Nutrition Exam 5 info
how much weight you should gain if you are overweight (25-29.9 BMI)
15-25 lbs
borderline high triglycerides high triglycerides very high triglycerides
150-199 200-499 over 500
oral glucose tolerance test diabetic score prediabetic score normal score
200+ 140-199 -139
borderline high cholesterol high cholesterol
200-239 over 240
Fiber needs of elder
25-28 g; about the same as us, about 14 g per 100 kcal.
how much weight you should gain if you are normal (18.5-24.9 BMI)
25-35 lbs
how much weight you should gain if you are underweight (less than 18.5 BMI)
28-40 lbs
AI for breast weeding water
3.8 L a day
Extra calories needed in pregnant women
300-400 kcal
Approximately ______% of children are overweight or obese. 12% 52% 32% 4.9%
32
vitamins before conception
400-800 ug avoid high doses of vitamin A (retinol) causes birth defects
teen weight gain
45lbs for boys 35 lbs fr girls
Diabetes A1c Pre diabetes A1c Normal A1c
6.5 + 5.7-6.4 - 5.7
nutrition for breastfeeding women
700-800 kcals above non-pregnant needs 1.3 g/kg BW protein
Which of the following is a risk factor for atherosclerosis that can't be modified? Diet high in fat Age of 45 or older for men Diet high in sodium Lack of physical activity
Age of 45 or older for men
Which of the following would be the best option to help with the decreased gastric motility older adults develop as they age? Increasing fluid intake Adding fiber to breakfast Increasing physical activity All choices would be good options
All are lit
Energy needs during infancy
Amount of energy he/she requires for basal functions, in addition to growth and activity (which about twice that of an adults relative to its size) 100 kcal/kg BW
A B C pattern
Antecedents (precursorscravings) lead to Behaviour and lead to Consequences
Childhood overweight
Approximately 32 % (1/3) of children ages 2 to 19 years are overweight or obese Hugely increasing
What are the states with the highest obesity prevalence?
Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, ***West Virginia***
Which of the following is the most likely cause for a decrease in vitamin B12 absorption in older adults? Atrophic gastritis Poor dentition Depression Celiac disease
Atrophic gastritis
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors for Reducing Atherosclerosis Risk
Balance calorie intake and physical activity to achieve or maintain a healthy body weight. Consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Choose whole-grain, high-fiber foods. Consume fish, especially oily fish, at least twice a week. Minimize your intake of beverages and foods that contain added sugars.
Due to high rate of growth that takes place during the adolescent growth spurt, teens require more kcals/kg BW than infants. True False
False, babies are peak.
Antioxidant intake is important for older adults to decrease the risk of losing lean body mass. True False
False; stops oxidation damage
Decreased immune function from aging causes what change nutrient requirements
Increased need for vitamin B6, antioxidants, vitamin E, zinc, and high-quality protein
Decreased skin capacity for cholecalciferol synthesis from aging causes what change nutrient requirements
Increased need for vitamin D
Bowel and bladder regulation in aging
Increased risk of urinary tract infection Chronic constipation more common with age Need for increased fluids and fiber
Why are overweight people likely to suffer sleep apnea
Increases w higher body weights. weight loss usually improves.
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents: Acne
Investigating the connections between diets and acne High-glycemic-index foods, fat intake, and fatty acid composition (not exactly true; something dietary tho)
Gout
Joint disease caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. Sometimes forms solid stone or crystal masses that deposit in joints.
How does ones' gut microbiota relate to the development of obesity?
Our microbial population in the gut may influence the amount of calories we absorb from food we eat, and studies have shown that our gut microbes directly influence the development of both obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
weight-management
Over-the-Counter Drugs and Dietary Supplements Used for Weight Loss Surgery
What are the consequences of weight cycling?
Pattern of losing and gaining weight....large fluctuations in body weight. Up-down pattern results in negative health effects in regards to health risks, body comp, fat distribution and energy expenditure.
Hypertension
Persistent high blood pressure Force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels Often called a "silent killer" Can damage vital organs Increases risk of heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure Blood pressure measured using a sphygmomanometer
If a child is raised following a vegan or vegetarian diet, which of the following micronutrients would be least likely to be deficient? Iron Calcium Zinc Potassium
Potassium
Causes of failure to thrive
Poverty and food shortage Excessive fruit juices low-fat, skim milk improper formula prep inappropriate food selection
occurs when promoted cells multiply
Progression
Phenylketonuria
a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
Hyperglycemia
abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
General leisure time on an average day
about 2 hrs and 47 min on tv, 41 communicating, about 18 exercising
Older than 35 preggo
hypertensive, Gestational diabetes bby may have downs or chromosomal problems
overweight pregnancy risk
hypertensive, diabetes, C-section, hard delivery for mom thiq baby, nueral tube defect, low Apgar/health score
Maternal changes during pregnancy of heart rate
increases by 20%
childhood obesity
increasing at an alarming rate. contributed to by environment genetics behavior poor food choices and poor activity levels
Difference between baby and adult macros?
infants need 1.5 of the kcals but its ridiculous considering their tiny bodies, babies have 50% fat, 40% carbs 6% protein. adults 45-65% carbs, 20-35% fat, 10-35% protein
occurs when something alters a cell's genetic structure
initiation
vitamins and minerals of concern for childhood
iron zinc vitamin E and vitamin D
Dyslipidemia
is an abnormal amount of lipids (e.g. triglycerides, cholesterol and/or fat phospholipids) in the blood.
optimal ldl near optimal ldl
less than 100 100-129
Normal Blood Pressure
less than 120 systolic and 80 diastole
desirable total cholesterol
less than 200
very low birth weight
less than 3.3 lbs
Low-birth-weight
less than 5.5 pounds
Environmental financial leads to
limited access to food; poor quality diet
perception of weight
linked to popular culture and standards have changes with time with thinness increasingly valued
how does cholesterol relate to athersclerosis
lipoptotein a presence ins strongly linked to hypercholesterolemia
Dietary risk factors for dental and oral diseases
low vits and min intake High sugar intake
cigs and preggo
lung cancer or disorders, miscarriage in moms bby thin, stillbirth, preterm, sudden infant death, lung probs
Benifits of breastfeeding for infants
Optimal nutrition Protects infant from infections and illness including diarrhea, ear infections, pneumonia, and asthma Convenience also helps mama loose weight faster
Which of the following is not a risk of being overweight? Gall bladder disease Type 2 diabetes Gout Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors for Reducing Atherosclerosis Risk pt. III
Other dietary factors Controversy: Limiting Your Intake of Saturated and Trans Fat and Cholesterol
Gut microbiota
Our microbial partners may influence how many calories we are able to absorb from the food we eat.
drugs and preggo
malnutrition miscarriage premature labor and delivery in mom perinatal drug addiction, growth problems, low birth rate, preterm, birth defects, sudden infant death
purpose of head circumference charts
measures brain growth and development
Increase the risk of malnutrition among the elderly: Increased nutrient losses due to
medications that increase excretion of nutrients diseases such as gastrointestinal and kidney disease
underweight pregnancy risks
mom may get anemia or hemorrhage and the baby will be thin or preterm
Younger than 20 preggo
mom may have malnutrition or hypertensive stuff bby may have low birth weight
Micronutrient intake increase in pregnants
most vitamins and minerals need increase to support growth and development. A B C iron and folate
Phenylketonuria in pregnancy
mother will have high phelkytones which causes brain damage/intellectual disability if the mother doesnt keep dietary phlerhkery levels low
sacropenia leads to
muscle loss leads to decreased functional ability, assistance needed with ADLs
flouride and cancer
no association whatsoever
artificial sweeteners cancer risk
no clear evidence association of cancer in HUMANS
do teens need more fat than adults?
no they should get their calories from healthier things; and limit fats
Carbohydrate with elders
not much change, increased lactose intolerance
Type 1 diabetes
occurs when body's immune system attacks beta beta cells in pancreas, causing them to lose the ability to make insulin
Factors increasing risk of gestational diabetes
older 25 obesity family history of diabetes poor pregnancy outcome history of abnormal glucose tolerance ethnically inclined
short women weight gain? pregnant teens?
petites should be at the lower end of spectrum. teens will be upper.
tea and cancer
polyphenols, especially catechins are antioxidants. very choppy research.
Alcohol and preggos
poor nutritional status in mom bby has fetal alchol spectrum/syndrome
decreased physical activity leads to
progressive depletion of LBM and loss of appetite
a reversible stage, occurs when a chemical or other factor encourages initiated cells to become active.
promotion
early dental carries
putting baby to bed with bottle
cruciferous vegetables and cancer
things like bok choy, Brussels sprouts, kale etc break down into anticancer compounds in animals unsure in humans
normal triglycerides
under 150
HDL chloesterol low HDL cholesterol high
under 40 over 60
Increase the risk of malnutrition among the elderly: Reduced nutrient absorption and utilization due to
gastrointestinal changes Medications that affect absorption diseases such a diabetes, kidney disease, alcoholism, and GI disease
How to tell if kids are overweight?
growth charts are more comparable 85-94 percentile of weight for their height. 95% obese. BMI CANNOT DETERMINE, MUST BE COMPARED TO CHILDREN OF THEIR AGE AND HEIGHT.
gestation
growth process from conception to birth
Charred meat cancer risk
has HCAs and PAHs can cause cancer in ANIMALS when animal muscle meat is heated extremely
Risk factors for athreosclerosis
high BP, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, diabetes, overweight, physical inactivity, age, family history
Gestation Diabetes
high blood glucose levels during pregnancy
calcium cancer risk
high intakes can probably reduce colon cancer unlikely breast and ovarian likely prostate
vitamin D and cancer
high intakes of vit D in the blood is associated with less colorectal cancer sometiimes
prevalence of obesity and diagnosed diabetes
highly linked
Which condition is related to an increase in the size and number of fat cells in the body? a. hypertension b. hypercellular obesity c. hyperplasia d. hypertrophic obesity
hyperplasia
Socioeconomic Status and obesity
income: more in poor women education: less educated women occupation: less prestigious jobs Employment: common in unemployed people household: adults who live with others marriage: married men residence: rural women region: southerners
Decreased bone density from aging causes what change nutrient requirements
increased need for calcium and vitamin D
Why are overweight people likely to suffer hypertension
overweight people are more likely to have high blood pressure- a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke much more than in skinnies
Why are overweight people likely to suffer diabetes
overweight people are twice as likely as skinnies! major cause of early death, heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and blindness.
Cognitive Behavioral Tools for Changing Behavior
self monitoring, environmental management, alternate behaviors, reward, negative reinforcement, social support, cognitive coping, managing emotions, relapse prevention and recovery.
colic
severe abdominal pain which causes crying and distress
Maternal changes during pregnancy of GI mobility
slows
Iron concern in elders?
tend not to be consumed, difficulty.
Protein needs during infancy
the highest needs of any life stage 1.50-1.52 g/kg of body weight
12 mo how much weight should have changed from birth
tripled
eclampsia
true toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions, and coma
cancer progression
tumor in epithelium -> cells break through base of epithelium to invade capillary -> cells travel through bloodstream and may eventually adhere to the capillary wall in the liver or other organs. less than 1000 cells survive out of the capillary. -> cells multiply to form metastases
Why are overweight people likely to suffer Osteoarthritis
weight places extra pressure on weight bearing joints and wear away the cartilage that normally protects them. weight loss decreses stress on knees hips and lower back and can improve symptoms
alcohol cancer risk
wine has been suspected but heavy and regular alcohol consumption increases cancer in the entire digestive tract larnyx pharnyx and breast
do teens need more calories than babies? more weight per kg?
yes; no babies are the highest.
Older adults have decreased immune function. Therefore, there is an increased need for which nutrient? zinc vitamin D calcium folic acid
zinc
According to the newest guidelines for blood pressure classification in adults, which blood pressure measurement would be considered normal? 122/80 All are considered "normal" blood pressures 126/82 118/78
118/78. Must be under 120 systole
gastroesophgeal reflux in bbys
12-18 mo
Elevated
120-129 systole and less than 80 diastolic
Diabetic fasting glucose Pre Diabetic fasting glucose normal fasting glucose
126+ 100-125 - 99
High Blood Pressure stage 1
130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic
borderline high ldl high ldl very high
130-159 160-189 over 190
High Blood Pressure stage 2
140 or higher and 90 or higher diastolic
Vegetables and Fruits w cancer
Consumption reduces cancer risk
Food safety donts during pregnancy
DONT eat high mercury fish DONT eat dangerous fish DONT drink raw milk DONT eat lunch/processed meats unless steaming hot DONT eat raw salmona foods DONT eat unwashed juice vegetables or fruit
Which weight loss intervention would be described as a surgeon removing about 80% of the patients stomach, creating a long, banana-shaped pouch? Liposuction Gastric bypass Gastric sleeve Gastric banding
Gastric sleeve
Non-Dietary risk factors of hypertension
Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco STRESS
Non-Dietary risk of atherosclerosis
Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco STRESS
Non-Dietary risks for obesity
Genetics Sedentary Lifestyle
Non-Dietary risk factors for dental and oral diseases
Genetics Smoking and tobacco
Energy and protein in adolescence
Greater total calories and protein grams per day
Which of the following would be considered a "biological" factor in the development of obesity? Income Physical Activity levels Living in a metropolitan area Gut microbiota
Gut microbia
Which of the following is a risk factor for the developing cardiovascular disease? Low Lipoprotein a levels High Lipoprotein a levels High HDL levels Moderate alcohol consumption
High Lipoprotein-a levels
Pre-diabetes
High blood glucose levels that do not warrant a diabetic diagnosis
Dietary risks for obesity
High fat diet Excessive Alcohol Intake Low complex carbs/fiber High sugar intake
Dietary risk factors for cancers
High fat diet Excessive Alcohol Intake Low complex carbs/fiber low vits and min intake *NOT High sugar intake* high intake of picked or salty foods
Dietary risk factors of hypertension
High fat diet Excessive Alcohol Intake low vits and min intake high intake of picked or salty foods IN SENSITIVE PEOPLE
Dietary Risk factors for stroke
High fat diet Low complex carbs/fiber
Dietary risk factors for diverticulitis
High fat diet Low complex carbs/fiber low vits and min intake
Dietary risk of atherosclerosis
High fat diet Low complex carbs/fiber low vits and min intake
Fat w cancer
High-fat diets associated with an increase in risk of cancers
lifestyle and behavioral factors of obesity
How Often Do You Dine Out? Our Social Networks Lack of Physical Activity Psychological Factors Emotional eating
fat cell development options
Hypercellular Hypertrophic Hyperplastic
Anorexia of aging
Loss of appetite with illness Can lead to protein-energy malnutrition can cause protein energy malnutrition
Which of the following is not a sensory impairment common with aging? Loss of vision Loss of smell Loss of taste Loss of touch
Loss of touch
Fat with elders
Maintain moderate low-fat diet; not too low but absolutely not high
History of miscarriages
recurrence of problem in subsequent pregnancy birth defects or death in bby
decreased sense of taste and smell lead to
reduced appetite
garlic and cancer
reduces risk of GI cancers
reduce heartburn
remain upright for an hour after eating eat smaller amounts more frequently
diarhrea in bbys
requires increased fluids
Emotional eating
restrained eaters and binge eaters
Why are overweight people likely to suffer gallbladder disease
risk increases with weight increase. overwhelming weight loss can increase gall stone chances.
Decreases in aging
salvia production digestive secretions lactase secretions gastrointestinal motility cardiac output blood volume kidney function liver function immune function vitamin absorbption
Protein needs for elders
same per kg of body weight as needed in younger adults. keep protein moderate to offset lean body mass reductions.
When does adolescence begin in females
begins between 10 and 12 years
When does adolescence begin in males
begins between 12 and 14 years
premature birth
birth of fetus before 37 weeks of gestation
antioxidants cancer risk
block free radical damage to the cells but supplements cant stop humans from developing/dying of cancer
hypertension in pregnancy
can cause stroke heart attack early placental separation in mom. fetal death or thin baby.
Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder of
carbohydrate metabolism
3+ pregnancies in 2 years
cause motherly malnutrition cause thin bbby or preterm birth
agnia
chest pain caused by decreased oxygen to the heart
Maternal changes during pregnancy of uterus
expands
Maternal changes during pregnancy of fat stores
fat stores increase
How much do females gain during puberty
Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight
How much do males gain during puberty
Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight
inflatable band around top part of stomach, creating a small pouch, with an adjustable opening
Gastric Banding
Osteoporosis in aging
Common in elders, especially women Maintain calcium, vitamin D, and exercise
Surgeon staples top part of stomach, creating a small pouch and attaching it to middle part of small intestine
Gastric bypass
Surgeon removes 80% of stomach, creating a long, banana-shaped pouch
Gastric sleeve
Osteoporosis
"Porous bone" Bone mass declines and bone quality deteriorates
Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
*Age over 45 *over 25 BMI (overweight) *1st degree relative w diabetes *sedentary lifestyle *black, latino, native, asian, pacific islander *pre-diabetic identity *history of gestational diabetes or birthin a baby over 9 pounds *hypertension (140/90+) *HDL cholesterol under 35 *Triglyceride level over 250 *Polycystic ovary syndrome *history of vascular disease
worldwide how many people are obese
1.5 billion
how much weight should you gin if you are obese (BMI over 30)
11-20 lbs
leading cause of death
CVD
Adolescent obesity increases risks for
Developing high blood pressure Abnormal blood glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes Breathing problems, joint pain, and heartburn Poor self-esteem Metabolic syndrome
Why are overweight people likely to suffer heart disease and stroke
Hypertension and very high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides can lead to heart disease and are often linked to being overweight. Being overweight also contributes to agnia and sudden death from heart disease or stroke without any signs or symptoms
Most important vitamins and minerals for pregnancy
IRON, FOLATE, A, B, C
Slowed gastric motility from aging causes what change nutrient requirements
Increased need for fiber
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents: fitness sports
Provide catalyst for learning about nutrition and improve daily habits (confuses kids)
Which of the following typically occurs after consuming a large, carbohydrate-rich meal or food? Insulin resistance Promotion of cancerous cells Gestational diabetes Reactive hypoglycemia
Reactive hypoglycemia
Energy needs of elders
Reduced needs due to decreased activity and decreased lean body mass. its small, reduced effect by exercising
Water and elders
Reduced thirst response (dont crave water); although about the same but slightly more , and rarely drink
How to reduce the osteoporosis
Reducing the risk Calcium Vitamin D Vitamin A Exercise
What are 6 factors that are contributing to the childhood obesity epidemic?
Screen time, meals away from home, social networks, food deserts, physical inactivity, lack of sleep
What does the oral glucose tolerance test measure / how
The classic oral glucose tolerance test measures blood glucose levels five times over a period of three hours. Some physicians simply take a baseline blood sample followed by a sample two hours after drinking the glucose solution. In a person without diabetes, the glucose levels rise and then fall quickly. In someone with diabetes, glucose levels rise higher than normal and fail to come back down as fast
Overweight children are likely to become overweight adults, Why?
The habit is unlikely to be lost as they grow. Either manipulate activity level or diet
Energy and nutrient needs during childhood Energy and protein
Total energy requirements gradually increase Kcals and grams of protein per kg slowly decrease from infancy
Non-Dietary risk factors for diverticulitis
Age Sedentary Lifestyle
Social characteristic of obesity
Age and lifestyle (fatness increases in adults and decreases in elders) Gender: more prevalent in women than men Race: more common in african americans hispanics natives and pacific islander women
What Goals Should I Set for weight management through diet?
Balancing Energy Sources: Carbohydrates Provide important nutrients But watch portion sizes, and limit high-fat accompaniments. Balancing Energy Sources: Protein High-protein diets typically restrict types of foods consumed, which is true source of any weight loss.
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents: Eating disorders
Become preoccupied with weight, appearance, and eating habits
Obesity is a complex disorder. Give examples of the following factors as they relate to the development of obesity: Social, environmental, lifestyle, behavioral and biological.
Biological: Gut microbiota, fat cell development, sex, age, race Environmental: rural vs. urban, proximity to supermarkets Social: who you eat meals with, socioeconomic status, education Lifestyle: How often do you dine out? Social networks, level of PA
Increases in aging
Blood Pressure Body Weight Bone Loss
Hemoglobin A1C is a measure of: Levels of blood glucose following consumption of a dose of glucose Blood pressure control Dietary cholesterol levels Blood sugar control over the last few months
Blood sugar control over the last few months
Maternal changes during pregnancy of blood volume/RBCs
Blood volume and RBC mass increases
why is calcium a concern in elders
Bone health Reduced absorption
inflammation & athreosclerosis
C- reactive protein (CRP) levels denote whether there is inflammation in your body
Childhood vegetarianism Nutrients to emphasize
Calcium Iron Zinc Vitamin B12 Vitamin D
Vision problems of aging
Can affect ability to shop and cook Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration.
Drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions in elders
Can affect use of drugs or nutrients Possible interactions should be identified and avoided (appetite, dry mouth, alter taste and smell, potency can increase)
Which of the following is true regarding "anorexia of aging?" Unlikely to lead to protein-energy malnutrition Can be a result of decreased appetite due to illness Likely caused by social pressures to be thin None of these answers are accurate
Can be a result of decreased appetite due to illness
Second leading cause of death in US
Cancer
Why are overweight people likely to suffer gout
Chances increase w higher body weights. may trigger in weight loss if high uric acid or previous gout episode
Adolescence
Changes in body composition (fat in women, muscle in men) Changes in emotional maturity Adolescent growth spurt
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors for Reducing Atherosclerosis Risk pt. II
Choose and prepare foods with little or no salt. If you consume alcohol, do so in moderation. When you eat food that is prepared outside of the home, follow the AHA's diet and lifestyle recommendations
Cluster of at least three of the following risk factors:
Cluster Abdominal obesity High fasting blood glucose High serum triglycerides Low HDL cholesterol Elevated blood pressure
feeding problems during infancy
Colic Baby bottle tooth decay Iron-deficiency anemia Gastroesophageal reflux Diarrhea Failure to thrive
Cancer
Comprises a group of more than 100 diseases that involve the uncontrolled division of body's cells Forms a tumor that can be either benign or malignant Spread of cancer is called metastasis Most cancers named for organ or type of cell in which they originate
Which of the following would be most likely to decrease ones' risk for the development of cancer? Consuming garlic Consuming excess calcium Drinking alcohol Consuming grilled chicken
Consuming Garlic
Social contexts in the development of obesity
Culture: people in developed societies have more body fat than people in developing societies History: Fatness is increasing in the US but idealized weights are decreasing
Which dietary approach would be best for specifically reducing blood pressure? DASH diet Counting carbohydrates Vegetarian diet Mediterranean diet
DASH diet
Food safety during pregnancy
DO eat 8-12 oz of shellfish and fish weekly
Increase the risk of malnutrition among the elderly: Reduced food intake due to
Decreased appetite caused by lack of exercise, depression, or social isolation. Changes in taste smell and vision. Dental problems Limitations in mobility Medications restricting mealtimes or affecting appetite Lack of money to buy food Lack of nutritional knowledge
Diabetes general
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors for Reducing Diabetes Risk Obesity Management Diet Physical activity Medications Nutrition
What Goals Should I Set for weight management through eating habits?
Don't skip meals—eat regularly "Everything in moderation"
Dietary risk factors of osteoporosis
Excessive Alcohol Intake low vits and min intake
Following a vegan diet should be avoided for children as it is unlikely a child can obtain the nutrients they need to grow and develop properly. True False
False
Weight cycling is the pattern of losing 1-5% of ones' body weight over and over again. However, there are no direct health effects from this up and down pattern.
False
Carbs and fat needs during infancy
Fat is a major energy source Carbs are best as simple sugars
socioeconomic factors to obesity
Food insecurity Level of education
antioxidants for mature adults
Found in fruits and vegetables Important to reduce oxidative stress and degenerative diseases May protect against damage to the brain
Non-Dietary risk factors of diabetes type 2
Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle
Non-Dietary risk factors of osteoporosis
Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco
Non dietary risk factors of cancers
Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco *NOT STRESS* Environmental contaminants **only cancer has this**
Non-Dietary Risk factors for stroke
Genetics Age Sedentary Lifestyle Smoking and tobacco STRESS
Dietary risk factors of diabetes type 2
High fat diet Low complex carbs/fiber
Vitamin and mineral needs in breastfeeding women
Higher or same as during pregnancy but D and K should be the same and iron and folate should decrease
Whole grains and legumes w cancer
Higher-fiber diets shown to reduce cancer risks
gestational diabetes
Hormones Often controlled through diet May require insulin therapy
Basic Tenets of Size Acceptance
Human beings come in a variety of sizes and shapes. There is no ideal body size, shape, or weight that every individual should strive to achieve. Every body is good body, whatever its size or shape. Self-esteem and body image are strongly linked, Helping people feel good about their bodies and about who they are can help motivate healthy behaviors. Appearance stereotyping is inherently unfair to the individual because it is based on superficial factors that the individual has little or no control over. We respect the bodies of others even though they may be quite different from our own. Each person is responsible for taking care of his or her own body. Good Health is not defined by body size; it is a state of physical, emotional, and social well-being. People of all shapes and sizes can reduce their risk of poor health by adopting a healthy lifestyle .
5 health risks caused by being overweight and why
Hypertension: increases the risk and this in turn increases the risk of CVD Diabetes: Type 2, major cause of early death, CVD, kidney disease Cancer: Several different types of cancer have an increased risk if obese including: uterus, gall bladder, cervical, ovarian, breast, colon, prostate, etc. Gout: A joint disease caused from a buildup of uric acid in joints. Increased risk with a higher body weight. Osteoarthritis: Extra pressure on joints as a result of the added body weight, wears away the cartilage. (Especially hips, knees, etc.)
Increase the risk of malnutrition among the elderly: increased nutrient requirements
Illness with fever or infection injury and surgery
What Goals Should I Set for weight management behaviorally?
Improved eating and physical behavior Control total calorie intake Increase physical activity and reduce time spent in sedentary behaviors
What are three behaviors that will help you manage body weight?
Improving diet by controlling total calorie intake, increasing PA, goal setting, reducing time spent in sedentary behaviors, improved stress management, modifying social network
Decreased kidney ability to concentration urine, constipation, and reduced thirst sensation from aging causes what change nutrient requirements
Increased fluid needs
Increased oxidation stress, cognitive impairment, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration from aging causes what change nutrient requirements
Increased need for antioxidants such as beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E
Increased gastric pH from aging causes what change nutrient requirements
Increased need for vitamin B12, folic acid, calcium, iron, and zinc
Babies need more or less energy? More or less energy per kg?
Less energy overall, but a ridiculous amount in terms of energy for body weight.
Hyperglycemia
Low blood sugar resulting from excess insulin Reactive—occurs after eating carbohydrate-rich food Fasting—occurs when body produces too much insulin even when no food is eaten
Which of the following is not accurate regarding development during the adolescent growth spurt? Height may increase by approximately 6 to 8" Females gain close to 45 pounds on average, while males weight stays somewhat stable Females see an increase in body fat percentage Both females and males see significant decrease in growth rate before age 20
Males gain 45; girls gain 35.
Why is zinc a concern for the elderly
Marginal deficiencies likely May compromise immunity, wound healing
Dental health in aging
May interfere with eating ability or food choices
Arthritis in aging
May interfere with food preparation and eating Dietary changes may improve symptoms.
Depression in elders
May reduce food intake Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use
Extra macronutrients needed during pregnancy
More protein is needed for synthesis of new maternal placental and fetal tissue. DA 1.1 g/kg BW
common GI distress during pregnancy
Morning sickness Constipation Heart Burn
What Goals Should I Set for weight management through thinking and emotions?
Negative emotions can undermine a healthy lifestyle. Positive self-talk is encouraged.
Which statement is most accurate regarding older adults nutrient needs? Older adults require additional fat intake to decrease risk of malnutrition Older adults require less fluids due to decreased activity levels Older adults require less protein per kg BW due to having less lean body mass All of these answers are accurate None of the answers are accurate
None are correct
A male child weighs 78 pounds at age 9 and falls into the 83rd percentile for their weight on the growth chart. This child is classified as: Normal weight Overweight Obese Morbidly obese
Normal
Which type of obesity is described as obesity due to and increase in both SIZE and NUMBER of fat cells? Hyperplastic Hypercellular Hypertrophic Hyperglycemic
Not hypercellular whatever it is
hypertensive risk factors
Obesity Eating too much salt Lack of physical activity Drinking too much alcohol Race Age Heredity
hypercellular
Obesity due to an above-average number of fat cells.
hyperplastic
Obesity due to an increase in size and number of fat cells
hypertrophic
Obesity due to an increase in size of fat cells
Type 2 diabetes
Occurs when target cells lose the ability to respond normally to insulin
Why are overweight people likely to suffer cancer
Several types of cancer are associated with being overweight. However for some like breast or colon cancer its unclear whether its increased from high cal and high fat or just the overweightness. In women, these include cancer of the uterus, gallbladder, cervix, ovary, breast, and colon. Overweight men are at greater risk of cololn, rectum, and prostate cancers.
List and describe at least 5 different weight-management strategies.
Smart phone apps, weight loss prescriptions, meal replacements, surgery, modifying eating habits, making behavioral changes, self-help groups, commercial weight loss programs.
Gastric Band
Surgeon places an inflatable band around the top part of stomach, creating a small pouch with an adjustable opening
Gastric Sleeve
Surgeon removes about 80% of the stomach, creating a long, banana-shaped pouch.
Gastric Bypass
Surgeon staples top part of the stomach, creating a small pouch and attaching it to middle part of small intestine.
Drinking too much alcohol is a risk factor for the development of hypertension.
True
High sugar intake is a dietary risk factor that has been shown to be directly related to the risk of developing obesity and dental/oral diseases.
True
Children require greater total calories and protein per day than infants (in a 24 hour period.) True False
True; for example a 10 lb babbie needs 15 g protein, 1000 carbs when a 50 lb kid needs more carbs and 55 g of protein
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Type 2 Gestational Pre-diabetes
Health risks due to obesity
Type 2 diabetes Dyslipidemia Cancer Mood Disorders Heart Disease Reproductive Disorders Liver Disease Hypertension
Vitamins and minerals in children
Variety of foods needed, also a good way to get them not be picky. Assess iron intake (meat is hard for babies to eat, but beans and veggies are not usual children go-to. Need for supplements? kids with chronic conditions
Key vits an mins for bbys
Vit D Vit K Vit B12 Iron Flouride
adolescents nutrients of concern
Vitamin A Calcium Iron *pretty big*
Which state has the highest obesity rates based on BMI? West Virginia Colorado California North Carolina
West Virginia; Colorado least.
environmental factors to obesity
Where you live Build environment
Failure to Thrive (FTT)
a disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight W/O APPARENT DISEASE
Risk factors for osteoporosis
advanced age, female thin or small frame family history early menopause (natural or surgical) low testosterone in men amenorrhea anorexia and bulimia thyroid disease rheumatoid arthritis intestinal calcium probs using corticosteroids and anticonvulsants poor dietary calcium & vit D no weightbaring exercise smoking excessive caffeine or alcohol
Which of the following is a common cause of malnutrition in older adults? Medications that decrease the excretion of nutrients Decreased nutrient requirements Eating disorders Altered taste and smell
altered taste and smell
malnutrition pregnancy risk
anemia or poor conception in mother fetus may be thin, disabled, preterm, miscarried, stillborn, or chronically ill
coronary heart disease is known as
athersclerosis
small for gestational age
babies who weigh substantially less than is normal for whatever their gestational age
if failure to thrive left untreated it can lead to delayed development of
cognitive skills motor skills language skills
Pica
compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice
Hypertensive crisis
consult your doctor immediately higher than 180 higher than 120
sociocultural influences on obesity
culture, history, age, lifestyle, gender, race and ethnicity, income, education, occupational prestige, employment, household, marriage, residence, region
Maternal changes during pregnancy of spine
curvature of spine increases
loss of vision and hearing leads to
decreased ability to purchase and prepare food
psychosocial isolation leads to
decreased appetite
Decreased muscle mass from aging causes what change nutrient requirements
decreases need for energy increases need for high quality protein
only 2 conditions were related to high sugar
dental issues, obesity
altered energy need leads to
diet lacking in essential nutrient
diabetes in pregnancy
difficulty adjusting insulin dose, c-section, preclampsia (unusual high blood pressure + protein pee) thiq bby, congintal abnormalities, fetal death
oral health and dental problems leads to
difficulty chewing, inflammation, poor quality diet
4-6 mo how much should weight have changed from birth
doubled
Reduce morning sickness
eat dry cereal, toast, crackers before getting out of bed
reduce constipation
eat/drink plenty of fiber and fluids get regular, moderate exercise
micronutrient concerns for older adults
folate, B6, B12, iron, antioxidants, zinc, calcium, vitamin d
8 obesity factors
genetic, physiological, metabolic, hormonal, sociocultural, environmental, behavioral, psychological
Maternal changes during pregnancy of breast tissue
grown and changed by hormones
how is nutritional status measured in infants?
growth charts (length and head circumference)
biological factors to obesity
gut microbiota fat cell development sex and age race and ethnicity