Nutrition Exam 5 info

how much weight you should gain if you are overweight (25-29.9 BMI)

15-25 lbs

borderline high triglycerides high triglycerides very high triglycerides

150-199 200-499 over 500

oral glucose tolerance test diabetic score prediabetic score normal score

200+ 140-199 -139

borderline high cholesterol high cholesterol

200-239 over 240

Fiber needs of elder

25-28 g; about the same as us, about 14 g per 100 kcal.

how much weight you should gain if you are normal (18.5-24.9 BMI)

25-35 lbs

how much weight you should gain if you are underweight (less than 18.5 BMI)

28-40 lbs

AI for breast weeding water

3.8 L a day

Extra calories needed in pregnant women

300-400 kcal

Approximately ______% of children are overweight or obese. 12% 52% 32% 4.9%

32

vitamins before conception

400-800 ug avoid high doses of vitamin A (retinol) causes birth defects

teen weight gain

45lbs for boys 35 lbs fr girls

Diabetes A1c Pre diabetes A1c Normal A1c

6.5 + 5.7-6.4 - 5.7

nutrition for breastfeeding women

700-800 kcals above non-pregnant needs 1.3 g/kg BW protein

Which of the following is a risk factor for atherosclerosis that can't be modified? Diet high in fat Age of 45 or older for men Diet high in sodium Lack of physical activity

Age of 45 or older for men

Which of the following would be the best option to help with the decreased gastric motility older adults develop as they age? Increasing fluid intake Adding fiber to breakfast Increasing physical activity All choices would be good options

All are lit

Energy needs during infancy

Amount of energy he/she requires for basal functions, in addition to growth and activity (which about twice that of an adults relative to its size) 100 kcal/kg BW

A B C pattern

Antecedents (precursorscravings) lead to Behaviour and lead to Consequences

Childhood overweight

Approximately 32 % (1/3) of children ages 2 to 19 years are overweight or obese Hugely increasing

What are the states with the highest obesity prevalence?

Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, ***West Virginia***

Which of the following is the most likely cause for a decrease in vitamin B12 absorption in older adults? Atrophic gastritis Poor dentition Depression Celiac disease

Atrophic gastritis

Dietary and Lifestyle Factors for Reducing Atherosclerosis Risk

Balance calorie intake and physical activity to achieve or maintain a healthy body weight. Consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Choose whole-grain, high-fiber foods. Consume fish, especially oily fish, at least twice a week. Minimize your intake of beverages and foods that contain added sugars.

Due to high rate of growth that takes place during the adolescent growth spurt, teens require more kcals/kg BW than infants. True False

False, babies are peak.

Antioxidant intake is important for older adults to decrease the risk of losing lean body mass. True False

False; stops oxidation damage

Decreased immune function from aging causes what change nutrient requirements

Increased need for vitamin B6, antioxidants, vitamin E, zinc, and high-quality protein

Decreased skin capacity for cholecalciferol synthesis from aging causes what change nutrient requirements

Increased need for vitamin D

Bowel and bladder regulation in aging

Increased risk of urinary tract infection Chronic constipation more common with age Need for increased fluids and fiber

Why are overweight people likely to suffer sleep apnea

Increases w higher body weights. weight loss usually improves.

Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents: Acne

Investigating the connections between diets and acne High-glycemic-index foods, fat intake, and fatty acid composition (not exactly true; something dietary tho)

Gout

Joint disease caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. Sometimes forms solid stone or crystal masses that deposit in joints.

How does ones' gut microbiota relate to the development of obesity?

Our microbial population in the gut may influence the amount of calories we absorb from food we eat, and studies have shown that our gut microbes directly influence the development of both obesity and Type 2 diabetes.

weight-management

Over-the-Counter Drugs and Dietary Supplements Used for Weight Loss Surgery

What are the consequences of weight cycling?

Pattern of losing and gaining weight....large fluctuations in body weight. Up-down pattern results in negative health effects in regards to health risks, body comp, fat distribution and energy expenditure.

Hypertension

Persistent high blood pressure Force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels Often called a "silent killer" Can damage vital organs Increases risk of heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure Blood pressure measured using a sphygmomanometer

If a child is raised following a vegan or vegetarian diet, which of the following micronutrients would be least likely to be deficient? Iron Calcium Zinc Potassium

Potassium

Causes of failure to thrive

Poverty and food shortage Excessive fruit juices low-fat, skim milk improper formula prep inappropriate food selection

occurs when promoted cells multiply

Progression

Phenylketonuria

a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

Hyperglycemia

abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

General leisure time on an average day

about 2 hrs and 47 min on tv, 41 communicating, about 18 exercising

Older than 35 preggo

hypertensive, Gestational diabetes bby may have downs or chromosomal problems

overweight pregnancy risk

hypertensive, diabetes, C-section, hard delivery for mom thiq baby, nueral tube defect, low Apgar/health score

Maternal changes during pregnancy of heart rate

increases by 20%

childhood obesity

increasing at an alarming rate. contributed to by environment genetics behavior poor food choices and poor activity levels

Difference between baby and adult macros?

infants need 1.5 of the kcals but its ridiculous considering their tiny bodies, babies have 50% fat, 40% carbs 6% protein. adults 45-65% carbs, 20-35% fat, 10-35% protein

occurs when something alters a cell's genetic structure

initiation

vitamins and minerals of concern for childhood

iron zinc vitamin E and vitamin D

Dyslipidemia

is an abnormal amount of lipids (e.g. triglycerides, cholesterol and/or fat phospholipids) in the blood.

optimal ldl near optimal ldl

less than 100 100-129

Normal Blood Pressure

less than 120 systolic and 80 diastole

desirable total cholesterol

less than 200

very low birth weight

less than 3.3 lbs

Low-birth-weight

less than 5.5 pounds

Environmental financial leads to

limited access to food; poor quality diet

perception of weight

linked to popular culture and standards have changes with time with thinness increasingly valued

how does cholesterol relate to athersclerosis

lipoptotein a presence ins strongly linked to hypercholesterolemia

Dietary risk factors for dental and oral diseases

low vits and min intake High sugar intake

cigs and preggo

lung cancer or disorders, miscarriage in moms bby thin, stillbirth, preterm, sudden infant death, lung probs

Benifits of breastfeeding for infants

Optimal nutrition Protects infant from infections and illness including diarrhea, ear infections, pneumonia, and asthma Convenience also helps mama loose weight faster

Which of the following is not a risk of being overweight? Gall bladder disease Type 2 diabetes Gout Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis

Dietary and Lifestyle Factors for Reducing Atherosclerosis Risk pt. III

Other dietary factors Controversy: Limiting Your Intake of Saturated and Trans Fat and Cholesterol

Gut microbiota

Our microbial partners may influence how many calories we are able to absorb from the food we eat.

drugs and preggo

malnutrition miscarriage premature labor and delivery in mom perinatal drug addiction, growth problems, low birth rate, preterm, birth defects, sudden infant death

purpose of head circumference charts

measures brain growth and development

Increase the risk of malnutrition among the elderly: Increased nutrient losses due to

medications that increase excretion of nutrients diseases such as gastrointestinal and kidney disease

underweight pregnancy risks

mom may get anemia or hemorrhage and the baby will be thin or preterm

Younger than 20 preggo

mom may have malnutrition or hypertensive stuff bby may have low birth weight

Micronutrient intake increase in pregnants

most vitamins and minerals need increase to support growth and development. A B C iron and folate

Phenylketonuria in pregnancy

mother will have high phelkytones which causes brain damage/intellectual disability if the mother doesnt keep dietary phlerhkery levels low

sacropenia leads to

muscle loss leads to decreased functional ability, assistance needed with ADLs

flouride and cancer

no association whatsoever

artificial sweeteners cancer risk

no clear evidence association of cancer in HUMANS

do teens need more fat than adults?

no they should get their calories from healthier things; and limit fats

Carbohydrate with elders

not much change, increased lactose intolerance

Type 1 diabetes

occurs when body's immune system attacks beta beta cells in pancreas, causing them to lose the ability to make insulin

Factors increasing risk of gestational diabetes

older 25 obesity family history of diabetes poor pregnancy outcome history of abnormal glucose tolerance ethnically inclined

short women weight gain? pregnant teens?

petites should be at the lower end of spectrum. teens will be upper.

tea and cancer

polyphenols, especially catechins are antioxidants. very choppy research.

Alcohol and preggos

poor nutritional status in mom bby has fetal alchol spectrum/syndrome

decreased physical activity leads to

progressive depletion of LBM and loss of appetite

a reversible stage, occurs when a chemical or other factor encourages initiated cells to become active.

promotion

early dental carries

putting baby to bed with bottle

cruciferous vegetables and cancer

things like bok choy, Brussels sprouts, kale etc break down into anticancer compounds in animals unsure in humans

normal triglycerides

under 150

HDL chloesterol low HDL cholesterol high

under 40 over 60

Increase the risk of malnutrition among the elderly: Reduced nutrient absorption and utilization due to

gastrointestinal changes Medications that affect absorption diseases such a diabetes, kidney disease, alcoholism, and GI disease

How to tell if kids are overweight?

growth charts are more comparable 85-94 percentile of weight for their height. 95% obese. BMI CANNOT DETERMINE, MUST BE COMPARED TO CHILDREN OF THEIR AGE AND HEIGHT.

gestation

growth process from conception to birth

Charred meat cancer risk

has HCAs and PAHs can cause cancer in ANIMALS when animal muscle meat is heated extremely

Risk factors for athreosclerosis

high BP, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, diabetes, overweight, physical inactivity, age, family history

Gestation Diabetes

high blood glucose levels during pregnancy

calcium cancer risk

high intakes can probably reduce colon cancer unlikely breast and ovarian likely prostate

vitamin D and cancer

high intakes of vit D in the blood is associated with less colorectal cancer sometiimes

prevalence of obesity and diagnosed diabetes

highly linked

Which condition is related to an increase in the size and number of fat cells in the body? a. hypertension b. hypercellular obesity c. hyperplasia d. hypertrophic obesity

hyperplasia

Socioeconomic Status and obesity

income: more in poor women education: less educated women occupation: less prestigious jobs Employment: common in unemployed people household: adults who live with others marriage: married men residence: rural women region: southerners

Decreased bone density from aging causes what change nutrient requirements

increased need for calcium and vitamin D

Why are overweight people likely to suffer hypertension

overweight people are more likely to have high blood pressure- a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke much more than in skinnies

Why are overweight people likely to suffer diabetes

overweight people are twice as likely as skinnies! major cause of early death, heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and blindness.

Cognitive Behavioral Tools for Changing Behavior

self monitoring, environmental management, alternate behaviors, reward, negative reinforcement, social support, cognitive coping, managing emotions, relapse prevention and recovery.

colic

severe abdominal pain which causes crying and distress

Maternal changes during pregnancy of GI mobility

slows

Iron concern in elders?

tend not to be consumed, difficulty.

Protein needs during infancy

the highest needs of any life stage 1.50-1.52 g/kg of body weight

12 mo how much weight should have changed from birth

tripled

eclampsia

true toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions, and coma

cancer progression

tumor in epithelium -> cells break through base of epithelium to invade capillary -> cells travel through bloodstream and may eventually adhere to the capillary wall in the liver or other organs. less than 1000 cells survive out of the capillary. -> cells multiply to form metastases

Why are overweight people likely to suffer Osteoarthritis

weight places extra pressure on weight bearing joints and wear away the cartilage that normally protects them. weight loss decreses stress on knees hips and lower back and can improve symptoms

alcohol cancer risk

wine has been suspected but heavy and regular alcohol consumption increases cancer in the entire digestive tract larnyx pharnyx and breast

do teens need more calories than babies? more weight per kg?

yes; no babies are the highest.

Older adults have decreased immune function. Therefore, there is an increased need for which nutrient? zinc vitamin D calcium folic acid

zinc

According to the newest guidelines for blood pressure classification in adults, which blood pressure measurement would be considered normal? 122/80 All are considered "normal" blood pressures 126/82 118/78

118/78. Must be under 120 systole

gastroesophgeal reflux in bbys

12-18 mo

Elevated

120-129 systole and less than 80 diastolic

Diabetic fasting glucose Pre Diabetic fasting glucose normal fasting glucose

126+ 100-125 - 99

High Blood Pressure stage 1

130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic

borderline high ldl high ldl very high

130-159 160-189 over 190

High Blood Pressure stage 2

140 or higher and 90 or higher diastolic

Vegetables and Fruits w cancer

Consumption reduces cancer risk

Food safety donts during pregnancy

DONT eat high mercury fish DONT eat dangerous fish DONT drink raw milk DONT eat lunch/processed meats unless steaming hot DONT eat raw salmona foods DONT eat unwashed juice vegetables or fruit

Which weight loss intervention would be described as a surgeon removing about 80% of the patients stomach, creating a long, banana-shaped pouch? Liposuction Gastric bypass Gastric sleeve Gastric banding

Gastric sleeve

Non-Dietary risk factors of hypertension

Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco STRESS

Non-Dietary risk of atherosclerosis

Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco STRESS

Non-Dietary risks for obesity

Genetics Sedentary Lifestyle

Non-Dietary risk factors for dental and oral diseases

Genetics Smoking and tobacco

Energy and protein in adolescence

Greater total calories and protein grams per day

Which of the following would be considered a "biological" factor in the development of obesity? Income Physical Activity levels Living in a metropolitan area Gut microbiota

Gut microbia

Which of the following is a risk factor for the developing cardiovascular disease? Low Lipoprotein a levels High Lipoprotein a levels High HDL levels Moderate alcohol consumption

High Lipoprotein-a levels

Pre-diabetes

High blood glucose levels that do not warrant a diabetic diagnosis

Dietary risks for obesity

High fat diet Excessive Alcohol Intake Low complex carbs/fiber High sugar intake

Dietary risk factors for cancers

High fat diet Excessive Alcohol Intake Low complex carbs/fiber low vits and min intake *NOT High sugar intake* high intake of picked or salty foods

Dietary risk factors of hypertension

High fat diet Excessive Alcohol Intake low vits and min intake high intake of picked or salty foods IN SENSITIVE PEOPLE

Dietary Risk factors for stroke

High fat diet Low complex carbs/fiber

Dietary risk factors for diverticulitis

High fat diet Low complex carbs/fiber low vits and min intake

Dietary risk of atherosclerosis

High fat diet Low complex carbs/fiber low vits and min intake

Fat w cancer

High-fat diets associated with an increase in risk of cancers

lifestyle and behavioral factors of obesity

How Often Do You Dine Out? Our Social Networks Lack of Physical Activity Psychological Factors Emotional eating

fat cell development options

Hypercellular Hypertrophic Hyperplastic

Anorexia of aging

Loss of appetite with illness Can lead to protein-energy malnutrition can cause protein energy malnutrition

Which of the following is not a sensory impairment common with aging? Loss of vision Loss of smell Loss of taste Loss of touch

Loss of touch

Fat with elders

Maintain moderate low-fat diet; not too low but absolutely not high

History of miscarriages

recurrence of problem in subsequent pregnancy birth defects or death in bby

decreased sense of taste and smell lead to

reduced appetite

garlic and cancer

reduces risk of GI cancers

reduce heartburn

remain upright for an hour after eating eat smaller amounts more frequently

diarhrea in bbys

requires increased fluids

Emotional eating

restrained eaters and binge eaters

Why are overweight people likely to suffer gallbladder disease

risk increases with weight increase. overwhelming weight loss can increase gall stone chances.

Decreases in aging

salvia production digestive secretions lactase secretions gastrointestinal motility cardiac output blood volume kidney function liver function immune function vitamin absorbption

Protein needs for elders

same per kg of body weight as needed in younger adults. keep protein moderate to offset lean body mass reductions.

When does adolescence begin in females

begins between 10 and 12 years

When does adolescence begin in males

begins between 12 and 14 years

premature birth

birth of fetus before 37 weeks of gestation

antioxidants cancer risk

block free radical damage to the cells but supplements cant stop humans from developing/dying of cancer

hypertension in pregnancy

can cause stroke heart attack early placental separation in mom. fetal death or thin baby.

Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder of

carbohydrate metabolism

3+ pregnancies in 2 years

cause motherly malnutrition cause thin bbby or preterm birth

agnia

chest pain caused by decreased oxygen to the heart

Maternal changes during pregnancy of uterus

expands

Maternal changes during pregnancy of fat stores

fat stores increase

How much do females gain during puberty

Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight

How much do males gain during puberty

Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight

inflatable band around top part of stomach, creating a small pouch, with an adjustable opening

Gastric Banding

Osteoporosis in aging

Common in elders, especially women Maintain calcium, vitamin D, and exercise

Surgeon staples top part of stomach, creating a small pouch and attaching it to middle part of small intestine

Gastric bypass

Surgeon removes 80% of stomach, creating a long, banana-shaped pouch

Gastric sleeve

Osteoporosis

"Porous bone" Bone mass declines and bone quality deteriorates

Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

*Age over 45 *over 25 BMI (overweight) *1st degree relative w diabetes *sedentary lifestyle *black, latino, native, asian, pacific islander *pre-diabetic identity *history of gestational diabetes or birthin a baby over 9 pounds *hypertension (140/90+) *HDL cholesterol under 35 *Triglyceride level over 250 *Polycystic ovary syndrome *history of vascular disease

worldwide how many people are obese

1.5 billion

how much weight should you gin if you are obese (BMI over 30)

11-20 lbs

leading cause of death

CVD

Adolescent obesity increases risks for

Developing high blood pressure Abnormal blood glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes Breathing problems, joint pain, and heartburn Poor self-esteem Metabolic syndrome

Why are overweight people likely to suffer heart disease and stroke

Hypertension and very high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides can lead to heart disease and are often linked to being overweight. Being overweight also contributes to agnia and sudden death from heart disease or stroke without any signs or symptoms

Most important vitamins and minerals for pregnancy

IRON, FOLATE, A, B, C

Slowed gastric motility from aging causes what change nutrient requirements

Increased need for fiber

Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents: fitness sports

Provide catalyst for learning about nutrition and improve daily habits (confuses kids)

Which of the following typically occurs after consuming a large, carbohydrate-rich meal or food? Insulin resistance Promotion of cancerous cells Gestational diabetes Reactive hypoglycemia

Reactive hypoglycemia

Energy needs of elders

Reduced needs due to decreased activity and decreased lean body mass. its small, reduced effect by exercising

Water and elders

Reduced thirst response (dont crave water); although about the same but slightly more , and rarely drink

How to reduce the osteoporosis

Reducing the risk Calcium Vitamin D Vitamin A Exercise

What are 6 factors that are contributing to the childhood obesity epidemic?

Screen time, meals away from home, social networks, food deserts, physical inactivity, lack of sleep

What does the oral glucose tolerance test measure / how

The classic oral glucose tolerance test measures blood glucose levels five times over a period of three hours. Some physicians simply take a baseline blood sample followed by a sample two hours after drinking the glucose solution. In a person without diabetes, the glucose levels rise and then fall quickly. In someone with diabetes, glucose levels rise higher than normal and fail to come back down as fast

Overweight children are likely to become overweight adults, Why?

The habit is unlikely to be lost as they grow. Either manipulate activity level or diet

Energy and nutrient needs during childhood Energy and protein

Total energy requirements gradually increase Kcals and grams of protein per kg slowly decrease from infancy

Non-Dietary risk factors for diverticulitis

Age Sedentary Lifestyle

Social characteristic of obesity

Age and lifestyle (fatness increases in adults and decreases in elders) Gender: more prevalent in women than men Race: more common in african americans hispanics natives and pacific islander women

What Goals Should I Set for weight management through diet?

Balancing Energy Sources: Carbohydrates Provide important nutrients But watch portion sizes, and limit high-fat accompaniments. Balancing Energy Sources: Protein High-protein diets typically restrict types of foods consumed, which is true source of any weight loss.

Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents: Eating disorders

Become preoccupied with weight, appearance, and eating habits

Obesity is a complex disorder. Give examples of the following factors as they relate to the development of obesity: Social, environmental, lifestyle, behavioral and biological.

Biological: Gut microbiota, fat cell development, sex, age, race Environmental: rural vs. urban, proximity to supermarkets Social: who you eat meals with, socioeconomic status, education Lifestyle: How often do you dine out? Social networks, level of PA

Increases in aging

Blood Pressure Body Weight Bone Loss

Hemoglobin A1C is a measure of: Levels of blood glucose following consumption of a dose of glucose Blood pressure control Dietary cholesterol levels Blood sugar control over the last few months

Blood sugar control over the last few months

Maternal changes during pregnancy of blood volume/RBCs

Blood volume and RBC mass increases

why is calcium a concern in elders

Bone health Reduced absorption

inflammation & athreosclerosis

C- reactive protein (CRP) levels denote whether there is inflammation in your body

Childhood vegetarianism Nutrients to emphasize

Calcium Iron Zinc Vitamin B12 Vitamin D

Vision problems of aging

Can affect ability to shop and cook Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration.

Drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions in elders

Can affect use of drugs or nutrients Possible interactions should be identified and avoided (appetite, dry mouth, alter taste and smell, potency can increase)

Which of the following is true regarding "anorexia of aging?" Unlikely to lead to protein-energy malnutrition Can be a result of decreased appetite due to illness Likely caused by social pressures to be thin None of these answers are accurate

Can be a result of decreased appetite due to illness

Second leading cause of death in US

Cancer

Why are overweight people likely to suffer gout

Chances increase w higher body weights. may trigger in weight loss if high uric acid or previous gout episode

Adolescence

Changes in body composition (fat in women, muscle in men) Changes in emotional maturity Adolescent growth spurt

Dietary and Lifestyle Factors for Reducing Atherosclerosis Risk pt. II

Choose and prepare foods with little or no salt. If you consume alcohol, do so in moderation. When you eat food that is prepared outside of the home, follow the AHA's diet and lifestyle recommendations

Cluster of at least three of the following risk factors:

Cluster Abdominal obesity High fasting blood glucose High serum triglycerides Low HDL cholesterol Elevated blood pressure

feeding problems during infancy

Colic Baby bottle tooth decay Iron-deficiency anemia Gastroesophageal reflux Diarrhea Failure to thrive

Cancer

Comprises a group of more than 100 diseases that involve the uncontrolled division of body's cells Forms a tumor that can be either benign or malignant Spread of cancer is called metastasis Most cancers named for organ or type of cell in which they originate

Which of the following would be most likely to decrease ones' risk for the development of cancer? Consuming garlic Consuming excess calcium Drinking alcohol Consuming grilled chicken

Consuming Garlic

Social contexts in the development of obesity

Culture: people in developed societies have more body fat than people in developing societies History: Fatness is increasing in the US but idealized weights are decreasing

Which dietary approach would be best for specifically reducing blood pressure? DASH diet Counting carbohydrates Vegetarian diet Mediterranean diet

DASH diet

Food safety during pregnancy

DO eat 8-12 oz of shellfish and fish weekly

Increase the risk of malnutrition among the elderly: Reduced food intake due to

Decreased appetite caused by lack of exercise, depression, or social isolation. Changes in taste smell and vision. Dental problems Limitations in mobility Medications restricting mealtimes or affecting appetite Lack of money to buy food Lack of nutritional knowledge

Diabetes general

Dietary and Lifestyle Factors for Reducing Diabetes Risk Obesity Management Diet Physical activity Medications Nutrition

What Goals Should I Set for weight management through eating habits?

Don't skip meals—eat regularly "Everything in moderation"

Dietary risk factors of osteoporosis

Excessive Alcohol Intake low vits and min intake

Following a vegan diet should be avoided for children as it is unlikely a child can obtain the nutrients they need to grow and develop properly. True False

False

Weight cycling is the pattern of losing 1-5% of ones' body weight over and over again. However, there are no direct health effects from this up and down pattern.

False

Carbs and fat needs during infancy

Fat is a major energy source Carbs are best as simple sugars

socioeconomic factors to obesity

Food insecurity Level of education

antioxidants for mature adults

Found in fruits and vegetables Important to reduce oxidative stress and degenerative diseases May protect against damage to the brain

Non-Dietary risk factors of diabetes type 2

Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle

Non-Dietary risk factors of osteoporosis

Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco

Non dietary risk factors of cancers

Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco *NOT STRESS* Environmental contaminants **only cancer has this**

Non-Dietary Risk factors for stroke

Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco STRESS

Dietary risk factors of diabetes type 2

High fat diet Low complex carbs/fiber

Vitamin and mineral needs in breastfeeding women

Higher or same as during pregnancy but D and K should be the same and iron and folate should decrease

Whole grains and legumes w cancer

Higher-fiber diets shown to reduce cancer risks

gestational diabetes

Hormones Often controlled through diet May require insulin therapy

Basic Tenets of Size Acceptance

Human beings come in a variety of sizes and shapes. There is no ideal body size, shape, or weight that every individual should strive to achieve. Every body is good body, whatever its size or shape. Self-esteem and body image are strongly linked, Helping people feel good about their bodies and about who they are can help motivate healthy behaviors. Appearance stereotyping is inherently unfair to the individual because it is based on superficial factors that the individual has little or no control over. We respect the bodies of others even though they may be quite different from our own. Each person is responsible for taking care of his or her own body. Good Health is not defined by body size; it is a state of physical, emotional, and social well-being. People of all shapes and sizes can reduce their risk of poor health by adopting a healthy lifestyle .

5 health risks caused by being overweight and why

Hypertension: increases the risk and this in turn increases the risk of CVD Diabetes: Type 2, major cause of early death, CVD, kidney disease Cancer: Several different types of cancer have an increased risk if obese including: uterus, gall bladder, cervical, ovarian, breast, colon, prostate, etc. Gout: A joint disease caused from a buildup of uric acid in joints. Increased risk with a higher body weight. Osteoarthritis: Extra pressure on joints as a result of the added body weight, wears away the cartilage. (Especially hips, knees, etc.)

Increase the risk of malnutrition among the elderly: increased nutrient requirements

Illness with fever or infection injury and surgery

What Goals Should I Set for weight management behaviorally?

Improved eating and physical behavior Control total calorie intake Increase physical activity and reduce time spent in sedentary behaviors

What are three behaviors that will help you manage body weight?

Improving diet by controlling total calorie intake, increasing PA, goal setting, reducing time spent in sedentary behaviors, improved stress management, modifying social network

Decreased kidney ability to concentration urine, constipation, and reduced thirst sensation from aging causes what change nutrient requirements

Increased fluid needs

Increased oxidation stress, cognitive impairment, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration from aging causes what change nutrient requirements

Increased need for antioxidants such as beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E

Increased gastric pH from aging causes what change nutrient requirements

Increased need for vitamin B12, folic acid, calcium, iron, and zinc

Babies need more or less energy? More or less energy per kg?

Less energy overall, but a ridiculous amount in terms of energy for body weight.

Hyperglycemia

Low blood sugar resulting from excess insulin Reactive—occurs after eating carbohydrate-rich food Fasting—occurs when body produces too much insulin even when no food is eaten

Which of the following is not accurate regarding development during the adolescent growth spurt? Height may increase by approximately 6 to 8" Females gain close to 45 pounds on average, while males weight stays somewhat stable Females see an increase in body fat percentage Both females and males see significant decrease in growth rate before age 20

Males gain 45; girls gain 35.

Why is zinc a concern for the elderly

Marginal deficiencies likely May compromise immunity, wound healing

Dental health in aging

May interfere with eating ability or food choices

Arthritis in aging

May interfere with food preparation and eating Dietary changes may improve symptoms.

Depression in elders

May reduce food intake Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use

Extra macronutrients needed during pregnancy

More protein is needed for synthesis of new maternal placental and fetal tissue. DA 1.1 g/kg BW

common GI distress during pregnancy

Morning sickness Constipation Heart Burn

What Goals Should I Set for weight management through thinking and emotions?

Negative emotions can undermine a healthy lifestyle. Positive self-talk is encouraged.

Which statement is most accurate regarding older adults nutrient needs? Older adults require additional fat intake to decrease risk of malnutrition Older adults require less fluids due to decreased activity levels Older adults require less protein per kg BW due to having less lean body mass All of these answers are accurate None of the answers are accurate

None are correct

A male child weighs 78 pounds at age 9 and falls into the 83rd percentile for their weight on the growth chart. This child is classified as: Normal weight Overweight Obese Morbidly obese

Normal

Which type of obesity is described as obesity due to and increase in both SIZE and NUMBER of fat cells? Hyperplastic Hypercellular Hypertrophic Hyperglycemic

Not hypercellular whatever it is

hypertensive risk factors

Obesity Eating too much salt Lack of physical activity Drinking too much alcohol Race Age Heredity

hypercellular

Obesity due to an above-average number of fat cells.

hyperplastic

Obesity due to an increase in size and number of fat cells

hypertrophic

Obesity due to an increase in size of fat cells

Type 2 diabetes

Occurs when target cells lose the ability to respond normally to insulin

Why are overweight people likely to suffer cancer

Several types of cancer are associated with being overweight. However for some like breast or colon cancer its unclear whether its increased from high cal and high fat or just the overweightness. In women, these include cancer of the uterus, gallbladder, cervix, ovary, breast, and colon. Overweight men are at greater risk of cololn, rectum, and prostate cancers.

List and describe at least 5 different weight-management strategies.

Smart phone apps, weight loss prescriptions, meal replacements, surgery, modifying eating habits, making behavioral changes, self-help groups, commercial weight loss programs.

Gastric Band

Surgeon places an inflatable band around the top part of stomach, creating a small pouch with an adjustable opening

Gastric Sleeve

Surgeon removes about 80% of the stomach, creating a long, banana-shaped pouch.

Gastric Bypass

Surgeon staples top part of the stomach, creating a small pouch and attaching it to middle part of small intestine.

Drinking too much alcohol is a risk factor for the development of hypertension.

True

High sugar intake is a dietary risk factor that has been shown to be directly related to the risk of developing obesity and dental/oral diseases.

True

Children require greater total calories and protein per day than infants (in a 24 hour period.) True False

True; for example a 10 lb babbie needs 15 g protein, 1000 carbs when a 50 lb kid needs more carbs and 55 g of protein

Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Type 2 Gestational Pre-diabetes

Health risks due to obesity

Type 2 diabetes Dyslipidemia Cancer Mood Disorders Heart Disease Reproductive Disorders Liver Disease Hypertension

Vitamins and minerals in children

Variety of foods needed, also a good way to get them not be picky. Assess iron intake (meat is hard for babies to eat, but beans and veggies are not usual children go-to. Need for supplements? kids with chronic conditions

Key vits an mins for bbys

Vit D Vit K Vit B12 Iron Flouride

adolescents nutrients of concern

Vitamin A Calcium Iron *pretty big*

Which state has the highest obesity rates based on BMI? West Virginia Colorado California North Carolina

West Virginia; Colorado least.

environmental factors to obesity

Where you live Build environment

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

a disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight W/O APPARENT DISEASE

Risk factors for osteoporosis

advanced age, female thin or small frame family history early menopause (natural or surgical) low testosterone in men amenorrhea anorexia and bulimia thyroid disease rheumatoid arthritis intestinal calcium probs using corticosteroids and anticonvulsants poor dietary calcium & vit D no weightbaring exercise smoking excessive caffeine or alcohol

Which of the following is a common cause of malnutrition in older adults? Medications that decrease the excretion of nutrients Decreased nutrient requirements Eating disorders Altered taste and smell

altered taste and smell

malnutrition pregnancy risk

anemia or poor conception in mother fetus may be thin, disabled, preterm, miscarried, stillborn, or chronically ill

coronary heart disease is known as

athersclerosis

small for gestational age

babies who weigh substantially less than is normal for whatever their gestational age

if failure to thrive left untreated it can lead to delayed development of

cognitive skills motor skills language skills

Pica

compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice

Hypertensive crisis

consult your doctor immediately higher than 180 higher than 120

sociocultural influences on obesity

culture, history, age, lifestyle, gender, race and ethnicity, income, education, occupational prestige, employment, household, marriage, residence, region

Maternal changes during pregnancy of spine

curvature of spine increases

loss of vision and hearing leads to

decreased ability to purchase and prepare food

psychosocial isolation leads to

decreased appetite

Decreased muscle mass from aging causes what change nutrient requirements

decreases need for energy increases need for high quality protein

only 2 conditions were related to high sugar

dental issues, obesity

altered energy need leads to

diet lacking in essential nutrient

diabetes in pregnancy

difficulty adjusting insulin dose, c-section, preclampsia (unusual high blood pressure + protein pee) thiq bby, congintal abnormalities, fetal death

oral health and dental problems leads to

difficulty chewing, inflammation, poor quality diet

4-6 mo how much should weight have changed from birth

doubled

Reduce morning sickness

eat dry cereal, toast, crackers before getting out of bed

reduce constipation

eat/drink plenty of fiber and fluids get regular, moderate exercise

micronutrient concerns for older adults

folate, B6, B12, iron, antioxidants, zinc, calcium, vitamin d

8 obesity factors

genetic, physiological, metabolic, hormonal, sociocultural, environmental, behavioral, psychological

Maternal changes during pregnancy of breast tissue

grown and changed by hormones

how is nutritional status measured in infants?

growth charts (length and head circumference)

biological factors to obesity

gut microbiota fat cell development sex and age race and ethnicity