweight and diabetes later in life. e) Babies born to mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may be too large and, thus, may experience trauma during vaginal
The female athlete triad consists of three conditions, including low energy availability/level, low bone density, and __________. a) amenorrhea (menstrual disruption) b) sleep disruption c) rapid fluctuations in weight d) bulimia
a) amenorrhea (menstrual disruption)
Disordered eating is __________. a) any of a variety of unusual eating behaviors that people use to control their body weight b) a psychiatric condition that involves extreme body dissatisfaction and long-term eating patterns that negatively affect body functioning and can even threaten the person's life c) synonymous with eating behaviors d) a problem limited to film stars and other celebrities
a) any of a variety of unusual eating behaviors that people use to control their body weight
Devin frequently comes home from campus, eats dinner, then over the course of the evening's studying consumes whatever ready-to-eat food—cookies, ice cream, chips, breakfast cereal, etc.—is in the house. When the food runs out, she stops, brushes her teeth, and goes to bed disgusted with herself. Since the beginning of her first year in college, she has gained 45 pounds and charged hundreds of dollars on her credit card for sweets and snack foods. Devin would MOST likely be diagnosed with __________. a) binge-eating disorder b) disordered eating c) anorexia nervosa d) bulimia nervosa
a) binge-eating disorder
Optimal nutrition is important even before conception in order to __________. a) develop healthy sperm and egg cells b) lose weight to attract a mate c) reduce overconsumption of folic acid d) gain weight in preparation for pregnancy
a) develop healthy sperm and egg cells
Which of the following families is LEAST likely to suffer from food insecurity in the United States? a) two-parent family with two school-age children in a city in the northeastern U.S. b) elderly couple with fixed income at 150% of the U.S. poverty threshold c) single African American mother of a high-school student d) single Hispanic father of two preschoolers
a) two-parent family with two school-age children in a city in the northeastern U.S.
Which of the following statements about pediatric obesity is TRUE? a. About 17% of U.S. children and adolescents age 2 to 19 years are classified as obese. b. Because early intervention is not typically effective against pediatric obesity, pediatricians recommend delaying intervention until early to mid-adolescence. c. About 45% of obese children maintain their higher weight as adults. d. The prevalence of class 1, 2, and 3 obesity has declined modestly over the past decade.
a. About 17% of U.S. children and adolescents age 2 to 19 years are classified as obese.
Which of the following statements about the effects of drinking alcohol is true? a. Alcohol depresses the central nervous system. b. Alcohol improves physical coordination. c. Alcohol is stored in the watery tissues of the body. d. Alcohol enhances deep, restful sleep.
a. Alcohol depresses the central nervous system.
A child's family and school environments can heavily influence behaviors related to eating and physical activity. Many different approaches can be taken to ensure these influences are positive. Choose all the statements below that describe effective strategies to prevent childhood obesity. Select all that apply. a. Children attending schools that offer garden-based learning may be more likely to increase their intake of fruits and vegetables. b. Engaging children in food shopping and meal preparation is not recommended because these activities place too much emphasis on eating and food and may lead to overeating. c. Parents should only encourage their children to engage in vigorous and competitive sports (e.g., hockey, basketball, or gymnastics) since these require the children to expend more energy than less intense, noncompetitive activities (e.g., hiking, walking, and yoga). d. By eating a healthy diet and regularly engaging in physical activity, parents model obesity-prevention behaviors that children are likely to mimic. e. To increase self-efficacy, young children should be given the responsibility of choosing and preparing their own snacks.
a. Children attending schools that offer garden-based learning may be more likely to increase their intake of fruits and vegetables. d. By eating a healthy diet and regularly engaging in physical activity, parents model obesity-prevention behaviors that children are likely to mimic.
Being overweight and underweight are both concerning for older adults. Each is associated with unique health risks and may affect an older adult's quality of life. Choose the correct statement below about overweight and underweight in older adults. a. For older adults, being underweight may actually be more risky than being overweight. b. In the United States, about 20%% of older adults are classified as obese. c. Older adults with dementia tend to gain weight. d. Thanks to advances in dental care, it is uncommon for older adults to lose weight due to problems with their teeth.
a. For older adults, being underweight may actually be more risky than being overweight.
treat morning sickness by
avoiding poorly tolerated foods and oral supplements.
Water contained in the food or drink you consume is absorbed from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. There are many routes by which water can then leave the body, resulting in water loss. Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding water loss. a. The greatest amount of water loss occurs via production of urine by the kidneys. b. There is no water loss from stool excretion since all the water in stool gets absorbed by the large intestine. c. Water loss through breathing (respiration) is a type of insensible water loss. d. Water loss through sweating is considered insensible water loss.
a. The greatest amount of water loss occurs via production of urine by the kidneys. c. Water loss through breathing (respiration) is a type of insensible water loss.
The type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages is _____. a. ethanol b. isopropyl c. methyl d. denatured
a. ethanol
allergies
abnormal immune response to a protein
Energy requirement (EER, kcal/day) increases by ____________ in second trimester and _______ in third trimester
about 340 450
Signs of protein deficiency are present/absent because the body continues to synthesize proteins.
absent
Compared to pre pregnancy needs, breastfeeding women require _____________ protein intake
additional
to fuel physical activity, cells may use the ...
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate that are stored intracellularly anaerobic (glycolysis) or aerobic [tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle] metabolism to supply ATP
characteristics of a healthful diet
adequate moderate balanced nutrient-dense varied
Factors that increase risk of dehydration are
age, intense physical activity, diarrhea, vomiting or abuse of diuretics.
overload
amount of new activity added to a person's usual level of activity; i.e. overload is extra physical demand on the body
night eating syndrome combines:
an eating disorder, a sleep disorder, and a mood disorder
When the body's energy intake is very low, the body responds by using:
an increased proportion of the amino acids obtained from food proteins for gluconeogenesis and energy production increasing catabolism of the body's proteins, breaking them down to amino acids, many of which can be used for gluconeogenesis and energy production.
good sources of dietary niacin include...
animal products, whole grains, and products made with enriched flour that is fortified with niacin.
Cl is an ___________ that is absorbed in the __________________ and is ______________ bioavailable
anion small intestine and colon highly
Three clinically diagnosed eating disorders are:
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder
Assessment of the nutritional status of a person may include:
anthropometric measurements such as height (stature) and body weight.
colostrum contains
antibodies and factors that promote growth of healthy microbiome (e.g. good bacteria) in gastrointestinal tract
When physical activity increases, energy requirements increase also. Depending on the type, intensity, and duration of physical activity, the body's requirements for certain macronutrients may change as well. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about the effects of increased physical activity or athletic training. Select all that apply. a) The recommendation to limit saturated fat intake to less than 10%% of total energy intake does not apply to athletes or those who regularly engage in vigorous physical activity. b) Athletes who are following energy-restricted diets are at risk for consuming insufficient protein. c) How much additional energy an athlete needs depends on the specific activity the athlete engages in and the frequency of the activity. d) Those participating in vigorous exercise should restrict their fat intake to less than 15%% of total energy intake. e) An athlete who weighs 70 kg (154 lb) should consume 420 to 700 g of carbohydrate per day.
b) Athletes who are following energy-restricted diets are at risk for consuming insufficient protein. c) How much additional energy an athlete needs depends on the specific activity the athlete engages in and the frequency of the activity. e) An athlete who weighs 70 kg (154 lb) should consume 420 to 700 g of carbohydrate per day.
Introducing solid food to an infant is an important process, but should not be done before an infant is ready. There are also a variety of recommendations in place to help reduce the risk of food allergies and keep children safe from choking, digestive problems, bacterial infections, and nutritional deficiencies. Read each of the examples below, and choose those that describe an acceptable and/or recommended infant feeding method. Select all that apply. a) Brian was small for his age, so his parents began adding rice cereal to his bottle for extra calories when he was 2 months old. b) Nine-month-old Jackie loves apple juice, but her parents limit her intake to 4 oz of unsweetened juice per day. c) When Ethan was 8 months old, his parents added honey to his cereal to make it more palatable. d) After testing each food individually for any allergic reactions, 10-month-old Eric's parents have been pureeing a small portion of their dinner each night to give to Eric. e) At 7 months old Jenny loved to eat, so her parents gave her a new food each day to make sure her diet contained a wide variety of foods.
b) Nine-month-old Jackie loves apple juice, but her parents limit her intake to 4 oz of unsweetened juice per day. d) After testing each food individually for any allergic reactions, 10-month-old Eric's parents have been pureeing a small portion of their dinner each night to give to Eric.
Which of the following is NOT a strategy to help toddlers develop healthy eating habits? a) Provide small portion sizes. b) Reward meal completion with dessert. c) Prepare and serve foods in fun ways. d) Include toddlers in food shopping and preparation.
b) Reward meal completion with dessert.
To improve fitness, a person needs to reach an appropriate "overload," or extra physical demand on the body. A good way to achieve this is to utilize the FITT principle when designing an exercise program. Choose the statement below that correctly describes the FITT principle. a) Frequency refers to the number of times an activity is included in a workout. b) Type of activity refers to the range of activities (such as running for cardiorespiratory fitness and yoga for flexibility) a person can participate in to promote health and fitness. c) The "I" in FITT stands for "interval" training or alternating high-intensity periods with rest or low-intensity periods during the workout. d) Time of activity refers to the time of day in which the activity session occurs, like morning versus evening.
b) Type of activity refers to the range of activities (such as running for cardiorespiratory fitness and yoga for flexibility) a person can participate in to promote health and fitness.
For recovery after an intense workout, a trained athlete should __________. a) drink Gatorade to replenish the electrolytes and fluid lost during the workout b) consume fluids or foods that contain more carbohydrate than protein, fluid, and minerals including calcium and electrolytes to replenish nutrients lost during exercise c) eat a meal in the form of a liquid rather than a solid, as liquids are absorbed faster than a solid meal d) eat a meal that contains twice as much protein as carbohydrate to recover muscle tissue broken down during training
b) consume fluids or foods that contain more carbohydrate than protein, fluid, and minerals including calcium and electrolytes to replenish nutrients lost during exercise
Regular physical activity not only helps improve overall health and fitness, but it can also reduce the risk of developing certain chronic health conditions and can help manage existing health conditions. Complete the sentence about health benefits of regular physical activity. A regular physical activity regimen ___________. Select all that apply. a) is an effective treatment for severe depression b) decreases the risk of obesity c) can improve sleep patterns and improve immune function d) eliminates the risk of heart disease and diabetes
b) decreases the risk of obesity c) can improve sleep patterns and improve immune function
All of the following describe characteristics of the female athlete triad EXCEPT __________. a) menstrual dysfunction b) diabetes mellitus c) osteoporosis d) disordered eating
b) diabetes mellitus
To fuel physical activity, cells may use ATP and creatine phosphate stored in muscle, or they may rely on glycolysis or the TCA cycle to supply ATP. Which energy system is used, in turn, determines the extent to which each macronutrient (glucose, fatty acids, and/or amino acids) serves as fuel. Fill in the blank about the metabolic processes cells use to fuel physical activity. The primary fuel the body uses during a long event of low intensity (like a 4-hour walk) is ___________. a) glucose b) fatty acids c) stored adenosine triphosphate d) amino acids e) creatine phosphate
b) fatty acids
What is the term for a situation in which people have unreliable access to sufficient nourishing food? a) food anxiety b) food insecurity c) food shortage d) food poverty
b) food insecurity
Which of the following sports is frequently associated with its female athletes being at risk for developing the female athlete triad? a) soccer b) gymnastics c) field hockey d) basketball
b) gymnastics
A pregnancy is most vulnerable to maternal alcohol intake during __________. a) breastfeeding b) the first trimester c) the second trimester d) the third trimester
b) the first trimester
The optimal window for post-exercise recovery to replenish nutrients lost during training begins __________. a) anytime before your next workout b) within 30 minutes after exercise c) within four hours after training ends d) whenever you are hungry
b) within 30 minutes after exercise
Preschool and school-age children continue to grow and explore new interests. It is important to provide adequate energy and nutrients, while helping them establish healthful habits. Choose all the statements below that correctly describe the nutrient needs of preschool and school-age children. Select all that apply a. Because most children in the United States consume at least 3 servings of dairy per day, most meet the DRI for calcium. b. It is important that the diets of preschool and school-age children provide enough energy to support their growth and daily activities, but not so much as to cause excess weight gain. c. It is appropriate for preschool children to drink 1%% fat milk instead of whole milk. d. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children meet their fluid needs with beverages that do not contain caffeine or added sugars. e. Preschool and school-age children have higher protein requirements per kilogram of body weight than do toddlers.
b. It is important that the diets of preschool and school-age children provide enough energy to support their growth and daily activities, but not so much as to cause excess weight gain. c. It is appropriate for preschool children to drink 1%% fat milk instead of whole milk. d. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children meet their fluid needs with beverages that do not contain caffeine or added sugars.
Imbalances of fluid and electrolytes can be caused by a variety of situations and health conditions. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about risks of electrolyte imbalance. select all that apply a. A weekend stomach bug will not lead to dehydration in a healthy adult. b. Overweight football players practicing in a humid environment have several risk factors for heatstroke. c. Overhydration is always caused by medical disorders that lead to fluid retention. d. Muscle cramps or weakness can occur as a result of electrolyte imbalances. e. Elderly adults and children are at the lowest risk for dehydration.
b. Overweight football players practicing in a humid environment have several risk factors for heatstroke. d. Muscle cramps or weakness can occur as a result of electrolyte imbalances.
Beverage choices are plentiful, and all contribute to a person's fluid needs. Some provide important nutrients like calcium and vitamin D, while others contribute a substantial amount of sugar and caffeine. Choosing wisely can affect overall health as well as weight-management efforts. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about popular beverages. a. Specialized energy drinks are no more dangerous than a cup of coffee or soft drink. b. Sports beverages offer no established benefits for people who do little or no regular exercise or manual labor. c. Beverages sweetened with honey instead of high-fructose corn syrup are more healthful options. d. Flavored milk and milk substitutes may provide important nutrients, but can also be a significant source of added sugars. e. Caffeinated beverages should never be consumed because they significantly decrease the body's hydration status.
b. Sports beverages offer no established benefits for people who do little or no regular exercise or manual labor. d. Flavored milk and milk substitutes may provide important nutrients, but can also be a significant source of added sugars.
Hydration status can be determined by paying attention to various indicators. Read the statements below and select the correct statements regarding how to assess hydration. Select all that apply. a. Urine color can be an indication of hydration status, with nearly clear urine indicating that fluid intake needs to be increased. b. Weighing the body before and after exercise can be used to detect overhydration and dehydration. c. Reduced saliva production can be an indicator of dehydration. d. Dark urine can be an indicator of water imbalance.
b. Weighing the body before and after exercise can be used to detect overhydration and dehydration. c. Reduced saliva production can be an indicator of dehydration. d. Dark urine can be an indicator of water imbalance.
The absorption of alcohol by the body can be slowed by __________. a. being female b. fatty food in the stomach c. walking around d. drinking beer or wine instead of liquor
b. fatty food in the stomach
When your friend has had too much to drink and has passed out, it is usually safe to __________. a. let the person drive home as soon as he or she wakes up b. take the person to the hospital c. let the person stay at the scene of the party while you go home d. let the person sleep it off
b. take the person to the hospital
sources of nonheme iron like ___________________, absorption is improved by providing a source of ______________ at the same time.
beans or vegetables vitamin C
undernutrition in children can result in:
brain impairment, stunted growth, and iron-deficiency anemia.
During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the woman's energy needs increase by how many kilocalories per day? a) 500 to 650 b) 700 to 800 c) 350 to 450 d) more than 900
c) 350 to 450
Which of the following would NOT be good advice to give to a parent regarding the introduction of solids to their six-month-old infant? a) Avoid seasoning foods with either salt or spices. b) Begin with pureed foods before advancing to soft foods and then to textured foods. c) Add honey to the infant's cereal and yogurt to improve acceptance of these new foods. d) Introduce one new food at a time and watch for signs of allergies.
c) Add honey to the infant's cereal and yogurt to improve acceptance of these new foods.
Which of the following statements about treatment of eating disorders is true? a) Anorexia nervosa is most effectively treated by force-feeding the patient. b) There is no effective treatment for eating disorders. c) Nutrition counseling is an important aspect of effective inpatient and outpatient treatment for eating disorders. d) Patients with anorexia nervosa who are medically stable but underweight require immediate hospitalization.
c) Nutrition counseling is an important aspect of effective inpatient and outpatient treatment for eating disorders.
Breastfeeding is considered the ideal method of infant feeding. While the practice can be challenging (and, in rare cases, contraindicated), it can offer many advantages over formula feeding. Choose all the statements below that describe the advantages of breastfeeding. Select all that apply. a) Breastfeeding reduces the likelihood of uterine contractions. b) Women who breastfeed resume ovulation sooner. c) Women who breastfeed typically return to their prepregnancy weight more quickly. d) Breastfed infants have a reduced risk for childhood and adulthood obesity. e) Choosing to breastfeed can save a substantial amount of money
c) Women who breastfeed typically return to their prepregnancy weight more quickly. d) Breastfed infants have a reduced risk for childhood and adulthood obesity. e) Choosing to breastfeed can save a substantial amount of money
Infants may be small, but they grow rapidly and have high nutrient needs. Proper nutrition is important to help support their unique needs for growth and development. Complete the sentence about an infant's nutrient needs. Recommendations for the infant diet ____________. a) state that protein intake should make up at least 50%% of energy requirements d) include a recommendation for 1 oz of fluid per pound of body weight c) are based on the nutrient composition of breast milk d) include advice to begin a liquid iron supplement no later than 3 months of age e) state that no more than 35%% of energy intake should come from fat
c) are based on the nutrient composition of breast milk
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of bulimia nervosa? a) restrictive eating pattern b) frequent and uncompensated episodes of extreme overeating c) frequent episodes of extreme overeating followed by purging d) intense fear of weight gain
c) frequent episodes of extreme overeating followed by purging
The loss of the menstrual cycle among female athletes __________. a) is caused by higher than normal levels of estrogen and progesterone b) is a harmless, but a common side effect of intense training c) has no harmful physiologic consequence c) indicates the athletes are not eating enough to cover the energy costs of their training and daily living
c) indicates the athletes are not eating enough to cover the energy costs of their training and daily living
Fluid needs are higher during periods of physical activity, and consuming sufficient fluid before, during, and after exercise is necessary to prevent dehydration and heat-related illnesses. Physically active individuals also have higher requirements for certain micronutrients, such as B-vitamins and iron. Complete the sentence about iron requirements. Among physically active people and athletes in training, iron deficiency ___________. a) is rare due to physiologic adaptations that reduce iron losses in sweat and urine b) is known as sports anemia c) is a significant risk for physically active females d) is effectively treated with vitamin B12 supplements
c) is a significant risk for physically active females
Chocolate milk may beneficial as a post-workout drink for some individuals because __________. a) it contains lactose, which is essential as a post-recovery energy boost b) it can replenish the amino acids that were used to produce ATP during the workout c) it contains amino acids utilized for repairing and building muscle mass, water to rehydrate the body, and carbohydrates for glycogenesis d) it contains calcium, which is essential for muscle contraction
c) it contains amino acids utilized for repairing and building muscle mass, water to rehydrate the body, and carbohydrates for glycogenesis
Which of the following should women consume in abundance throughout pregnancy? a) shark, swordfish, and albacore tuna b) deli meats and soft cheeses c) protein d) vitamin A supplements
c) protein
The condition of extreme energy deficit, causing tissue wasting, is known as a) kwashiorkor b) pellagra c) severe acute malnutrition (SAM) d) malnutrition.
c) severe acute malnutrition (SAM)
This is a defining characteristic of the nutritional paradox. a) adequate maternal nutrition and high infant mortality b) adequate maternal nutrition and low infant mortality c) stunting and overweight/obesity occurring simultaneously d) stunting and underweight occurring simultaneously
c) stunting and overweight/obesity occurring simultaneously
The RDA for carbohydrate from toddlerhood through older adulthood is how many grams per day? a. 250 b. 95 c. 130 d. 10
c. 130
The absorption of which vitamin increases in older adults? a. D b. C c. A d. B12
c. A
Adolescents need proper nutrition to support their still-growing bodies. However, many adolescents choose and/or purchase much of their own foods. These choices may be influenced by convenience, cost, body image concerns, their peers, or the media. Choose the statement about nutritional concerns during adolescence that is not correct. a. Due to the influences of their peers and the media, as well as the availability of inexpensive fast foods, adolescents are at risk for excessive weight gain. b. A low glycemic load diet may reduce the incidence and severity of acne in teens. c. Adolescents generally consume recommended amounts of vegetables and fruits, but not whole grains. d. Both male and female adolescents are at risk for developing eating disorders. e. Both cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may interfere with proper nutrient metabolism.
c. Adolescents generally consume recommended amounts of vegetables and fruits, but not whole grains.
One way the body works to maintain fluid balance is via the thirst mechanism. This mechanism stimulates the desire to drink fluids in response to changes in blood volume, blood pressure, and concentration of sodium in the blood. Fluids are regularly lost through urine, feces, sweat, evaporation, and exhalation. In some cases, the amount is small, but in certain situations, the fluid loss can be significant. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about fluid intake and excretion. a. Water evaporates from the skin, but only when the body is sweating. b. An increase in blood volume stimulates thirst. c. Low blood pressure can stimulate thirst. d. Dehydration occurs when fluid intake exceeds fluid loss. e. An increased concentration of sodium and other dissolved substances in the blood leads to increased thirst.
c. Low blood pressure can stimulate thirst. e. An increased concentration of sodium and other dissolved substances in the blood leads to increased thirst.
Sodium is an essential nutrient but many adults consume very high levels of sodium and not enough potassium. Many researchers believe this high sodium-to-potassium ratio increases risk of hypertension. Choose the meal below that would be the best choice for a person trying to limit sodium while consuming adequate potassium. a. fast food French fries with bean chili and a soda b. a ham and cheese sandwich with mayo and pickles and an apple c. a low-fat yogurt parfait with granola, sliced bananas, and dried apricots with water d. a lettuce and tomato salad topped with bacon and cheese, with regular tomato juice
c. a low-fat yogurt parfait with granola, sliced bananas, and dried apricots with water
With the onset of puberty, girls tend to gain __________ body fat and __________ muscle mass than boys. a. less, more b. less, less c. more, less d. more, more
c. more, less
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children meet their fluid needs with beverages that do not contain ___________________
caffeine or added sugar
Inadequate ____________ intake is a concern because nearly 60% of U.S. children consume <2 servings of dairy per day.
calcium
undernourishment can/can't result in iron-deficiency anemia
can
heat stroke
can occur when internal body temperature reaches 104F or higher. potentially fatal response to a hot environment, characterized by failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms
to lessen risk to patients at a high risk for over hydration, rehydrate with an IV solution of
carbohydrates or a combination of carbohydrates and electrolytes (glucose + NaCl).
anorexia nervosa
characterized by an extremely low body weight achieved through self-starvation, which eventually leads to a severe nutrient deficiency.
bulimia nervosa
characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating and compensating behaviors such as self-induced vomiting
eating disorder
clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorder characterized by severe disturbances of body image and eating behaviors psychiatric condition that involves extreme body dissatisfaction and long-term eating patterns that negatively affect body function
binge eating disorders
common in men, and not only in women characterized by binge eating an average of twice a week or more, typically without compensatory purging. Binge-eating disorder is associated with low self-esteem, depression, excessive body weight gain, and obesity (but not purging).
first trimester lasts
conception to week 13
Glucose _______________ the placenta. Consequently babies born to mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may be____________ and, thus, may experience _____________________
crosses too large trauma during vaginal birth.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends the intake of fruit juice be limited to a maximum of how many fluid ounces per day for children 1 to 6 years of age? a) 3 b) 8 c) 16 d) 6
d) 6
It has been suggested that what percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if all women of childbearing age consumed adequate amounts of folate or folic acid? a) 30 percent b) 50 percent c) 20 percent d) 70 percent
d) 70 percent
Which of the following statements about syndromes involving disordered eating is TRUE? a) Night-eating syndrome rarely results in obesity because the person eats very little during the day. b) Night-eating syndrome is characterized by sleep apnea, anxiety, and consumption of at least 25% of daily Calories at night. c) Muscle dysmorphia is a syndrome characterized by low energy availability, abuse of anabolic steroids, and a high risk for suicide. d) The female athlete triad is a syndrome characterized by low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and a low bone density that increases the risk for fractures.
d) The female athlete triad is a syndrome characterized by low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and a low bone density that increases the risk for fractures.
Athletes participating in an intense competition lasting more than one hour should drink __________. a) a beverage containing 100 percent fruit juice b) plain, room-temperature water c) a beverage containing carbohydrates, sodium, and other electrolytes d) a beverage containing protein, carbohydrate, and fluid, such as chocolate milk, after a workout
d) a beverage containing protein, carbohydrate, and fluid, such as chocolate milk, after a workout
Currently, the best known treatment of eating disorders is __________. a) psychotropic medications b) IV therapy c) a high-calorie, high-protein diet d) a team-management approach
d) a team-management approach
Worldwide, about how many people experience hunger? a) about 1 billion b) nearly 80 million c) about 395 million d) about 795 million
d) about 795 million
All of the following factors are thought to contribute to disordered eating behaviors EXCEPT __________. a) media b) genetic factors c) peer relationships d) an individual's BMI in late childhood, prior to puberty
d) an individual's BMI in late childhood, prior to puberty
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by __________. a) self-starvation b) uncontrolled and unconscious eating at night c) extreme overeating (binging) with no compensatory behavior following it d) extreme overeating (binging) followed by compensating behavior (purging)
d) extreme overeating (binging) followed by compensating behavior (purging)
Which grouping of signs and symptoms is associated with anorexia nervosa? a) amenorrhea, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), and binge eating b) obesity, elevated lipid levels, and frequent binging c) dental problems, eating most of a day's intake after the evening meal, and inflamed throat d) fear of gaining weight, amenorrhea, and nutrient deficiency
d) fear of gaining weight, amenorrhea, and nutrient deficiency
Women younger than 20 and older than 35 are both vulnerable to __________ during pregnancy. a) having a baby with Down syndrome b) gestational diabetes c) iron deficiency anemia d) hypertension
d) hypertension
Inadequate consumption of which of the following causes the most common nutrient deficiency in young children? a) vitamin C b) folate c) calcium d) iron
d) iron
As toddlers start exploring the world around them, their diet must support their rate of growth and activity. Their dietary needs include adequate calories, macronutrients, micronutrients, and fluid. Choose the correct statement about nutrient needs of toddlers. a. As infants enter the toddler stage, they no longer require dietary intake of the unsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). b. To ensure that toddlers meet their high carbohydrate requirements, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no restriction on fruit juice intake between the ages of 1 and 6 years. c. Toddlers' energy needs per kilogram of body weight are greater than that of infants. d. The most common nutrient deficiency in young children is iron deficiency.
d. The most common nutrient deficiency in young children is iron deficiency.
A child with a body mass index (BMI) __________ is considered obese. a. 25.5 b. at or higher than the 85th percentile for age and gender c. of 30.0 d. at or higher than the 95th percentile for age and gender
d. at or higher than the 95th percentile for age and gender
Over half of a healthy adult's weight comes from fluid. It is present as extracellular fluid (which includes tissue fluid, plasma, and lymph) or intracellular fluid. Complete the sentence below about body fluid. About two-thirds of our body fluid is known as _______________. a. extracellular fluid b. tissue fluid c. intravascular fluid d. intracellular fluid
d. intracellular fluid
embryonic stage
day 15 to week 8
low-sodium, high- potassium dietary patterns _____________________ both diastolic and systolic blood pressures in hypertensive adults
decreased
Drinking excessive amounts of water results in an
decreased concentration of electrolytes in the blood (this electrolyte imbalance causing muscle cramps or weakness)
Iron supplementation dose-dependently __________________ risk for maternal anemia and iron- deficiency anemia at term and risk for low birthweight
decreases
severe acute malnutrition (SAM)
defined by a very low weight for height (i.e. energy deficit is so severe that weight for height is >3 standard deviations below the mean), by visible severe wasting, or by the presence of nutritional (i.e. nutrition-related) edema.
populations susceptible to over hydration
dehydrated, hypernatremic patients.
dehydration, water imbalance, hyponatremia Older adults, those with vigorous jobs, and individuals who are physically active are particularly at risk for this state.
dehydration
dehydration, water imbalance, hyponatremia This state can occur as a result of severe diarrhea and vomiting, or abuse of diuretics.
dehydration
if you are not consuming enough water, or if you are excreting too much water from your body, ________________________ can occur.
dehydration
symptoms of pellagra
dermatitis (e.g. darkly pigmented scaly skin), diarrhea, dementia, and death.
Pregnant women should avoid exposure to ...
food- borne pathogenic microorganisms and mercury
bioavailability
fraction of ingested nutrient that is absorbed and available to the body
FITT principle
frequency intensity time type of activity
recommends the intake of _____________ be limited to a maximum of ___________________
fruit juice 6 fluid ounces per day
potassium is a cation that is abundant in
fruits, vegetables, milk, grains, meat, dried beans
Factors thought to contribute to disordered eating behaviors:
genetic factors peer relationships media that popularizes unrealistic notions regarding desirable weight
food deserts
geographical areas where people lack access to fresh, healthful, and affordable food
routes of body water loss
greatest amount- urine by kidneys defecation sweating insensible water loss
In the early stages of pregnancy, the embryo is most susceptible to damage from...
harmful substances and inadequate nutrients
Women who do not gain enough weight are at risk of ...
having a baby who is small-for-gestational-age and has low birth weight.
premature babies have high risk for
health problems due to lung immaturity, liver immaturity, low body stores of fat (lipids) and other nutrients.
benefits of physical activity
helps improve overall health and fitness, but it can also reduce the risk of developing certain chronic health conditions and can help manage existing health conditions improve sleep patterns, improve immune function, and decrease the risk of obesity. Regular exercise can reduce the risk of obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. It can also help with sleep, anxiety, depression, and immune function.
high/low energy density foods are rich in fat and sugar.
high
body temperature regulation is done by water because it has a _______________________
high heat capacity
osmotic pressure may be opposed by
hydrostatic pressure
Water movement between body's compartments is controlled by
hydrostatic pressure gradients, osmotic pressure gradients, and membrane permeability to water and osmotically active solutes
High sodium-to-potassium ratio in typical US diet increases risk of
hypertension
pre pregnancy obesity is a risk factor for
hypertension diabetes (including gestational diabetes mellitus) in mother, birth defects large-for-gestational-age and high birthweight in offspring.
______________occurs when the extracellular concentration of sodium is too low.
hyponatremia
dehydration, water imbalance, hyponatremia This state can occur when too much fluid (particularly pure water) is consumed in a short period of time.
hyponatremia
dehydration, water imbalance, hyponatremia This state can result in swelling of tissues, including the brain, and lead to seizures, coma, and death.
hyponatremia
ways to reduce the risk of food allergies and prevent choking, digestive problems, bacterial infections, and nutritional deficiencies.
i) begin with pureed foods before advancing to soft foods and then to textured foods (ii) avoid seasoning foods with either salt or spices (iii) introduce one new food at a time, for 4 days in a row, and watch for signs of allergies (iv) do not give honey or corn syrup until 1 year of age, because gastrointestinal tract is not mature enough to kill pathogenic bacteria
adequate intake for sodium is so high because
if it was too low then people could become deficient in other nutrients trying to reach the lower goal
when physical activity increases, energy requirements _____________
increase
Water requirement (AI) is ________________ throughout pregnancy.
increased
Older maternal age __________________ the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in mother and Down syndrome in offspring, but _______________ the risk of iron deficiency anemia in mother.
increases decreases
Women's need (RDA) for iron _______________ 50% during pregnancy, to support ...
increases increased synthesis of iron-containing molecules
relative energy deficiency in sport
large syndrome encompasses numerous health problems associated with inadequate energy consumption to meet the energy needs of active men and women.
Toddlers' energy needs per kilogram of body weight are ______ than those of infants.
less
high/low energy density foods are rich in fiber and water.
low
female athlete triad
low energy availability/level (with or without eating disorders), amenorrhea (menstrual disruption, menstrual dysfunction), and a low bone density that increases the risk for osteoporosis and bone fracture
Preschool and school-age children have ______________ protein requirements per kilogram of body weight than do toddlers
lower
Women who have overweight or obese BMI prior to pregnancy should have ____________ GWG
lower
Reduced intake of sodium and increased intake of potassium are recommended to
lower blood pressure and thereby stroke
Amino acids often are used to ....
make glucose and to help build and repair issues
Treatment for gestational diabetes focuses on
medication, diet and physical activity
Physically active individuals have higher requirements for _______________
micronutrients
infants need __________ nutrients per kg bodyweight
more
women with underweight BMI are recommended to gain ________________
more weight
To optimize sodium and potassium intakes, consume _______________ and limit ____________________
more whole fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. processed foods and fast food.
full term infants who are small for gestational age have a high risk of...
mortality during infancy and health problems if they survive infancy.
osmosis
movement of water (solvent) across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
Iron requirement (RDA) during lactation is _______________ than before or during pregnancy
much less
Examples of adverse events as a result of physical activity include:
musculoskeletal injuries heat-related conditions cardiovascular
marasmus
name applied to wasting (i.e. tissue wasting) in infants and young children as a result of severe food deprivation. The etiology of marasmus is a prolonged lack of adequate food
Poor (low) folate status prior to conception increases risk of _____________________________
neural tube defect because closure of neural tube occurs while offspring is only an embryo.
is potassium generally added to foods during processing?
no
Sports beverages offer ________________________ for people who do little or no regular exercise or manual labor.
no established benefits
to support breastfeeding, lactating women should consume a .....
nutrient-dense diet with adequate calories and fluid.
extracellular fluid
plasma interstitial fluid
sodium influx into a nerve cell leads to an increase in ______________ charge and _____________________ of the cell's plasma membrane, which may cause the nerve to signal
positive depolarization
signs and symptoms of kwashiorkor
precipitated by infection that increases need for protein, most commonly diarrhea, a lower respiratory infection, or one of the common communicable diseases of childhood.
SAM increases risk of ___________________. Between starvation and death, there is nearly always _______________
premature death disease
risk factors for GDM are
prepregnancy overweight and obese BMI, and excessively high gestational weight gain (GWG).
prepregnancy underweight BMI increases the risk for
preterm birth small for gestational age low birth weight neural tube defects
A balanced diet throughout pregnancy is necessary to ...
prevent nutrient depletion and support mother's health and fetus' development.
___________________ decreases the size and function of organs such as skeletal muscle.
protein catabolism
Marasmus is a form of _________________ malnutrition that results from __________________________
protein-energy grossly inadequate intake of energy and protein and other nutrients.
Kwashiorkor is a form of ___________________ malnutrition that typically is seen in ______________________________________
protein-energy malnourished infants and young children, including children who had marasmus.
Which of the following is NOT associated with binge-eating disorder? a) low self-esteem b) depression c) obesity d) purging
purging
Cl deficiency is ____________ and can result from persistent vomiting because__________________
rare gastric juice contains HCl
absolute intensity
rate or amount of energy expenditure required to perform any physical activity. It can be measured in METs, kilocalories, joules, or oxygen consumption.
malnutrition
refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients
relative intensity
refers to the ease or difficulty with which an individual performs any given physical activity
Nutrient density
relative amount of nutrients and fiber per amount of energy. It is the ratio derived by dividing a food's nutrient content by its calorie content.
odium is added by food processing for
safety and popularity/taste
advantages of breat feeding
save money can cause uterine contractions that suppress ovulation help women return to pre pregnancy weight more quickly gives maternal antibodies to newborns reduced risk for childhood and adulthood obesity
phosphate RDA (700mg/d) is based on studies of
serum P concentration
mature milk is produced when?
several days after baby's delivery after colostrum
________________________ is the single largest cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide.
severe iodine deficiency
Women _______________ lose body weight during pregnancy because maternal body weight loss may ____________________________
should not deprive the fetus of essential nutrients.
sources of water
skim milk water other beverages sport drinks
RDA for vitamin A is ___________________ during pregnancy than before conception, but ________________ than during lactation.
slightly higher much lower
Childhood obesity has ____________________ over the past decade.
stabilized but not declined
nutrition paradox
stunting and overweight/obesity occurring simultaneously. the coexistence of stunting and overweight/obesity within the same region, household, family, or person.
added sugars are:
sugars or syrups added to food during processing and include sucrose, dextrose, high-fructose corn syrup, corn syrup, malt syrup, and honey.
breastfed infants commonly are prescribed ___________________
supplemental vitamin D from birth until 6 months of age, to prevent vitamin D deficiency
ll infants should be injected with ____________________ soon after birth because...
supplemental vitamin K intestine lacks the bacteria necessary to synthesize adequate amounts of vitamin K.
currently the best known treatment disorders is a
team-management approach of a physician, a psychologist, and a nutritionist working together, as well as support from family and others
food insecurity
term for a situation in which people have unreliable access to sufficient nourishing food. prevalence of food insecurity = 14%
Recommended intake of carbohydrate is ______________ for athletes as for nonathletes when expressed as percentage of total energy intake
the same
Recommended intake of fat is ______________ for athletes as for nonathletes when expressed as percentage of total energy intake
the same
loss of the menstrual cycle among female athletes indicates
they are not eating enough to cover the energy costs of their training and daily living
One way the body maintains fluid and electrolyte balance is via the
thirst mechanism
The feeling of dry mouth experienced during dehydration is part of the body's ________________
thirst mechanism
Kwashiorkor is characterized by:
tissue wasting and signs of protein deficiency,
A concern about liquid iron supplements is...
too much iron can be fatal
Hyponatremia can occur when
too much water is consumed in a short period of time, and it can cause swelling of tissues, e.g. brain swelling can lead to seizures, coma, and death.
Intracellular fluid is about _______________- of body fluid
two-thirds
GDM is a risk factor for ...
type 2 diabetes in mothers
Dose of aerobic physical activity is the...
type and amount of reported or prescribed physical activity
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
type of diabetes that occurs in previously nondiabetic women during pregnancy
what 2 broad groups of conditions does malnutrition cover?
undernutrition overweight, obesity, and diet related noncommunicable diseases
Consuming a diet high in added sugars is associated with:
unhealthful changes in blood lipids that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Nutrition-related cancer risk factors are:
unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive body weight
disordered eating
variety of unusual eating behaviors that people use to control their body weight behaviors don't usually continue for long enough to make the person seriously ill, nor do they significantly disrupt the person's normal routine
Bioavailability of sodium
very high bc its almost all ingested
dehydration, water imbalance, hyponatremia This state occurs when enough fluid is consumed to allow for an equal concentration of electrolytes between the intra- and extracellular fluid compartments.
water balance
dehydration, water imbalance, hyponatremia This state occurs when the thirst mechanism has been successful.
water balance
determine whether water is being lost or gained Concentration of electrolytes outside the cells is decreasing compared to that inside the cells.
water gained
determine whether water is being lost or gained Net movement of water is into the cells.
water gained
determine whether water is being lost or gained The fluid volume in blood is increasing.
water gained
determine whether water is being lost or gained Urine becomes lighter in color.
water gained
determine whether water is being lost or gained Net movement of water is out of the cells.
water loss
determine whether water is being lost or gained The fluid volume in the blood is decreasing.
water loss
determine whether water is being lost or gained The thirst mechanism is triggered.
water loss
determine whether water is being lost or gained Urine becomes darker in color.
water loss
second trimester lasts
week 14 to week 27
third trimester
week 28 to week 40
Weight gain recommendations during pregnancy depend on ...
weight status before conception and how many babies she is carrying.
patients with SAM respond _______ to treatment
well
undernutrition
which includes stunting (low height for age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight (low weight for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals)
infant mortality
which is the rate of deaths of infants between birth and 1 year of age.
maternal mortality
which is the rate of deaths of women during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the immediate postpartal period.
amenorrhea
women of reproductive age having no menstrual periods for at least 3 continuous months