nutrition final
After an intense workout, Christa's weight was down 3 pounds. To rehydrate adequately, Christa should drink ________ cups of water over the next hour or two.
6-9
What percentage of a meal has been absorbed by the time it leaves the small intestine?
95%
For which of the following people are sports drinks with electrolytes most appropriate?
An athlete who competes in a marathon
Certain nutrients provide us with energy. Some are important for growth and development. Others act to keep body functions running smoothly. Which of the following nutrients does not promote growth and development as its primary function?
Carbohydrates
Which statement best describes nutrient density?
Consume foods that have the most nutrients when compared to their kilocalories.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of carbohydrates?
Contain more kilocalories than protein
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins?
Enable chemical processes in the body
Bottled water is regulated by
FDA
Which of the following is the leading nutrition-related cause of death in the United States?
Heart disease
If a person does not eat enough carbohydrate to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?
The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.
Which of the following substances is primarily involved in the emulsification of fat to facilitate its digestion?
bile
B vitamins have high ________ which means that, typically, about 50% to 90% of the B vitamins in the diet are absorbed.
bioavailability
Missy visits a doctor because she feels tired most of the time, is easily distracted, and feels chilled. As part of her examination, Missy has blood drawn to be tested for concentrations of nutrients and their by-products. This part of the examination is the
biochemical evaluation.
Bone remodeling refers to
continual degradation and regeneration of bone.
A kilocalorie is a measure of
heat energy
The major storage sites for glycogen are
muscles and liver
Calcium absorption is increased by all of the following except
old age
Nutrition is
the science that links food to health and disease.
Composed primarily of water, metabolic wastes, and minerals, the body's major waste product is
urine
The World Health Organization recommends limiting added sugar intake to ________ percent of our total kilocalories.
10
Bill consumes 2,500 kilocalories per day. What would be his energy expenditure, in kilocalories, from the thermic effect of food?
125 to 250
Hypertension is defined as a systolic/diastolic blood pressure at or above ________ mm Hg.
140/90
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, released in 2008, advise a minimum of ________ minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity for adults.
150
Shelby weighs 70 kilograms, which is ________ pounds.
154
Megadoses are defined as vitamin intakes ________ times the estimated human needs to prevent a deficiency.
2 to 10
Adult women need how much total water intake per day?
2.7 liters (11 cups)
A serving of bleu cheese dressing containing 23 grams of fat would yield ________ kilocalories from fat.
207
When attempting to use body fat content to define obesity, body fat above ________ for men warrants an obesity diagnosis.
24%
A reasonable and recommended goal for daily dietary fiber intake is how many grams?
25 to 38
For a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms, the body mass index would be
27
When attempting to use body fat content to define obesity, body fat above ________ for women warrants an obesity diagnosis.
37%
A meal providing 1,200 kilocalories contains 13 grams of saturated fat, 10 grams of monounsaturated fat, and 27 grams of polyunsaturated fat. This meal provides ________% of total kcal as fat.
37.5
Joe is a wrestler and during his workouts he loses 2 pounds. How much water would he have to drink to replenish this water weight loss?
4-6 cups
A meal consisting of a cheeseburger, large fries, and a chocolate shake provides a total of 1,120 kilocalories. Forty-eight percent of the energy in the meal is from carbohydrate and 13 percent is from protein. How many kilocalories of fat does the meal contain?
437
Water constitutes ________ percent of body weight.
50-70
A liter of perspiration lost by the body represents ________ kilocalories.
600
Sucralose (Splenda®) is ________ times sweeter than sucrose.
600
Jack weighs 176 pounds (80 kilograms). What would be his RDA for protein (he is sedentary)?
64 grams
How many grams of protein are needed per day by a female, weighing 120 lbs and who exercises (assume her need is 1.2 g/kg)?
65
A rise from 98.6° to 99.6°F, results in a ________% rise in basal metabolic rate.
7
Phospholipids differ from triglycerides in which of the following ways?
A compound containing phosphorus replaces at least one fatty acid.
Which of the following is not a class of essential nutrients?
ALcohol
Which of the following is true about protein intake in the United States?
About 70 percent of the protein we eat in the United States comes from animal products.
Which of the following includes all energy-yielding substances?
Alcohol, carbohydrates, lipids, protein, Carbohydrates, lipids, protein
Blood calcium concentration is regulated at the level of the
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following accurately describes the term hypothesis?
An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon
Which of the following is not a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Arises most commonly in adulthood
Which of the following does not describe a function of fat?
Best source of energy for the brain
By law, which of the following food items must display a nutrition facts label?
Box of granola bars
Which of the following is not one of the six categories of Healthy People 2020: Nutrition and Weight Status Objectives?
Calcium Deficiency
Which of the following is true about carbohydrate digestion?
Carbohydrate digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins.
Jeff, a world-class triathlete, visits a dietitian to obtain sports nutrition advice. During his visit, Jeff is asked to recall what he ate for the past 24 hours. Which part of a nutritional assessment is this?
Dietary assessment
Which of the following is true about the way we should eat to achieve good nutritional status?
Eat a wide variety of foods because no single natural food meets all human nutrient needs.
John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this?
Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels
________ are mostly stored in the liver and adipose tissue.
Fat-soluble vitamins
Gram for gram, which provides the most energy?
Fats
If the intracellular concentration of ions is greater than the extracellular concentration of ions, which will happen in order to maintain balance?
Fluid will move into the cell.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors include all of the following except
HDL cholesterol > 40 mg/dl.
Which statement about vitamins is true?
Help regulate chemical reactions in the body
Which of the following is not a metabolic syndrome risk indicator?
High HDL cholesterol
Which of the following statements is true about iron?
Iron deficiency anemia is found among young children, adolescents, and menstruating women.
Which of the following is true about fat?
It is a concentrated source of calories.
What is magnesium's primary function?
It is important for nerve and heart function.
Which of the following is true about protein?
It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.
Which of the following is not characteristic of a fad diet?
It uses scientific evidence, presenting pros and cons.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend which of the following?
Limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars.
Which of the following nutrients can directly supply energy for human use?
Lipids and oils
Which of the following is not true of carbohydrate absorption?
Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.
Which of the following is true about mineral bioavailability?
Minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of protein?
Most significant energy source for humans
Which of the following is true about the intake of vitamins?
Occasional lapses in vitamin intake should cause no harm.
One cup of apple juice has 111 kilocalories and 1.4 mg of vitamin C. The same serving size of orange juice has 112 kilocalories and 124 mg of vitamin C. Which of the following is true regarding their nutrient density?
Orange juice is more nutrient dense for vitamin C than apple juice.
Which statement best describes the healthful diet principle of moderation?
Pay attention to portion size and plan your entire day's diet so that you don't overconsume nutrient sources.
What substances, present in fruits and vegetables, provide significant health benefits such as reducing the risk of cancer?
Phytochemicals
Ann Miles, a triathlete, wants to eat a health-promoting diet and achieve dietary adequacy. Which of the following behaviors exemplifies the concept of dietary moderation?
Plan to eat something relatively low in fat and sodium for dinner if she had a breakfast that was high in fat and sodium.
Which of the following yield greater than 4 kilocalories per gram?
Plant fats
What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?
Prevents intestinal contents from backing up into the stomach
You are on a diet and eating less than 50 grams of carbohydrate per day. The claim made in the diet educational materials is that carbohydrate is the main culprit in being overweight, so it must be restricted. Which of the following will happen as a result of this low carbohydrate diet?
Proteins in muscles, heart, and other vital organs will be broken down into amino acids to make needed glucose, over time weakening the muscles and organs.
Which of the following is not true about water?
Provides energy
The acronym RDA stands for
Recommended Dietary Allowance.
How would you interpret the body mass index for a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms?
She slightly exceeds the value at which health risks begin.
Which of the following is characteristic of lipids?
Supply a concentrated form of fuel for the body
Which of the following is not required on a nutrition label?
The amount per serving of all vitamins and minerals for which there is an RDA
Which of the following is not true of dietary fibers?
They are absorbed in the large intestine.
Which of the following is true about the absorption, transport, and storage of fat-soluble vitamins?
They are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.
Which of the following statements does not describe the role of minerals in the body?
They provide 4 kilocalories per gram.
Minerals are classified in which way?
Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg per day or less.
When buying a vitamin or mineral supplement, look for ________ on the label, which signifies that an independent group of scientists has reviewed the product for purity, strength, and quality.
USP
________ are synthesized by the liver to transport fat to the rest of the body.
Very-low-density lipoproteins
Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ in which way?
Water-soluble are less likely to be toxic.
If you wanted to add significant quantities of vitamins to your diet from the food you eat, a good choice would be
a fortified breakfast cereal such as Total Raisin Bran.
The term "Daily Values" on a food label refers to
a generic standard set at or close to the highest RDA value or related nutrient standard.
Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as ________.
a hormone
Nutrient density can be defined as the amount of
a particular nutrient in a serving of food divided by the number of kilocalories in that serving.
Of the following minerals, daily requirements are highest for
calcium
High doses of vitamin D may cause
calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs.
Exceeding the UL for folate
can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.
The essential nutrients
cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed to maintain health.
Fibers belong to the class of nutrients known as
carbohydrates
________ are lipoproteins made of dietary fat surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein that acts to transport absorbed fat.
chylomicrons
Vitamin C contributes to bone health by virtue of its role in
collagen synthesis
Dietary fiber may play a role in the prevention of ________ cancer.
colon
Overconsumption of vitamins A and E can do all the following except
cure colds and prevent cancer.
Limiting dietary intake of sodium will ________ urine production.
decrease
Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause ________, meaning that the three-dimensional structure of the protein has been altered.
denaturation
The method for determining energy expenditure that involves the measurement of heat given off by the body during a select period of time in an insulated chamber is
direct calimetry
Low fiber intake can cause constipation and force parts of the large intestine wall out from between the surrounding bands of muscle, forming many small pouches called
diverticula
Constipation can best be prevented by
eating dietary fiber
Timothy wants to avoid eating too much trans fat. All of the following are appropriate ways except
eating packaged cookies and desserts made with vegetable shortening.
All of the following contribute to total energy expenditure except
energy content of food.
Functions of chloride include all of the following except
enzyme activation
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?
epiglottis
EER refers to
estimated calorie needs for the average person of a specific height, weight, age, gender, and physical activity pattern.
Water regulates body temperature through heat loss via
evaporation
Which of the following does not describe fat-soluble vitamins?
excesses are excreted in the urine.
Coconut milk is not a good dairy substitute because of its high ________ content and relatively low ________ and ________ contents.
fat; calcium; vitamin D
Most fats in foods and the body are composed of
fatty acids and glycerol.
Triglycerides are composed of
fatty acids and glycerol.
Bottled water is often lower in ________ than municipal tap water.
fluoride
The mineral that gives hardness to teeth and bones is
fluoride
The vitamin content of foods is diminished by all of the following except
freezing
In passive absorption, nutrients enter the cell
from an area of higher solute concentration to one of lower concentration.
The monosaccharides important in nutrition are fructose, glucose, and ________.
galactose
A recurrent and serious form of heartburn is called
gastroesophageal reflux disease.
The red blood cells and brain are two body tissues that derive most of their energy from ________.
glucose
________ is the major monosaccharide found in the body.
glucose
Manganese is required as a cofactor for synthesis of ________ and metabolism of some ________.
glucose; amino acids
Two tablespoons (tbsp) of salad dressing, peanut butter, or margarine is about the size of a
golf ball
A ________ is usually more accurate at estimating the number of calories you burn during a workout than are calorie estimators on cardio machines.
heart rate monitor
The process of ________ removes double bonds from fatty acids, giving a liquid fat a more solid consistency.
hydrogenation
Most plant proteins do not match our needs for essential amino acids and therefore are called ________ proteins.
incomplete
Consumption of a diet high in salt by a healthy individual will
increase urinary excretion of sodium.
A protein that acts as a hormone is
insulin
Potassium and phosphate are the major ________ electrolytes.
intracellular
The amount of water in each body compartment mainly is controlled by
ion concentration
Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral?
iron
All of the following are accurate descriptions of cholesterol except
it is an essential nutrient.
Potassium performs all the following functions except
it maintains the ability to see at night.
All of the following are true of high-quality protein except
it provides 7 kcal/g of energy.
All the following are characteristics of vitamin D except
its synthesis is enhanced by use of sunscreen.
Chronic dehydration increases a man's risk of developing
kidney stones
In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the
kidneys
Which of the following is not considered part of the GI tract?
kidneys
Milk sugar is known as ________.
lactose
The disaccharides important in nutrition are sucrose, maltose, and ________.
lactose
Which of the following is a rich source of cholesterol?
lard
The combination of plant foods that most often is used to provide complete protein is
legumes and grains.
In the small intestine, the pancreas secretes ________ to digest triglycerides.
lipase
Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n) ________.
lipoprotein
Which of the following body organs produces bile?
liver
Which of the following organs serves as a storage depot for many vitamins and minerals?
liver
Compared to whole grain products, refined grains are ________ in trace minerals
lower
Mucus, saliva, and synovial (joint) fluid exemplify water's role as a
lubricant
Android obesity is associated with a higher incidence of all the following except
lung cancer
To which body part does blood travel to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide?
lungs
After digestion and absorption, which circulatory system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins?
lymphatic
________ is a major mineral important for nerve and heart function and is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes. It is a major constituent of bone and is found in whole grains and vegetables.
magnesium
Consumption of fatty fish at least twice a week is recommended to provide omega-3 fatty acids. However, some fish−especially swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tile fish−can be a source of ________, which is toxic in high amounts.
mercury
Which of the following is the best food source of riboflavin?
milk
The organelles that are known as the "power plants" or the "powerhouses" of the cell are the
mitochondria
Before they can be absorbed, triglycerides must be broken down into
monoglycerides and fatty acids.
The term "simple carbohydrates" refers to
monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Olive and canola oils contain a high percentage of ________ fatty acids.
monounsaturated
Which of the following describes a fatty acid that has one double bond?
monounsaturated
Where does digestion begin?
mouth
When insulin is released, it causes
muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake
During rest and light activities, fatty acids are the main fuel for ________.
muscles
Peristalsis refers to
muscular movement of materials through the GI tract
Maggie has anorexia nervosa and regularly starves herself. She is likely to be in a state of
negative protein balance.
A saturated fatty acid contains
no double bonds
Kate consumes 1,900 kilocalories each day. She requires 1,750 kilocalories to meet daily energy needs. Over time, Kate's kilocalorie consumption could lead to
overnutrition
The major fat-digesting enzyme is
pancreatic lipase.
What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein?
pepsin
In proteins, amino acids are joined by ________ bonds.
peptide
The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called
peristalsis
The process that plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the sun's heat and light is called
photosynthesis
All of the following must be supplied by the diet to support the chemical processes of human physiology except
phytochemicals
Fluid balance is dependent on
potassium
The function of thick mucus in the stomach is to
protect stomach cells from acid and enzymes
According to MyPlate, eggs belong in the ________ group.
protein
Antibodies are
proteins
Vitamin K is required for optimal bone health due to its role in activating
proteins that bind calcium
For prevention of osteoporosis, strength training is
recommended because the stress on bones stimulates bone maintenance.
The Dietary Guidelines emphasize
reduction of total calories, sugar-sweetened beverages, saturated fat, and sodium.
The thermic effect of food
represents the calories needed to digest, absorb, and process ingested food.
The major source of chloride in the diet is
salt
The major dietary factor to be concerned about in relation to heart disease is
saturated fat
The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting intake of ________ to less than 10% of calories.
saturated fatty acids
Symptoms of dehydration include all of the following except
slowed heart rate
Most chemical digestion takes place in the
small intestine
About 95% of Americans exceed the Upper Level for
sodium
Aldosterone signals the kidneys to conserve
sodium
Softening of hard water may increase its ________ content.
sodium
The two most significant extracellular ions are
sodium and chloride
Transmission of nerve impulses relies on the concentrations of ________ in the neuron.
sodium and potassium
If a fat contains mostly saturated fatty acids, it is likely to be ________ at room temperature.
solid
alcium Deficiency
solid fats.
Altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating is called
stimulus control
The major function of adipose tissue is to
store trigylcerides
When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecule is
stored as fat
All of the following describe the fate of excess protein except
stored as muscle protein.
The main function of glucose is to
supply energy
All of the following are functions of protein except to
supply more than 40 percent of the kilocalories in the diet.
A major source of iodide in the North American diet is
table salt
In order to make healthful and logical nutrition decisions, beware of
testimonials about personal experience.
Body weight in kilograms divided by height squared in meters yields
the body mass index
Thermogenesis refers to all of the following except
the energy you require during sleep at night.
All of the following are characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus except
the least common form of diabetes.
The Mediterranean Diet Pyramid patterns dietary data from parts of the Mediterranean region that enjoy
the lowest recorded rates of chronic diseases.
All of the following describe the characteristics of fat cells except
the number of fat cells decreases when fat is lost from the body.
The energy expended to digest, absorb, and further process nutrients in food is called the ________ of food. This equals approximately 5% to 10% of energy intake.
thermic effect
Cell membranes are susceptible to damage by free radicals because
they are composed primarily of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Triglycerides in food are said to have satiety value primarily because
they are high in kilocalories.
The vitamin required specifically in carbohydrate metabolism is ________.
thiamin
High protein diets may be harmful for
those with kidney disease.
Which hormone functions in the regulation of the body's metabolic rate?
thyroid hormone
Lycopene is found in
tomatoes
The body stores excess protein as
triglycerides
A good suggestion for heart-healthy eating is to
trim fat from meat before cooking.
Vitamin content of fruits and vegetables is preserved by all of the following methods except
trimming and peeling fruits and vegetables soon after purchase.
The best zinc source is
turkey
A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of
two monosaccharides
The American Institute for Cancer Research promotes "The New American Plate," which includes plant-based foods covering ________ of the plate and meat, fish, poultry, or low-fat dairy covering ________ of the plate.
two-thirds (or more); one-third (or less)
Medical conditions related to metabolic syndrome are
type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and stroke.
Of the following methods of estimating body composition, which is most accurate?
underwater weighing
For a healthy adult, the largest percentage of daily water output is attributed to
urine
A vegetarian who eats only plant foods is a(n)
vegan
________ is a water-soluble vitamin that is especially important in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and the synthesis of the heme portion of hemoglobin.
vitamin B-6
________ is a fat-soluble, antioxidant vitamin that protects cell membranes, especially of red blood cells, from damage.
vitamin E
The nutrient essential for synthesis of several blood clotting factors is
vitamin K
Which class of nutrients comprises 60% of body weight?
water
A function of the large intestine is to absorb
water and minerals
Metabolic water refers to
water that is formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of macronutrients for energy.
When individuals lose weight quickly, most of the weight lost is from
water, glycogen, and muscle tissue.
Excessive intake of ________ can decrease absorption of ________.
zinc; copper
Which absorptive process in the small intestine requires a carrier and energy to transport nutrients into absorptive cells?
active absorption
The expenditure of energy to produce heat in response to a cold environment and as a result of overfeeding is called ________.
adaptive thermogenesis
The basic building block of a protein is called a(n)
amino acid
The "Freshman 15" is the term used to describe the
amount of weight (in pounds) typically gained during freshman year of college.
Vitamin E functions as
an antioxidant
Amylase is
an enzyme that digests starch
________ obesity is a pattern of body fat distribution that is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.
android
Vitamin B-12 is supplied almost entirely by
animal products
Measurements of height, weight, body circumferences, and body fat are called
anthropometry.
Adequate Intakes (AI)
are established for nutrients for which there is not enough information to set RDAs.
The name for minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive is ________. This represents about 60% to 75% of total energy expenditure.
basal metabolism
Minerals can
become part of the body structural systems
The glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how a carbohydrate-containing food raises
blood glucose
Which of the following is not a way to estimate body fat?
body mass index
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride mainly serve as structural components of
bones and teeth
