Nutrition Exam 5 Ch. 16
1) In developed countries such as the United States, the typical cause of food insecurity is
A) poverty. B) a natural disaster. C) racial conflict. D) overpopulation. Answer: A
6) A paradoxical effect of the combination of low income and undernourishment is
A) obesity. B) blindness. C) physical disability. D) Alzheimer's disease. Answer: A
26) Death resulting from diarrhea is primarily due to
A) pneumonia. B) dehydration. C) measles. D) malaria. Answer: B
31) Which of the following terms describes a severe shortage of food that often results from war, armed conflict, and civil unrest?
A) poverty B) sanction C) undernutrition D) famine Answer: D
5) Which of the following conditions is the physical discomfort resulting from the lack of food?
A) starvation B) food insecurity C) hunger D) poverty Answer: C
19) In prolonged starvation, the greatest amount of deterioration occurs in
A) the brain. B) the liver. C) the intestinal tract. D) both the liver and the intestinal tract. Answer: D
34) Which of the following terms is defined as people who are steadily employed but still experience poverty?
A) working poor B) poverty C) food insecurity D) disability Answer: A
During prolonged starvation, the least amount of organ damage occurs in the brain and nervous system.
T
Globally, millions of children experience stunted growth because of dietary deficiencies in protein and other nutrients.
T
Infants breast-fed by undernourished mothers are particularly susceptible to undernutrition.
T
It is possible to purify the water supply using the heat and radiation provided by sunlight.
T
Long-term undernutrition can adversely affect reproductive health.
T
Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted by a mosquito.
T
Malnutrition during fetal development can result in growth stunting.
T
Mental illness is a common cause of food insecurity in the United States
T
Once growth stunting occurs, it is usually permanent.
T
The chronic inability to satisfy basic food needs due to lack of financial resources is known as food insecurity
T
The gastrointestinal infections that cause diarrhea kill about 2.2 million people globally each year, most of them children in developing countries.
T
The serious respiratory infection called pneumonia is the leading infectious killer of children worldwide.
T
Undernourished children often perform poorly in school
T
Agricultural advances can help increase food production.
TRUE. Advances in agricultural processes do increase the amount of food grown per acre of farmland. Find out more on page 614.
LO 16.4 5. Which of the following groups is especially vulnerable to food insecurity-related illness? infants and young children adolescents adult men adult women
(a) Infants and young children have immature immune systems, making them more susceptible to illness related to undernutrition. Adolescents and adults have mature immune systems that are stronger and better functioning.
LO 16.6 10. Which of the following programs serves the greatest number of people in the United States? Meals on Wheels Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Feeding America the National School Lunch program
(b) All of these programs feed millions of people, but the program with the greatest number assisted is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
LO 16.2 2. Food insecurity exists because not enough food is produced in the world to feed everyone adequately. food distribution is uneven, and some people do not have access to enough food. some people choose not to eat. people feel insecure about whether their food is safe.
(b) Although enough food is produced to feed everyone in the world, the distribution of the world's food supply is uneven, and people in some parts of the world do not have access to, or cannot afford, adequate food. Everyone needs to eat to survive.
LO 16.5 7. What is the general term for the common condition in which micronutrients are consistently deficient in the diet? malaria hidden hunger diarrhea dehydration
(b) Hidden hunger refers to vitamin A, iron, or iodine deficiency. This condition affects more than 2 billion people in the world.
LO 16.5 8. A lack of which micronutrient has been implicated in causing blindness in children? vitamin K vitamin A iodine iron
(b) Lack of vitamin A is implicated in preventable blindness. Deficiency in vitamin K can lead to excessive bleeding; deficiency in iodine can cause goiter and cretinism; and deficiency in iron can result in iron-deficiency anemia.
18) Which of the following phrases is the best definition of food insecurity?
A) a chronic inability to satisfy basic food needs due to a lack of resources or other problems B) the physical need for food under unstable social conditions C) a lack of knowledge about how to obtain food D) the inability to eat due to anxiety about where the next meal will come from Answer: A
25) Which of the following situations results in the greatest degree of food insecurity in the US as well as the rest of the world?
A) a household with children headed by a single woman B) a household located in the suburbs C) a household with more than one working adult D) a household located near the center of the city Answer: A
30) Which of the following conditions is not one of the effects of chronic malnutrition and hunger?
A) anemia B) increased growth of both the population and the individual C) compromised health and disease D) weight loss Answer: B
17) Which of the following agricultural practices is least helpful in eliminating hunger?
A) better land management B) raising more crops for animal feed C) appropriate crop selection D) better water management Answer: B
37) Which of the following conditions can lead to severe dehydration?
A) cretinism B) diarrhea C) malaria D) B12 deficiency Answer: B
3) Food security has been identified as a problem in
A) developed nations. B) developing nations. C) underdeveloped nations. D) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D
28) The World Health Organization estimates "a significant proportion of diarrheal disease can be prevented through
A) education." B) food fortification." C) safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and hygiene." D) better land management." Answer: C
4) To be classified as living in poverty in the United States, a family of four must have an income that is at or below about
A) $14,000. B) $24,000. C) $34,000. D) $29,000. Answer: B
) The occurrence of which of the following situations is likely to increase food insecurity?
A) an extreme snowstorm in Aspen, Colorado B) an increase in the birth rate in a developed country C) a loss in the World Cup Final D) a recent earthquake in Haiti Answer: D
LO 16.6 Providing Greater Food Resources Can Reduce Hunger
Community and faith-based organizations can help ease hunger by providing free food and assistance programs to help people overcome poverty and food insecurity. Corporations and governments can invest in biotechnologies and education programs that provide more nutrient-dense foods and increase economic opportunity. Food assistance programs like the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), WIC, and the National School Lunch Program, among others, provide assistance to those who experience food insecurity in the United States.
LO 16.5 Chronic Malnutrition Damages Your Health
Effects of chronic malnutrition include stunted growth, wasting, impaired immune function, infections, anemia, and nutrient deficiencies. A nutrient deficiency can lead to serious, permanent health damage, or even death, in both children and adults.
Because iodine, calcium, and vitamin A are the nutrients that are most commonly deficient, they are the nutrients most added to foods
F
The primary way of alleviating micronutrient deficiencies is through food education
F
People who are obese don't experience food insecurity.
FALSE. An overweight or obese individual can also experience a chronic shortage of food. To learn more, turn to page 606.
LO 16.2 Food Insecurity in the United States Is Often Related to Poverty and Health Problems
In the United States, food insecurity often occurs among people in disadvantaged circumstances in rural areas, inner cities, and suburbs. Causes include poverty, disease or disability, lack of education, and inadequate wages. Mental illness and/or drug and alcohol abuse sometimes lead to homelessness, which in turn often results in hunger.
Drug and alcohol abuse are common causes of food insecurity in the United States.
T
LO 16.1 1. What is food insecurity? Food insecurity happens only in developing countries, when they can't get enough food because of civil unrest. Food insecurity is the same thing as hunger. Food insecurity is a lack of adequate nutrition for an active, healthy life. Food insecurity describes a lack of sufficient calories in the diet for an active, healthy life.
(c) Food insecurity is a lack of adequate nutrition for an active, healthy life. The USDA describes an American household as food secure if it has access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members.
LO 16.4 6. Which of the following is a nutritional risk factor for older adults? increased metabolic rate rapid cell growth and turnover decreased sense of taste and smell increased energy needs
(c) Older adults sometimes lose interest in food or have a diminished appetite because they cannot enjoy food's smells or tastes. Older people have a decreased basal metabolic rate and experience slower cell growth and decreased energy requirements.
LO 16.2 3. Who are the "working poor"? all individuals classified as low income by the United States Department of Labor all individuals who fall outside the middle-class range of income all individuals who are employed but have incomes that fall below the poverty line all minimum-wage workers
(c) The working poor includes individuals who are employed 27 or more weeks of each year, yet still have incomes below the official poverty line.
LO 16.3 4. What is one of the most common causes of food shortages? poverty lack of education and economic opportunity war, natural disaster, or civil unrest drought
(d) Drought is one of the most common causes of food shortages. Poverty and lack of education are factors that can lead to individual hunger, but don't generally cause crop failure. While civil unrest may disturb food production, it may not have the widespread impact of a drought.
LO 16.6 9. Which nutrients are most likely to be used to fortify food? vitamins D, E, and K sodium, potassium, and chloride magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur iron, iodine, and vitamin A
(d) Iron, iodine, and vitamin A are frequently used to fortify food because deficiencies of them are linked to many common and serious illnesses. The other nutrients listed are important, but are not generally incorporated into food fortification programs.
38) Which of the following conditions is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease?
A) cretinism B) diarrhea C) malaria D) B12 deficiency Answer: C
40) Which of the following conditions causes fever and can lead to kidney and liver failure?
A) cretinism B) diarrhea C) malaria D) measles Answer: C
24) The United States, Canada, and Australia are classified as
A) developed countries. B) developing countries. C) least developed countries. D) None of the answers is correct. Answer: A
15) Food fortification can help alleviate dietary deficiencies of
A) fiber. B) starch. C) micronutrients. D) water. Answer: C
33) Which of the following terms is the lack of means to provide for material or comfort needs?
A) food insecurity B) poverty C) working poor D) disability Answer: B
27) In adults, an iodine deficiency can cause
A) goiter. B) cretinism. C) blindness. D) pernicious anemia. Answer: A
2) A situation in which there is a report of reduced quality, variety, or desirability in the diet with little or no indication of a reduction in food intake is an example of
A) high food security. B) marginal food security. C) low food security. D) very low food security. Answer: C
9) Which of the following groups of people in the US is not at increased risk for undernutrition?
A) infants B) children C) young adults D) older adults Answer: C
11) Which of the following diseases is associated with impaired immunity in children?
A) measles B) malaria C) acute respiratory infections D) All of the answers are correct. Answer: D
5) One of the most common causes of severe food shortages in developing and least developed countries is
A) not enough seed to plant crops. B) drought. C) hurricanes. D) extremely cold weather. Answer: B
No hard-working American goes to bed hungry.
FALSE. Despite living in a wealthy nation, many people in the United States grapple with food insecurity. Turn to page 605 to find out why.
Fortifying foods doesn't alter their nutritional content.
FALSE. Fortifying foods improves their nutritional value and can provide numerous nutrients that some populations wouldn't otherwise obtain. Learn which foods are being fortified on page 616.
Consuming inadequate nutrients won't affect mental development.
FALSE. Poor nutrition can negatively affect mental development, as well as physical development. Turn to page 611 to learn more.
Not enough food is produced in the world to feed everyone.
FALSE. The world's farmers grow enough food to nourish every man, woman, and child on the planet. The challenge lies in distributing their products evenly. Learn more on page 607.
The only thing you can do to alleviate hunger is to give money to charities.
FALSE. You can also help the hungry by volunteering your time, hosting a food drive, or making a food donation to your local food bank. Learn more on page 616.
LO 16.3 Worldwide Food Insecurity Has Multiple Causes
Food insecurity and hunger are more prevalent in developing countries and least developed countries than in developed countries. In these nations, food insecurity may arise out of poverty or poor health, in addition to other risks, such as discrimination, armed conflict, natural disasters, poor agricultural practices, and population overgrowth.
LO 16.1 Chronic Hunger Is Prevalent throughout the World
Food security is the access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food insecurity is the inability to secure adequate amounts of nutritious foods to meet one's need due to lack of available resources. Hunger describes a feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat. In the United States, about 14.9 percent of American households were food insecure at least some time in 2011. And the FAO estimates that between 2010 and 2012, 12 percent of the world's population was hungry.
LO 16.4 Pregnant and Lactating Women, Children, the Ill, and Older Adults Are at the Highest Risk for Undernutrition
Pregnant and lactating women have higher calorie and nutrient needs. If they are improperly nourished, their infants may be, too. Infants and children in general have high nutrient needs because they are growing rapidly. They are dependent on their caregivers for food, making them more susceptible to undernutrition. Chronically ill people may have malabsorption problems. Older adults may be at risk for undernutrition because of higher needs for several micronutrients, decreased senses of smell and taste, chronic illness, compromised immunity, and lack of mobility.
42) In general, buying nutritious food at a grocery store costs less and has greater food value than buying fast food at a drive-through restaurant.
T
45) Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are common among malnourished individuals.
T
A country with a relatively low level of industrial capability, technological sophistication, or economic productivity is referred to as a developing country
T
A severe shortage of food caused by crop destruction is called a famine.
T
Death from diarrheal diseases usually results from the effects of severe dehydration.
T
Drought is one of the most common causes of severe food shortages in developing and least developed countries
T
Children are at a higher risk for food insecurity than are adults.
TRUE. Children are dependent on the adults around them for adequate food, and therefore are susceptible to food insecurity. Children are also more prone to long-term consequences of nutrient deficiencies. Find out more on page 610.
Older adults who are financially secure can still sometimes experience low food security and undernutrition.
TRUE. Older adults may have sufficient funds for food, but may experience food insecurity due to mobility issues or emotional problems. Learn more on page 611.
Food insecurity in the developing world is primarily due to poverty.
TRUE. Poverty does play a significant role in food insecurity around the world. Additional factors like war, overpopulation, and disease can also affect people's access to sufficient food. Find out more on page 604.